I unfortunately have no love story to share no points but I may have a couple
share no points but I may have a couple
share no points but I may have a couple of stories nevertheless you know I first
of stories nevertheless you know I first
of stories nevertheless you know I first came to to India in year 2000 with the
came to to India in year 2000 with the
came to to India in year 2000 with the World Bank and was working on water and
World Bank and was working on water and
World Bank and was working on water and sanitation and when I arrived in India I
sanitation and when I arrived in India I
sanitation and when I arrived in India I discovered an incredible an incredible
discovered an incredible an incredible
discovered an incredible an incredible challenge faced in the nation
challenge faced in the nation
challenge faced in the nation 600 million people use the outside for
600 million people use the outside for
600 million people use the outside for toilets open defecation is the norm when
toilets open defecation is the norm when
toilets open defecation is the norm when I first discovered this I said well you
I first discovered this I said well you
I first discovered this I said well you know this is just merely an expression
know this is just merely an expression
know this is just merely an expression of underdevelopment of poverty nothing
of underdevelopment of poverty nothing
of underdevelopment of poverty nothing more and surely it’s just inconvenience
more and surely it’s just inconvenience
more and surely it’s just inconvenience and like a good economist I said to
and like a good economist I said to
and like a good economist I said to myself as incomes will grow over time
myself as incomes will grow over time
myself as incomes will grow over time people will build their own toilets but
people will build their own toilets but
people will build their own toilets but what I discovered that what I call
what I discovered that what I call
what I discovered that what I call inconvenience are just a symptom of
inconvenience are just a symptom of
inconvenience are just a symptom of already was very deeply an issue of
already was very deeply an issue of
already was very deeply an issue of dignity when people have no other place
dignity when people have no other place
dignity when people have no other place but to go outside is a non front to who
but to go outside is a non front to who
but to go outside is a non front to who you are and the world around you
you are and the world around you
you are and the world around you but then I discovered even more what he
but then I discovered even more what he
but then I discovered even more what he discovered is most of the health
discovered is most of the health
discovered is most of the health problems that people face and in
problems that people face and in
problems that people face and in particular poor people come from the
particular poor people come from the
particular poor people come from the fact that sanitation hygiene behaviors
fact that sanitation hygiene behaviors
fact that sanitation hygiene behaviors are extremely weak out there when people
are extremely weak out there when people
are extremely weak out there when people are defecating in the open that very act
are defecating in the open that very act
are defecating in the open that very act pollutes water and that very water
pollutes water and that very water
pollutes water and that very water enters the mouths of children girls boys
enters the mouths of children girls boys
enters the mouths of children girls boys men and women and sickness and the loss
men and women and sickness and the loss
men and women and sickness and the loss of life and the loss of time so there’s
of life and the loss of time so there’s
of life and the loss of time so there’s something far deeper in this problem of
something far deeper in this problem of
something far deeper in this problem of open defecation but he didn’t stop there
open defecation but he didn’t stop there
open defecation but he didn’t stop there what I discovered is that the full
what I discovered is that the full
what I discovered is that the full burden of open defecation was fully on
burden of open defecation was fully on
burden of open defecation was fully on women women wake up girls wake up
women women wake up girls wake up
women women wake up girls wake up early in the morning to go to the
early in the morning to go to the
early in the morning to go to the bathroom and they wait all day long in
bathroom and they wait all day long in
bathroom and they wait all day long in the evening to go to the bathroom
the evening to go to the bathroom
the evening to go to the bathroom outside because that’s the only time
outside because that’s the only time
outside because that’s the only time they have some security quote unquote
they have some security quote unquote
they have some security quote unquote you know that health problems that
you know that health problems that
you know that health problems that emerge when you can only go to the
emerge when you can only go to the
emerge when you can only go to the bathroom early in the morning and late
bathroom early in the morning and late
bathroom early in the morning and late in the evening
in the evening
in the evening such was the burden of open defecation
such was the burden of open defecation
such was the burden of open defecation after that that women and girls and the
after that that women and girls and the
after that that women and girls and the security they face going out in the open
security they face going out in the open
security they face going out in the open and you’ve heard stories of horrendous
and you’ve heard stories of horrendous
and you’ve heard stories of horrendous rape if not snakes
rape if not snakes
rape if not snakes so clearly the simple issue of 600
so clearly the simple issue of 600
so clearly the simple issue of 600 million people going out into the open
million people going out into the open
million people going out into the open which I conveniently called merely an
which I conveniently called merely an
which I conveniently called merely an expression of poverty was deep deep
expression of poverty was deep deep
expression of poverty was deep deep expression of dignity of problems of
expression of dignity of problems of
expression of dignity of problems of health and worse a clear clear burden on
health and worse a clear clear burden on
health and worse a clear clear burden on women and girls and then a couple of
women and girls and then a couple of
women and girls and then a couple of years in this country I and my
years in this country I and my
years in this country I and my colleagues discovered something quite
colleagues discovered something quite
colleagues discovered something quite interesting
we discovered a village in Bangladesh
we discovered a village in Bangladesh which proudly showed a sign which says
which proudly showed a sign which says
which proudly showed a sign which says no one defecates in the opened this was
no one defecates in the opened this was
no one defecates in the opened this was fascinating what is it that people would
fascinating what is it that people would
fascinating what is it that people would put up a sign with such pride well very
put up a sign with such pride well very
put up a sign with such pride well very interestingly to solve the problem of
interestingly to solve the problem of
interestingly to solve the problem of open defecation what governance
open defecation what governance
open defecation what governance governments around the world including
governments around the world including
governments around the world including mine in Bangladesh including India we’re
mine in Bangladesh including India we’re
mine in Bangladesh including India we’re doing what mechanist would do you don’t
doing what mechanist would do you don’t
doing what mechanist would do you don’t have a toilet I’ll build a toilet for
have a toilet I’ll build a toilet for
have a toilet I’ll build a toilet for you I’ll hand it to you for an economist
you I’ll hand it to you for an economist
you I’ll hand it to you for an economist that was even better if you give
that was even better if you give
that was even better if you give something free certainly the demand for
something free certainly the demand for
something free certainly the demand for it would go up but what we discovered is
it would go up but what we discovered is
it would go up but what we discovered is that you handed the toilets to people
that you handed the toilets to people
that you handed the toilets to people and what did people do that converted
and what did people do that converted
and what did people do that converted them into storage places they converted
them into storage places they converted
them into storage places they converted them into animal sheds and some even
them into animal sheds and some even
them into animal sheds and some even converted them into puja Hut but no one
converted them into puja Hut but no one
converted them into puja Hut but no one used it for toilets and then we
used it for toilets and then we
used it for toilets and then we discovered this village in which a sign
discovered this village in which a sign
discovered this village in which a sign went up and says we do not defecate we
went up and says we do not defecate we
went up and says we do not defecate we be open and then a couple of years later
be open and then a couple of years later
be open and then a couple of years later we found another sign in Maharashtra
we found another sign in Maharashtra
we found another sign in Maharashtra which says we do not marry our girls to
which says we do not marry our girls to
which says we do not marry our girls to villages that practice open defecation
villages that practice open defecation
villages that practice open defecation what was going on what we discovered in
what was going on what we discovered in
what was going on what we discovered in this village was a group of civil
this village was a group of civil
this village was a group of civil society organizations that had come into
society organizations that had come into
society organizations that had come into the village and that brought the village
the village and that brought the village
the village and that brought the village together and walked them through what
together and walked them through what
together and walked them through what they called the walk of shame and what
they called the walk of shame and what
they called the walk of shame and what the walk of shame showed to the villages
the walk of shame showed to the villages
the walk of shame showed to the villages whether they were rich villages or poor
whether they were rich villages or poor
whether they were rich villages or poor villages whether they came from upper
villages whether they came from upper
villages whether they came from upper caste or lower caste what they showed to
caste or lower caste what they showed to
caste or lower caste what they showed to them is that your behavior of open
them is that your behavior of open
them is that your behavior of open defecation was hurting you your children
defecation was hurting you your children
defecation was hurting you your children suddenly that village turned around in
suddenly that village turned around in
suddenly that village turned around in the recognition that they have to take
the recognition that they have to take
the recognition that they have to take that they have to make a difference and
that they have to make a difference and
that they have to make a difference and what we discovered was village after
what we discovered was village after
what we discovered was village after village began to build their own toilets
village began to build their own toilets
village began to build their own toilets and began to practice good sanitation a
and began to practice good sanitation a
and began to practice good sanitation a completely different mode of delivery
completely different mode of delivery
completely different mode of delivery the one that we were very comfortable
the one that we were very comfortable
the one that we were very comfortable with middle toilet kind of do people on
with middle toilet kind of do people on
with middle toilet kind of do people on the other hand and group of NGOs said
the other hand and group of NGOs said
the other hand and group of NGOs said it’s not about building it’s about
it’s not about building it’s about
it’s not about building it’s about changing behavior it’s about bringing
changing behavior it’s about bringing
changing behavior it’s about bringing collectives together communities
collectives together communities
collectives together communities together and actually trying to show
together and actually trying to show
together and actually trying to show that you can make a difference
that you can make a difference
that you can make a difference there was a complete disruption in
there was a complete disruption in
there was a complete disruption in service delivery and he woke me up to
service delivery and he woke me up to
service delivery and he woke me up to the reality that if we’re going to deal
the reality that if we’re going to deal
the reality that if we’re going to deal with problems of poverty we could not
with problems of poverty we could not
with problems of poverty we could not just come up with the whole solution of
just come up with the whole solution of
just come up with the whole solution of government coming in and building from
government coming in and building from
government coming in and building from the top you have to disrupt that simple
the top you have to disrupt that simple
the top you have to disrupt that simple linear way of delivering up to a
linear way of delivering up to a
linear way of delivering up to a completely different way of thinking to
completely different way of thinking to
completely different way of thinking to a completely different way of delivery
a completely different way of delivery
a completely different way of delivery and what the village in Bangladesh
and what the village in Bangladesh
and what the village in Bangladesh showed and what the village in
showed and what the village in
showed and what the village in Maharashtra showed was that you actually
Maharashtra showed was that you actually
Maharashtra showed was that you actually have to talk to communities and you have
have to talk to communities and you have
have to talk to communities and you have to get communities involved and let them
to get communities involved and let them
to get communities involved and let them figure out the solution of development
figure out the solution of development
figure out the solution of development and in this case there were two very
and in this case there were two very
and in this case there were two very very important elements in the in the
very important elements in the in the
very important elements in the in the story of disruption one aim to deal with
story of disruption one aim to deal with
story of disruption one aim to deal with behavior not the physical building of
behavior not the physical building of
behavior not the physical building of toilets and to don’t talk to the
toilets and to don’t talk to the
toilets and to don’t talk to the individual talk to the collective why
individual talk to the collective why
individual talk to the collective why the collective two very important reason
the collective two very important reason
the collective two very important reason one person in a village may have good
one person in a village may have good
one person in a village may have good sanitation behavior another one may have
sanitation behavior another one may have
sanitation behavior another one may have poor sanitation behavior both of them
poor sanitation behavior both of them
poor sanitation behavior both of them will suffer and then both of them
will suffer and then both of them
will suffer and then both of them jointly actually have good sanitation
jointly actually have good sanitation
jointly actually have good sanitation behavior the health impact could not be
behavior the health impact could not be
behavior the health impact could not be felt by the others
felt by the others
felt by the others they were the economists called
they were the economists called
they were the economists called externality was the first reason to
externality was the first reason to
externality was the first reason to bring the collective collective together
bring the collective collective together
bring the collective collective together extremely important the other one is
extremely important the other one is
extremely important the other one is when you bring a collective together the
when you bring a collective together the
when you bring a collective together the collective creates a peer pressure
collective creates a peer pressure
collective creates a peer pressure they monitor each other we hold each
they monitor each other we hold each
they monitor each other we hold each other accountable extraordinary that
other accountable extraordinary that
other accountable extraordinary that people from high caste would actually
people from high caste would actually
people from high caste would actually give land to people from poor cows lower
give land to people from poor cows lower
give land to people from poor cows lower cost to build toilets that’s how big a
cost to build toilets that’s how big a
cost to build toilets that’s how big a change that’s how big a that had
change that’s how big a that had
change that’s how big a that had happened you can imagine I was a
happened you can imagine I was a
happened you can imagine I was a complete convert I was a zealot if you
complete convert I was a zealot if you
complete convert I was a zealot if you will and I would go around all over
will and I would go around all over
will and I would go around all over India talking about this and what I
India talking about this and what I
India talking about this and what I discovered where villages going and
discovered where villages going and
discovered where villages going and talking to other villages other villages
talking to other villages other villages
talking to other villages other villages crossing state boundaries and talking
crossing state boundaries and talking
crossing state boundaries and talking with others and the idea that open
with others and the idea that open
with others and the idea that open defecation had to stop was coming from
defecation had to stop was coming from
defecation had to stop was coming from the conversation among communities
the conversation among communities
the conversation among communities another big destructive factor in how
another big destructive factor in how
another big destructive factor in how development happens not because
development happens not because
development happens not because governments talk to government but
governments talk to government but
governments talk to government but communities talk to communities my
communities talk to communities my
communities talk to communities my passion on this was so much and I used
passion on this was so much and I used
passion on this was so much and I used to talk about it all the time that when
to talk about it all the time that when
to talk about it all the time that when my daughter who was then five years old
my daughter who was then five years old
my daughter who was then five years old was asking her school to art school can
was asking her school to art school can
was asking her school to art school can you draw something which which basically
you draw something which which basically
you draw something which which basically reflects what your father does it work
reflects what your father does it work
reflects what your father does it work what he does at work this is what my
what he does at work this is what my
what he does at work this is what my daughter came up with I was the plumber
daughter came up with I was the plumber
daughter came up with I was the plumber I was the sanitation worker it’s
I was the sanitation worker it’s
I was the sanitation worker it’s probably the most proudest gift my
probably the most proudest gift my
probably the most proudest gift my daughter gave me because I had learned
daughter gave me because I had learned
daughter gave me because I had learned to move away from my narrow top-down
to move away from my narrow top-down
to move away from my narrow top-down economists perspective web development
economists perspective web development
economists perspective web development men I was disrupted in understanding the
men I was disrupted in understanding the
men I was disrupted in understanding the development was far more than top-down
development was far more than top-down
development was far more than top-down it was about communities of us
it was about communities of us
it was about communities of us collectivities about behavior change let
collectivities about behavior change let
collectivities about behavior change let me take you to another country
me take you to another country
me take you to another country Madagascar Madagascar was facing serious
Madagascar Madagascar was facing serious
Madagascar Madagascar was facing serious issues where children were not going to
issues where children were not going to
issues where children were not going to school or were dropping out of school
school or were dropping out of school
school or were dropping out of school one one set of problems the second set
one one set of problems the second set
one one set of problems the second set of problem was that nutrition for
of problem was that nutrition for
of problem was that nutrition for children at an early age was not been
children at an early age was not been
children at an early age was not been given and you know this is a this is a
given and you know this is a this is a
given and you know this is a this is a very challenging story that when
very challenging story that when
very challenging story that when children babies born and from that early
children babies born and from that early
children babies born and from that early stage the first thousand days for the
stage the first thousand days for the
stage the first thousand days for the first three years if they’re not given
first three years if they’re not given
first three years if they’re not given good nutrition if they’re not taken care
good nutrition if they’re not taken care
good nutrition if they’re not taken care of if they don’t have good sanitation
of if they don’t have good sanitation
of if they don’t have good sanitation what you actually have is stunting
what you actually have is stunting
what you actually have is stunting something comes up as height four eight
something comes up as height four eight
something comes up as height four eight so physically your height for age is
so physically your height for age is
so physically your height for age is smaller because you’ve faced all these
smaller because you’ve faced all these
smaller because you’ve faced all these problems when you were growing up but
problems when you were growing up but
problems when you were growing up but more than that during these first
more than that during these first
more than that during these first thousand days and indeed the first three
thousand days and indeed the first three
thousand days and indeed the first three years your cognitive power does not grow
years your cognitive power does not grow
years your cognitive power does not grow so a poor child who grows up in a world
so a poor child who grows up in a world
so a poor child who grows up in a world of poor sanitation poor nutrition enters
of poor sanitation poor nutrition enters
of poor sanitation poor nutrition enters the world already defeated because their
the world already defeated because their
the world already defeated because their ability to learn is already stunted how
ability to learn is already stunted how
ability to learn is already stunted how do you then turn this around well in
do you then turn this around well in
do you then turn this around well in Madagascar they found a innovative idea
Madagascar they found a innovative idea
Madagascar they found a innovative idea they created what a known as
they created what a known as
they created what a known as unconditional cash transfers very simply
unconditional cash transfers very simply
unconditional cash transfers very simply targets were set out very poor families
targets were set out very poor families
targets were set out very poor families were identified and they were given cash
were identified and they were given cash
were identified and they were given cash an income support at that stage the idea
an income support at that stage the idea
an income support at that stage the idea of just getting income support to poor
of just getting income support to poor
of just getting income support to poor families waste of money
families waste of money
families waste of money well you know what the men will capture
well you know what the men will capture
well you know what the men will capture it they’ll go drinking oh these people
it they’ll go drinking oh these people
it they’ll go drinking oh these people will use it in a different way
will use it in a different way
will use it in a different way top-down right condescending in the way
top-down right condescending in the way
top-down right condescending in the way service delivery rather give them health
service delivery rather give them health
service delivery rather give them health schools give them nutrition programs
schools give them nutrition programs
schools give them nutrition programs again top-down you turn this around and
again top-down you turn this around and
again top-down you turn this around and you give households and in particular
you give households and in particular
you give households and in particular women cash transfers unconditional in
women cash transfers unconditional in
women cash transfers unconditional in your name here it is you come and you
your name here it is you come and you
your name here it is you come and you can see
can see
can see lining up to get their cash transfer
lining up to get their cash transfer
lining up to get their cash transfer every two months and all you do is you
every two months and all you do is you
every two months and all you do is you talk about what it means to have good
talk about what it means to have good
talk about what it means to have good nutrition what it means to breastfeed
nutrition what it means to breastfeed
nutrition what it means to breastfeed your child what it means to send your
your child what it means to send your
your child what it means to send your children to school extraordinary results
children to school extraordinary results
children to school extraordinary results within a year you’ve found stunting
within a year you’ve found stunting
within a year you’ve found stunting results beginning to change we didn’t
results beginning to change we didn’t
results beginning to change we didn’t hear you began to see children going to
hear you began to see children going to
hear you began to see children going to school we didn’t hear you began to see
school we didn’t hear you began to see
school we didn’t hear you began to see nutritionist being being fed to children
nutritionist being being fed to children
nutritionist being being fed to children in a different way and the power of
in a different way and the power of
in a different way and the power of disruption here was cash transfers
disruption here was cash transfers
disruption here was cash transfers directly in the hands of women and a
directly in the hands of women and a
directly in the hands of women and a conversation between women about what
conversation between women about what
conversation between women about what that cash transfer to do to you this
that cash transfer to do to you this
that cash transfer to do to you this became a nationwide story let me take
became a nationwide story let me take
became a nationwide story let me take you from there to Bangladesh my country
you from there to Bangladesh my country
you from there to Bangladesh my country and about two decades ago we found
and about two decades ago we found
and about two decades ago we found ourselves in a deep problem and the deep
ourselves in a deep problem and the deep
ourselves in a deep problem and the deep problem is you have any classroom
problem is you have any classroom
problem is you have any classroom secondary primary the secondary school
secondary primary the secondary school
secondary primary the secondary school in particular maybe 20 25 percent of
in particular maybe 20 25 percent of
in particular maybe 20 25 percent of that classroom were girls
that classroom were girls
that classroom were girls the rest were boys and if you looked at
the rest were boys and if you looked at
the rest were boys and if you looked at the dropout rates from secondary school
the dropout rates from secondary school
the dropout rates from secondary school it was the girl that would drop out more
it was the girl that would drop out more
it was the girl that would drop out more than the boy it was a serious serious
than the boy it was a serious serious
than the boy it was a serious serious gender issue and one with the natural
gender issue and one with the natural
gender issue and one with the natural natural solution build more schools try
natural solution build more schools try
natural solution build more schools try to get girls to come to the schools
to get girls to come to the schools
to get girls to come to the schools right get the state to bring more school
right get the state to bring more school
right get the state to bring more school student to the table wasn’t working what
student to the table wasn’t working what
student to the table wasn’t working what happened well we took a program which
happened well we took a program which
happened well we took a program which was at a pilot stage in the World Bank
was at a pilot stage in the World Bank
was at a pilot stage in the World Bank and scaled it up in the name of every
and scaled it up in the name of every
and scaled it up in the name of every girl create a bank account give them a
girl create a bank account give them a
girl create a bank account give them a scholarship but what were the conditions
scholarship but what were the conditions
scholarship but what were the conditions of that scholarship you have to go to
of that scholarship you have to go to
of that scholarship you have to go to school in the ten seventy five percent
school in the ten seventy five percent
school in the ten seventy five percent of the time
of the time
of the time – you have to pass the final exam three
– you have to pass the final exam three
– you have to pass the final exam three your family cannot marry you off
your family cannot marry you off
your family cannot marry you off certainly during the school cycle in two
certainly during the school cycle in two
certainly during the school cycle in two decades we found that the percentage of
decades we found that the percentage of
decades we found that the percentage of girls went from about 25 percent in a
girls went from about 25 percent in a
girls went from about 25 percent in a classroom fifty-five percent of a
classroom fifty-five percent of a
classroom fifty-five percent of a possible combination became one of the
possible combination became one of the
possible combination became one of the first countries that were able to turn
first countries that were able to turn
first countries that were able to turn around and create gender equity as
around and create gender equity as
around and create gender equity as measured by by by the SDGs phenomenon
measured by by by the SDGs phenomenon
measured by by by the SDGs phenomenon and again what was it you trusted you
and again what was it you trusted you
and again what was it you trusted you trusted families to make the right
trusted families to make the right
trusted families to make the right decision by giving power directly to the
decision by giving power directly to the
decision by giving power directly to the client so it was an extraordinary lesson
client so it was an extraordinary lesson
client so it was an extraordinary lesson for all of us in the World Bank and the
for all of us in the World Bank and the
for all of us in the World Bank and the World Bank to come in and provide that
World Bank to come in and provide that
World Bank to come in and provide that kind of resource let me bring you back
kind of resource let me bring you back
kind of resource let me bring you back to – India and an extraordinary
to – India and an extraordinary
to – India and an extraordinary revolution is happening right now in
revolution is happening right now in
revolution is happening right now in India that is not well known across
India that is not well known across
India that is not well known across states in India women for women have
states in India women for women have
states in India women for women have been organized in self-help groups these
been organized in self-help groups these
been organized in self-help groups these self-help groups are places where women
self-help groups are places where women
self-help groups are places where women growth agency they talk to each other
growth agency they talk to each other
growth agency they talk to each other they learn about each other and they
they learn about each other and they
they learn about each other and they invest in economic activities over a
invest in economic activities over a
invest in economic activities over a period of 15 years 3.5 million rural
period of 15 years 3.5 million rural
period of 15 years 3.5 million rural poor women were organized into self-help
poor women were organized into self-help
poor women were organized into self-help groups they saved two billion dollars
groups they saved two billion dollars
groups they saved two billion dollars and they use that money to leverage more
and they use that money to leverage more
and they use that money to leverage more than 20 billion from financial
than 20 billion from financial
than 20 billion from financial institutions today when you go to some
institutions today when you go to some
institutions today when you go to some of these self-help groups of women’s
of these self-help groups of women’s
of these self-help groups of women’s women programs one of the extraordinary
women programs one of the extraordinary
women programs one of the extraordinary things you will learn is that many of
things you will learn is that many of
things you will learn is that many of them don’t send their children to free
them don’t send their children to free
them don’t send their children to free public schools they actually borrow
public schools they actually borrow
public schools they actually borrow money to century
money to century
money to century to private schools where they believe
to private schools where they believe
to private schools where they believe the education is better poor women
the education is better poor women
the education is better poor women organized organizing themselves
organized organizing themselves
organized organizing themselves borrowing money to invest in their
borrowing money to invest in their
borrowing money to invest in their children when they have three schools
children when they have three schools
children when they have three schools next door that is the power of change
next door that is the power of change
next door that is the power of change that you are seeing across India even
that you are seeing across India even
that you are seeing across India even more over the years in these self-help
more over the years in these self-help
more over the years in these self-help groups as Agency has been strengthened
groups as Agency has been strengthened
groups as Agency has been strengthened we now find in many states Bihar Kerala
we now find in many states Bihar Kerala
we now find in many states Bihar Kerala Jharkand a portion of these women are
Jharkand a portion of these women are
Jharkand a portion of these women are actually running as an child leaders and
actually running as an child leaders and
actually running as an child leaders and learning getting into into into politics
learning getting into into into politics
learning getting into into into politics and changing the nature of programs
and changing the nature of programs
and changing the nature of programs again that linear top-down delivery to
again that linear top-down delivery to
again that linear top-down delivery to poor households turn on its head and say
poor households turn on its head and say
poor households turn on its head and say you are empowered to deliver a
you are empowered to deliver a
you are empowered to deliver a disruption in the way we do service
disruption in the way we do service
disruption in the way we do service delivery leads to incredibly different
delivery leads to incredibly different
delivery leads to incredibly different accounts now you may think that is it
accounts now you may think that is it
accounts now you may think that is it all about communities don’t we actually
all about communities don’t we actually
all about communities don’t we actually change institutions whether they are
change institutions whether they are
change institutions whether they are electricity companies or governments
electricity companies or governments
electricity companies or governments I’ll give you one example negative in
I’ll give you one example negative in
I’ll give you one example negative in Bangladesh in West Bengal in Kerala a
Bangladesh in West Bengal in Kerala a
Bangladesh in West Bengal in Kerala a fundamental shift has happened that
fundamental shift has happened that
fundamental shift has happened that money that’s run by either the central
money that’s run by either the central
money that’s run by either the central government or run by the state
government or run by the state
government or run by the state government that money is transferred to
government that money is transferred to
government that money is transferred to local governments and chives and
local governments and chives and
local governments and chives and panchayat have to have systems of
panchayat have to have systems of
panchayat have to have systems of service delivery that are linked to
service delivery that are linked to
service delivery that are linked to communities this is what I call bringing
communities this is what I call bringing
communities this is what I call bringing the state closer to the citizen this
the state closer to the citizen this
the state closer to the citizen this movement of service delivery by
movement of service delivery by
movement of service delivery by empowering local governments is
empowering local governments is
empowering local governments is transforming many parts of the world my
transforming many parts of the world my
transforming many parts of the world my own country is an incredible example I
own country is an incredible example I
own country is an incredible example I remember what is going to our village in
remember what is going to our village in
remember what is going to our village in Bangladesh and our house is actually
Bangladesh and our house is actually
Bangladesh and our house is actually built which crosses the boundary of to
built which crosses the boundary of to
built which crosses the boundary of to panchayat to local government boundaries
panchayat to local government boundaries
panchayat to local government boundaries so whenever whenever we go
so whenever whenever we go
so whenever whenever we go we were very very
we were very very
we were very very privilege that the head of the local
privilege that the head of the local
privilege that the head of the local governments come to visit us and this
governments come to visit us and this
governments come to visit us and this time they head to the local governments
time they head to the local governments
time they head to the local governments the two heads of the local governments
the two heads of the local governments
the two heads of the local governments came to visit too because our houses
came to visit too because our houses
came to visit too because our houses exactly on the boundary of these two
exactly on the boundary of these two
exactly on the boundary of these two panchayats
panchayats
panchayats so I asked one of the one of the heads
so I asked one of the one of the heads
so I asked one of the one of the heads so what’s what’s different in your life
so what’s what’s different in your life
so what’s what’s different in your life these days and he said you know I’m
these days and he said you know I’m
these days and he said you know I’m getting this money from central
getting this money from central
getting this money from central government I’m using it with the
government I’m using it with the
government I’m using it with the citizens to build roads you see that
citizens to build roads you see that
citizens to build roads you see that road you came in today remember last
road you came in today remember last
road you came in today remember last time you came it was flooded today is
time you came it was flooded today is
time you came it was flooded today is done money that has been transferred to
done money that has been transferred to
done money that has been transferred to them in conjunction with the citizen
them in conjunction with the citizen
them in conjunction with the citizen they’ve decided to fix the road so I
they’ve decided to fix the road so I
they’ve decided to fix the road so I asked the other local government leaders
asked the other local government leaders
asked the other local government leaders so what is change for you he said I
so what is change for you he said I
so what is change for you he said I didn’t get that money
didn’t get that money
didn’t get that money I said why he said I didn’t pass an
I said why he said I didn’t pass an
I said why he said I didn’t pass an audit my mind my books were bad I have
audit my mind my books were bad I have
audit my mind my books were bad I have to fix it in order to get the money
to fix it in order to get the money
to fix it in order to get the money fascinating first money is going to the
fascinating first money is going to the
fascinating first money is going to the local government to make choices at the
local government to make choices at the
local government to make choices at the local level – there’s competition right
local level – there’s competition right
local level – there’s competition right you just don’t get the money simply to
you just don’t get the money simply to
you just don’t get the money simply to use you have to prove that you’re able
use you have to prove that you’re able
use you have to prove that you’re able to manage it that creates competition
to manage it that creates competition
to manage it that creates competition between local governments to change who
between local governments to change who
between local governments to change who they are and how they how they function
they are and how they how they function
they are and how they how they function so my friends what do these examples
so my friends what do these examples
so my friends what do these examples tell us about where does disruption come
tell us about where does disruption come
tell us about where does disruption come from what we have learned in development
from what we have learned in development
from what we have learned in development disruption comes if you focus on
disruption comes if you focus on
disruption comes if you focus on behavior change not on hardware or let
behavior change not on hardware or let
behavior change not on hardware or let me say differently that you deliver
me say differently that you deliver
me say differently that you deliver Hardware through behavior change one to
Hardware through behavior change one to
Hardware through behavior change one to that you make women center of your
that you make women center of your
that you make women center of your delivery system that has been an
delivery system that has been an
delivery system that has been an extraordinary lesson across the world
extraordinary lesson across the world
extraordinary lesson across the world but as women have been brought into the
but as women have been brought into the
but as women have been brought into the delivery system it has changed the
delivery system it has changed the
delivery system it has changed the nature of the fight against poverty
nature of the fight against poverty
nature of the fight against poverty third you make it demand driven you let
third you make it demand driven you let
third you make it demand driven you let the bottom tell you what is needed to be
the bottom tell you what is needed to be
the bottom tell you what is needed to be done rather than the top coming down
done rather than the top coming down
done rather than the top coming down fourth you link communities and
fourth you link communities and
fourth you link communities and collectives to the market the market is
collectives to the market the market is
collectives to the market the market is really powerful but if connected to
really powerful but if connected to
really powerful but if connected to communities it’s a partnership that will
communities it’s a partnership that will
communities it’s a partnership that will change service delivery completely but
change service delivery completely but
change service delivery completely but one of the most important lesson in the
one of the most important lesson in the
one of the most important lesson in the disruption is you have to bring the
disruption is you have to bring the
disruption is you have to bring the citizen close to the state and the state
citizen close to the state and the state
citizen close to the state and the state close to the citizen empowerment of
close to the citizen empowerment of
close to the citizen empowerment of local government why I say that is
local government why I say that is
local government why I say that is simply because no matter what we do in a
simply because no matter what we do in a
simply because no matter what we do in a pilot
pilot
pilot it cannot be scaled up without the state
it cannot be scaled up without the state
it cannot be scaled up without the state actually being an enabler and the only
actually being an enabler and the only
actually being an enabler and the only way a state is an enabler is when the
way a state is an enabler is when the
way a state is an enabler is when the state invests in itself to figure out
state invests in itself to figure out
state invests in itself to figure out mechanisms of linking up with the
mechanisms of linking up with the
mechanisms of linking up with the citizens and that changes completely the
citizens and that changes completely the
citizens and that changes completely the nature of how service delivery is done
nature of how service delivery is done
nature of how service delivery is done you know for me the biggest disruption
you know for me the biggest disruption
you know for me the biggest disruption in the last 25 years and that’s how long
in the last 25 years and that’s how long
in the last 25 years and that’s how long I’ve been in the World Bank has been the
I’ve been in the World Bank has been the
I’ve been in the World Bank has been the quiet revolution inside the World Bank
quiet revolution inside the World Bank
quiet revolution inside the World Bank traditionally we look at the World Bank
traditionally we look at the World Bank
traditionally we look at the World Bank as here they go again
as here they go again
as here they go again privatize your macroeconomic stability
privatize your macroeconomic stability
privatize your macroeconomic stability fund big infrastructure we do all of
fund big infrastructure we do all of
fund big infrastructure we do all of that but we only do that in a context
that but we only do that in a context
that but we only do that in a context where we have learned the art of
where we have learned the art of
where we have learned the art of disruption or at least learned the
disruption or at least learned the
disruption or at least learned the tradition of change comes from being
tradition of change comes from being
tradition of change comes from being disruptors the world being a disrupter
disruptors the world being a disrupter
disruptors the world being a disrupter that itself is a very disruptive use and
that itself is a very disruptive use and
that itself is a very disruptive use and I have to hand it to you to invite me in
I have to hand it to you to invite me in
I have to hand it to you to invite me in front of all of you to speak as a world
front of all of you to speak as a world
front of all of you to speak as a world banker on disruption but this is what we
banker on disruption but this is what we
banker on disruption but this is what we have learned that it will as a World
have learned that it will as a World
have learned that it will as a World Bank which is owned by 180 countries
Bank which is owned by 180 countries
Bank which is owned by 180 countries working across the world if we can be a
working across the world if we can be a
working across the world if we can be a disruptor with the way we support
disruptor with the way we support
disruptor with the way we support countries that certainly service
countries that certainly service
countries that certainly service delivery will change certainly today we
delivery will change certainly today we
delivery will change certainly today we will help India move from 600 million
will help India move from 600 million
will help India move from 600 million people in the open defecation to those
people in the open defecation to those
people in the open defecation to those who have the dignity of being able to
who have the dignity of being able to
who have the dignity of being able to have their old toilets and use their own
have their old toilets and use their own
have their old toilets and use their own toilet ultimately disruption is only for
toilet ultimately disruption is only for
toilet ultimately disruption is only for one one purpose it is the purpose that
one one purpose it is the purpose that
one one purpose it is the purpose that the future belongs to them that the
the future belongs to them that the
the future belongs to them that the future is they carry what they’re not
future is they carry what they’re not
future is they carry what they’re not the burdens of poverty but the burdens
the burdens of poverty but the burdens
the burdens of poverty but the burdens of hope that they can do whatever they
of hope that they can do whatever they
of hope that they can do whatever they want and that is the power of disruption
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