some people might think say that it is difficult to find a
say that it is difficult to find a
say that it is difficult to find a needle in a haystack now would you agree
needle in a haystack now would you agree
needle in a haystack now would you agree to that so I actually want to start with
to that so I actually want to start with
to that so I actually want to start with using your brain I’m sorry for that so
using your brain I’m sorry for that so
using your brain I’m sorry for that so let us imagine that all of us maybe some
let us imagine that all of us maybe some
let us imagine that all of us maybe some of you are but let’s we are all
of you are but let’s we are all
of you are but let’s we are all engineers now and we’re in an
engineers now and we’re in an
engineers now and we’re in an engineering an engineering company and
engineering an engineering company and
engineering an engineering company and the boss comes in i says i have this new
the boss comes in i says i have this new
the boss comes in i says i have this new cos newer customer and he needs to he
cos newer customer and he needs to he
cos newer customer and he needs to he needs to find needles in a haystack and
needs to find needles in a haystack and
needs to find needles in a haystack and that’s his problem and you need to solve
that’s his problem and you need to solve
that’s his problem and you need to solve it you need to solve it you need to come
it you need to solve it you need to come
it you need to solve it you need to come up with a strategy of how to do that how
up with a strategy of how to do that how
up with a strategy of how to do that how can you find a needle in a haystack can
can you find a needle in a haystack can
can you find a needle in a haystack can I have any suggestions please magnet
I have any suggestions please magnet
I have any suggestions please magnet magnet magnet all rights problem solved
magnet magnet all rights problem solved
magnet magnet all rights problem solved in one second so was it that difficult
in one second so was it that difficult
in one second so was it that difficult no so even seemingly very difficult
no so even seemingly very difficult
no so even seemingly very difficult problems you can solve sometimes it very
problems you can solve sometimes it very
problems you can solve sometimes it very easy solutions but problem we’re
easy solutions but problem we’re
easy solutions but problem we’re tackling that is my team and the teams i
tackling that is my team and the teams i
tackling that is my team and the teams i work with in belgium they are way way
work with in belgium they are way way
work with in belgium they are way way more difficult than finding a needle in
more difficult than finding a needle in
more difficult than finding a needle in a haystack diagnose influenza from human
a haystack diagnose influenza from human
a haystack diagnose influenza from human breath
we can expect that persons with
we can expect that persons with influenza in their normal breathing that
influenza in their normal breathing that
influenza in their normal breathing that it will breathe out influenza particles
it will breathe out influenza particles
it will breathe out influenza particles viral particles and we have reasons to
viral particles and we have reasons to
viral particles and we have reasons to believe that a typical patient may
believe that a typical patient may
believe that a typical patient may perhaps breathe out one viral particle
perhaps breathe out one viral particle
perhaps breathe out one viral particle per breath of air so what we would like
per breath of air so what we would like
per breath of air so what we would like to do is to find that particle in that
to do is to find that particle in that
to do is to find that particle in that breath of air and identify it as being
breath of air and identify it as being
breath of air and identify it as being influenza virus and as such diagnose the
influenza virus and as such diagnose the
influenza virus and as such diagnose the patient there’s only a little problem
patient there’s only a little problem
patient there’s only a little problem and that is the virus is very very small
and that is the virus is very very small
and that is the virus is very very small actually it’s about 100 nanometer across
actually it’s about 100 nanometer across
actually it’s about 100 nanometer across and that’s very little that is about
and that’s very little that is about
and that’s very little that is about 1,000 atoms and first I want to try to
1,000 atoms and first I want to try to
1,000 atoms and first I want to try to explain to you how small that actually
explain to you how small that actually
explain to you how small that actually is so let’s compare the problem of
is so let’s compare the problem of
is so let’s compare the problem of finding a virus in a breath of air with
finding a virus in a breath of air with
finding a virus in a breath of air with finding a needle in a haystack and yes I
finding a needle in a haystack and yes I
finding a needle in a haystack and yes I am an engineer so I like to put numbers
am an engineer so I like to put numbers
am an engineer so I like to put numbers on things and so I can try to do that
on things and so I can try to do that
on things and so I can try to do that and I can see if I compare the volume of
and I can see if I compare the volume of
and I can see if I compare the volume of this viral particle with the three
this viral particle with the three
this viral particle with the three liters of air that you breathe out
liters of air that you breathe out
liters of air that you breathe out compare it to the volume of a needle in
compare it to the volume of a needle in
compare it to the volume of a needle in a haystack I see that our promise
a haystack I see that our promise
a haystack I see that our promise roughly 30 billion times more difficult
roughly 30 billion times more difficult
roughly 30 billion times more difficult so to give you an idea actually how
so to give you an idea actually how
so to give you an idea actually how small such a particle is it’s hard to
small such a particle is it’s hard to
small such a particle is it’s hard to say because hundred nanometer we have
say because hundred nanometer we have
say because hundred nanometer we have few few people of us have actually an
few few people of us have actually an
few few people of us have actually an idea of how small that is but what if we
idea of how small that is but what if we
idea of how small that is but what if we would try to actually scale up things we
would try to actually scale up things we
would try to actually scale up things we make everything a thousand times more
make everything a thousand times more
make everything a thousand times more wide and a thousand times more high and
wide and a thousand times more high and
wide and a thousand times more high and it tells times more deep so we’re 1
it tells times more deep so we’re 1
it tells times more deep so we’re 1 billion times up scaling in volume now
billion times up scaling in volume now
billion times up scaling in volume now our three liters of breath that we have
our three liters of breath that we have
our three liters of breath that we have become 3 billion liters of breath that’s
become 3 billion liters of breath that’s
become 3 billion liters of breath that’s huge and we see actually three billions
huge and we see actually three billions
huge and we see actually three billions of litres of breath that actually that
of litres of breath that actually that
of litres of breath that actually that is the volume of the largest indoor
is the volume of the largest indoor
is the volume of the largest indoor space ever built by humans this is a
space ever built by humans this is a
space ever built by humans this is a picture of a Zeppelin hangar in Germany
picture of a Zeppelin hangar in Germany
picture of a Zeppelin hangar in Germany been turned into a tropical holiday park
been turned into a tropical holiday park
been turned into a tropical holiday park you can see it has an artificial sea and
you can see it has an artificial sea and
you can see it has an artificial sea and the little black dots you’re actually
the little black dots you’re actually
the little black dots you’re actually human swimming in it so it’s a huge
human swimming in it so it’s a huge
human swimming in it so it’s a huge space or virus we have also also scale
space or virus we have also also scale
space or virus we have also also scale it up 1 billion times and now actually
it up 1 billion times and now actually
it up 1 billion times and now actually it becomes as big as the tip of a human
it becomes as big as the tip of a human
it becomes as big as the tip of a human hair so we need to find the tip of a
hair so we need to find the tip of a
hair so we need to find the tip of a human hair in this huge hole it’s
human hair in this huge hole it’s
human hair in this huge hole it’s somewhere there this one
somewhere there this one
somewhere there this one over here it can be in the water or in
over here it can be in the water or in
over here it can be in the water or in the ceiling we don’t know but we try to
the ceiling we don’t know but we try to
the ceiling we don’t know but we try to find it that’s the scale of the problem
find it that’s the scale of the problem
find it that’s the scale of the problem we try to tackle but with a few clever
we try to tackle but with a few clever
we try to tackle but with a few clever engineering solutions we think we can
engineering solutions we think we can
engineering solutions we think we can actually do that this is the instrument
actually do that this is the instrument
actually do that this is the instrument that we’re trying to tackle it with and
that we’re trying to tackle it with and
that we’re trying to tackle it with and this is a picture also of Gaspar my
this is a picture also of Gaspar my
this is a picture also of Gaspar my former PhD student that made that
former PhD student that made that
former PhD student that made that prototype I have with me an actual
prototype I have with me an actual
prototype I have with me an actual prototype a more recent one printed by
prototype a more recent one printed by
prototype a more recent one printed by another PhD student of mine Lila and
another PhD student of mine Lila and
another PhD student of mine Lila and this one is actually tried out in the
this one is actually tried out in the
this one is actually tried out in the primary care unit in Belgium so the idea
primary care unit in Belgium so the idea
primary care unit in Belgium so the idea is that you breathe in to this
is that you breathe in to this
is that you breathe in to this instrument and that this instrument will
instrument and that this instrument will
instrument and that this instrument will actually trap the viral particle and
actually trap the viral particle and
actually trap the viral particle and detectors as such so how could we do
detectors as such so how could we do
detectors as such so how could we do that well let’s take a step back and
that well let’s take a step back and
that well let’s take a step back and look at what actually do we breathe out
look at what actually do we breathe out
look at what actually do we breathe out as humans we breathe out three liters of
as humans we breathe out three liters of
as humans we breathe out three liters of air and what is two liters of air that
air and what is two liters of air that
air and what is two liters of air that we breathe out well the most of it is
we breathe out well the most of it is
we breathe out well the most of it is just gas it is nitrogen its carbon
just gas it is nitrogen its carbon
just gas it is nitrogen its carbon dioxide it is water vapors or their
dioxide it is water vapors or their
dioxide it is water vapors or their glasses but also there are small tiny
glasses but also there are small tiny
glasses but also there are small tiny aerosol droplets and every breath of air
aerosol droplets and every breath of air
aerosol droplets and every breath of air typically have a few tens of thousand
typically have a few tens of thousand
typically have a few tens of thousand one hundred thousands of very tiny
one hundred thousands of very tiny
one hundred thousands of very tiny droplets of water that you breathe out
droplets of water that you breathe out
droplets of water that you breathe out there are too small to see they’re only
there are too small to see they’re only
there are too small to see they’re only a micrometer and size so they really
a micrometer and size so they really
a micrometer and size so they really really small but the virus the one virus
really small but the virus the one virus
really small but the virus the one virus in in one of these hundred thousand that
in in one of these hundred thousand that
in in one of these hundred thousand that will be likely one virus and that virus
will be likely one virus and that virus
will be likely one virus and that virus will probably be in the droplet and not
will probably be in the droplet and not
will probably be in the droplet and not in the surrounding gas so if we can
in the surrounding gas so if we can
in the surrounding gas so if we can start with collecting all these little
start with collecting all these little
start with collecting all these little droplets together we have already a huge
droplets together we have already a huge
droplets together we have already a huge huge of concentration I solve the big
huge of concentration I solve the big
huge of concentration I solve the big part of our problem so that’s the first
part of our problem so that’s the first
part of our problem so that’s the first thing we’re going to do try to collect
thing we’re going to do try to collect
thing we’re going to do try to collect the iris or droplets and how does that
the iris or droplets and how does that
the iris or droplets and how does that work let’s have a look inside the
work let’s have a look inside the
work let’s have a look inside the instrument if you want that can in the
instrument if you want that can in the
instrument if you want that can in the next breakout you can have a real look
next breakout you can have a real look
next breakout you can have a real look at a real instrument out looks like you
at a real instrument out looks like you
at a real instrument out looks like you will see that in the top of the
will see that in the top of the
will see that in the top of the instrument you’ll find one or number of
instrument you’ll find one or number of
instrument you’ll find one or number of sharp needles and these needles we put
sharp needles and these needles we put
sharp needles and these needles we put at very high voltage 10 kilo volt what
at very high voltage 10 kilo volt what
at very high voltage 10 kilo volt what happens if you put a very sharp object
happens if you put a very sharp object
happens if you put a very sharp object at 10 kilo volt is that electrons in the
at 10 kilo volt is that electrons in the
at 10 kilo volt is that electrons in the tip really they’re all crammed together
tip really they’re all crammed together
tip really they’re all crammed together and they don’t like that so they jump
and they don’t like that so they jump
and they don’t like that so they jump out and they start ionizing the air
out and they start ionizing the air
out and they start ionizing the air around them and the ions will bounce
around them and the ions will bounce
around them and the ions will bounce into everything in the air and very soon
into everything in the air and very soon
into everything in the air and very soon the three liters of air that you breathe
the three liters of air that you breathe
the three liters of air that you breathe through this instrument gets ionized so
through this instrument gets ionized so
through this instrument gets ionized so everything in the air gets charged so
everything in the air gets charged so
everything in the air gets charged so the hundred thousand aerosol particles
the hundred thousand aerosol particles
the hundred thousand aerosol particles or become
or become
or become charge little water droplets they’re all
charge little water droplets they’re all
charge little water droplets they’re all at a few thousand volts and then at the
at a few thousand volts and then at the
at a few thousand volts and then at the bottom I have a little holder here I
bottom I have a little holder here I
bottom I have a little holder here I have one of those in my hands here it’s
have one of those in my hands here it’s
have one of those in my hands here it’s a few millimeters big it’s a little Kate
a few millimeters big it’s a little Kate
a few millimeters big it’s a little Kate we call it the cage collector and in
we call it the cage collector and in
we call it the cage collector and in that we put a little droplet of water
that we put a little droplet of water
that we put a little droplet of water 200 microliter of water and it’s
200 microliter of water and it’s
200 microliter of water and it’s grounded electrically so all this
grounded electrically so all this
grounded electrically so all this charged particles flowing down this
charged particles flowing down this
charged particles flowing down this instrument they get attracted to this
instrument they get attracted to this
instrument they get attracted to this ground and so they try to fly into the
ground and so they try to fly into the
ground and so they try to fly into the into this collector and gets actually
into this collector and gets actually
into this collector and gets actually absorbed in this little liquid volume so
absorbed in this little liquid volume so
absorbed in this little liquid volume so now what we have done is we have reduced
now what we have done is we have reduced
now what we have done is we have reduced our problem from finding a particle here
our problem from finding a particle here
our problem from finding a particle here a virus particle in a hangar to finding
a virus particle in a hangar to finding
a virus particle in a hangar to finding it in this little pile here sorry from
it in this little pile here sorry from
it in this little pile here sorry from in front in the 3-liter into the little
in front in the 3-liter into the little
in front in the 3-liter into the little collector here and so if i compare that
collector here and so if i compare that
collector here and so if i compare that now i just need to find my human hair in
now i just need to find my human hair in
now i just need to find my human hair in a volume as big as two standard shipping
a volume as big as two standard shipping
a volume as big as two standard shipping containers which is where we easier than
containers which is where we easier than
containers which is where we easier than trying to find it in a Zeppelin hangar
trying to find it in a Zeppelin hangar
trying to find it in a Zeppelin hangar still very difficult so we have to do
still very difficult so we have to do
still very difficult so we have to do some more steps next thing we do is well
some more steps next thing we do is well
some more steps next thing we do is well let’s have a look at the viral particle
let’s have a look at the viral particle
let’s have a look at the viral particle itself this 100 nanometer object so
itself this 100 nanometer object so
itself this 100 nanometer object so beautiful artificially colored pictures
beautiful artificially colored pictures
beautiful artificially colored pictures of such an object and you see the purple
of such an object and you see the purple
of such an object and you see the purple thing in the middle here that’s a
thing in the middle here that’s a
thing in the middle here that’s a nucleic acid that’s actually what
nucleic acid that’s actually what
nucleic acid that’s actually what determines how the viral particle looks
determines how the viral particle looks
determines how the viral particle looks and what grades of the particle but it
and what grades of the particle but it
and what grades of the particle but it can also see this tiny little brown dots
can also see this tiny little brown dots
can also see this tiny little brown dots here around this these are called
here around this these are called
here around this these are called nuclear proteins so if I ask my patient
nuclear proteins so if I ask my patient
nuclear proteins so if I ask my patient to breathe into this instrument for
to breathe into this instrument for
to breathe into this instrument for about the minute i’ll likely capture
about the minute i’ll likely capture
about the minute i’ll likely capture something between 10 and 100 particles
something between 10 and 100 particles
something between 10 and 100 particles and what I do with this particle is that
and what I do with this particle is that
and what I do with this particle is that I break them open we call that lysis the
I break them open we call that lysis the
I break them open we call that lysis the virus break it open and release all the
virus break it open and release all the
virus break it open and release all the little nuclear proteins that are in
little nuclear proteins that are in
little nuclear proteins that are in there in the viral particle and now they
there in the viral particle and now they
there in the viral particle and now they are swimming in this liquid volume so
are swimming in this liquid volume so
are swimming in this liquid volume so we’ve gotta have 100 virus particle
we’ve gotta have 100 virus particle
we’ve gotta have 100 virus particle wheel covers about 100,000 of these
wheel covers about 100,000 of these
wheel covers about 100,000 of these nuclear proteins and so and these
nuclear proteins and so and these
nuclear proteins and so and these nuclear proteins they swim around and
nuclear proteins they swim around and
nuclear proteins they swim around and these are going to catch because what we
these are going to catch because what we
these are going to catch because what we also put in this little vial up front is
also put in this little vial up front is
also put in this little vial up front is little bullets little magnetic beads
little bullets little magnetic beads
little bullets little magnetic beads these little magnetic beads are very
these little magnetic beads are very
these little magnetic beads are very small they’re also only 23
small they’re also only 23
small they’re also only 23 micrometer-sized and they’re specially
micrometer-sized and they’re specially
micrometer-sized and they’re specially treated so we have coated those with
treated so we have coated those with
treated so we have coated those with something that we call an antibody that
something that we call an antibody that
something that we call an antibody that protein that binds very specifically to
protein that binds very specifically to
protein that binds very specifically to these nuclear proteins so what happens
these nuclear proteins so what happens
these nuclear proteins so what happens we have a million of these little beats
we have a million of these little beats
we have a million of these little beats swimming around here and I have a
swimming around here and I have a
swimming around here and I have a hundred thousand of these nuclear
hundred thousand of these nuclear
hundred thousand of these nuclear proteins and I mix it shortly and what
proteins and I mix it shortly and what
proteins and I mix it shortly and what happens every time a nuclear protein and
happens every time a nuclear protein and
happens every time a nuclear protein and a beat meet devil by to each other very
a beat meet devil by to each other very
a beat meet devil by to each other very specifically and they get stuck and they
specifically and they get stuck and they
specifically and they get stuck and they don’t let go from each other so very
don’t let go from each other so very
don’t let go from each other so very soon oldest nuclear proteins that I had
soon oldest nuclear proteins that I had
soon oldest nuclear proteins that I had this hundred thousand get bound unto one
this hundred thousand get bound unto one
this hundred thousand get bound unto one of these 1,000,000 magnetic beats and
of these 1,000,000 magnetic beats and
of these 1,000,000 magnetic beats and what do I do next is that I take these
what do I do next is that I take these
what do I do next is that I take these magnetic beads and I flushed them over a
magnetic beads and I flushed them over a
magnetic beads and I flushed them over a surface a specific specifically made
surface a specific specifically made
surface a specific specifically made surfaces the surface made by another
surfaces the surface made by another
surfaces the surface made by another student of mine whose name is razr and
student of mine whose name is razr and
student of mine whose name is razr and razr has very tiny fingers no he doesn’t
razr has very tiny fingers no he doesn’t
razr has very tiny fingers no he doesn’t but he makes very tiny wells he makes
but he makes very tiny wells he makes
but he makes very tiny wells he makes tiny wells also of the size 2.83
tiny wells also of the size 2.83
tiny wells also of the size 2.83 micrometer-sized that is smaller than
micrometer-sized that is smaller than
micrometer-sized that is smaller than your blood sauce these are very tiny
your blood sauce these are very tiny
your blood sauce these are very tiny wells and so if we flush this liquid
wells and so if we flush this liquid
wells and so if we flush this liquid over these wells and we put a magnet
over these wells and we put a magnet
over these wells and we put a magnet under here all these little beads here
under here all these little beads here
under here all these little beads here there will be sucked down in this well
there will be sucked down in this well
there will be sucked down in this well so I populate every well with a beat and
so I populate every well with a beat and
so I populate every well with a beat and I’ll some of course some of these well
I’ll some of course some of these well
I’ll some of course some of these well have a beat that has a nuclear protein
have a beat that has a nuclear protein
have a beat that has a nuclear protein and but most don’t actually have a beat
and but most don’t actually have a beat
and but most don’t actually have a beat without a nuclear protein because
without a nuclear protein because
without a nuclear protein because typically are only would have one beat
typically are only would have one beat
typically are only would have one beat ten beats per nuclear protein so I trap
ten beats per nuclear protein so I trap
ten beats per nuclear protein so I trap them in little else and then I can see
them in little else and then I can see
them in little else and then I can see that this every little well I can
that this every little well I can
that this every little well I can consider as being a bio chemical reactor
consider as being a bio chemical reactor
consider as being a bio chemical reactor very tiny one but basically a chemical
very tiny one but basically a chemical
very tiny one but basically a chemical floss I know I can do chemistry in every
floss I know I can do chemistry in every
floss I know I can do chemistry in every of these wells oh by the way we call
of these wells oh by the way we call
of these wells oh by the way we call this femme two liter wells FM two liter
this femme two liter wells FM two liter
this femme two liter wells FM two liter well array or so femme two liter you
well array or so femme two liter you
well array or so femme two liter you know you have a liter milliliter
know you have a liter milliliter
know you have a liter milliliter microliter nano liter pickle eater fanta
microliter nano liter pickle eater fanta
microliter nano liter pickle eater fanta liter yeah that is a millionth of a
liter yeah that is a millionth of a
liter yeah that is a millionth of a billionth of a liter and every well
billionth of a liter and every well
billionth of a liter and every well about but we use them as little chemical
about but we use them as little chemical
about but we use them as little chemical reservoirs and we do chemistry on them
reservoirs and we do chemistry on them
reservoirs and we do chemistry on them and the chemistry we do is that if there
and the chemistry we do is that if there
and the chemistry we do is that if there is a beat with a nuclear protein there’s
is a beat with a nuclear protein there’s
is a beat with a nuclear protein there’s a catalytic catalytic reaction going on
a catalytic catalytic reaction going on
a catalytic catalytic reaction going on that turns this well fluorescent so I
that turns this well fluorescent so I
that turns this well fluorescent so I let it react and after the reaction is
let it react and after the reaction is
let it react and after the reaction is done I just put this well plate under a
done I just put this well plate under a
done I just put this well plate under a microscope or on top of microscope and I
microscope or on top of microscope and I
microscope or on top of microscope and I simply look which of the wells light up
simply look which of the wells light up
simply look which of the wells light up and we do not
and we do not
and we do not light up so every well that lights up
light up so every well that lights up
light up so every well that lights up has captured the nucleoprotein and the
has captured the nucleoprotein and the
has captured the nucleoprotein and the ones that did not light up don’t have a
ones that did not light up don’t have a
ones that did not light up don’t have a nuclear protein and now I can just
nuclear protein and now I can just
nuclear protein and now I can just simply count how many light light
simply count how many light light
simply count how many light light applause do i see so and i can calculate
applause do i see so and i can calculate
applause do i see so and i can calculate back how many viruses that i have and
back how many viruses that i have and
back how many viruses that i have and this information you can give to a
this information you can give to a
this information you can give to a doctor who hopefully can put the
doctor who hopefully can put the
doctor who hopefully can put the diagnose so what we did is we captured
diagnose so what we did is we captured
diagnose so what we did is we captured three liter or they’re in our machine
three liter or they’re in our machine
three liter or they’re in our machine captured it the virus is down to a
captured it the virus is down to a
captured it the virus is down to a little collector with lies the virus
little collector with lies the virus
little collector with lies the virus release the nuclear proteins captured
release the nuclear proteins captured
release the nuclear proteins captured them back on these magnetic beads see
them back on these magnetic beads see
them back on these magnetic beads see the dome on the speaker at the Santa
the dome on the speaker at the Santa
the dome on the speaker at the Santa liter well array and then looked at the
liter well array and then looked at the
liter well array and then looked at the fluorescence and that gives us the
fluorescence and that gives us the
fluorescence and that gives us the answer and now what can we do with this
answer and now what can we do with this
answer and now what can we do with this technology what do we think we will use
technology what do we think we will use
technology what do we think we will use it actually for well we think there’s
it actually for well we think there’s
it actually for well we think there’s two main applications when it comes to
two main applications when it comes to
two main applications when it comes to influenza that we can use this for the
influenza that we can use this for the
influenza that we can use this for the first is companion diagnostics and
first is companion diagnostics and
first is companion diagnostics and companion diagnostics are diagnostic
companion diagnostics are diagnostic
companion diagnostics are diagnostic that are specifically for a specific
that are specifically for a specific
that are specifically for a specific drug so there are a lot of drugs
drug so there are a lot of drugs
drug so there are a lot of drugs developed nowadays antiviral drugs they
developed nowadays antiviral drugs they
developed nowadays antiviral drugs they can be very expensive they can cost
can be very expensive they can cost
can be very expensive they can cost thousands of dollars per dose and so
thousands of dollars per dose and so
thousands of dollars per dose and so before you give such an expensive drug
before you give such an expensive drug
before you give such an expensive drug to a patient it will be hopefully well
to a patient it will be hopefully well
to a patient it will be hopefully well you would only give it to very severely
you would only give it to very severely
you would only give it to very severely ill patients that has a risk of dying
ill patients that has a risk of dying
ill patients that has a risk of dying and then you want to notice that patient
and then you want to notice that patient
and then you want to notice that patient really have influence and then perhaps
really have influence and then perhaps
really have influence and then perhaps our tests can find that out before you
our tests can find that out before you
our tests can find that out before you give the drug another example where we
give the drug another example where we
give the drug another example where we can use it and where the pharma
can use it and where the pharma
can use it and where the pharma companies are very interested in is in
companies are very interested in is in
companies are very interested in is in the triage of for clinical trials so
the triage of for clinical trials so
the triage of for clinical trials so when you develop novel drugs first you
when you develop novel drugs first you
when you develop novel drugs first you have your compounds that you sort out
have your compounds that you sort out
have your compounds that you sort out first you’re going to test them on cell
first you’re going to test them on cell
first you’re going to test them on cell cultures after that on mice maybe on
cultures after that on mice maybe on
cultures after that on mice maybe on another animal on a few humans and if
another animal on a few humans and if
another animal on a few humans and if everything goes fine in every step you
everything goes fine in every step you
everything goes fine in every step you come to the step where you need to try
come to the step where you need to try
come to the step where you need to try it out on a larger population in a
it out on a larger population in a
it out on a larger population in a clinical trial and these clinical trials
clinical trial and these clinical trials
clinical trial and these clinical trials they tend to be hugely expensive people
they tend to be hugely expensive people
they tend to be hugely expensive people from the pharma industry tell me that
from the pharma industry tell me that
from the pharma industry tell me that per patient they enroll in such a trial
per patient they enroll in such a trial
per patient they enroll in such a trial it cost them 50,000 dollars now you need
it cost them 50,000 dollars now you need
it cost them 50,000 dollars now you need to know that one trial can need thousand
to know that one trial can need thousand
to know that one trial can need thousand two thousand three thousand persons so
two thousand three thousand persons so
two thousand three thousand persons so what they would like to have is for
what they would like to have is for
what they would like to have is for people with respiratory infections
people with respiratory infections
people with respiratory infections before they enroll them in this trial if
before they enroll them in this trial if
before they enroll them in this trial if they could have this quick test here and
they could have this quick test here and
they could have this quick test here and actually determine does the patient
actually determine does the patient
actually determine does the patient really have influenced a yes or no
really have influenced a yes or no
really have influenced a yes or no before I enroll them and I have this
before I enroll them and I have this
before I enroll them and I have this huge cost
huge cost
huge cost good well i hope i have showed you that
good well i hope i have showed you that
good well i hope i have showed you that with our micro and nanotechnology we’re
with our micro and nanotechnology we’re
with our micro and nanotechnology we’re actually solving problems that seem
actually solving problems that seem
actually solving problems that seem impossible but are not really impossible
impossible but are not really impossible
impossible but are not really impossible to solve I hope I’d show you how that is
to solve I hope I’d show you how that is
to solve I hope I’d show you how that is possible and I want to thank actually
possible and I want to thank actually
possible and I want to thank actually all my collaborators Belgium and in here
all my collaborators Belgium and in here
all my collaborators Belgium and in here in Sweden and I want to thank you the
in Sweden and I want to thank you the
in Sweden and I want to thank you the audience for your patience
audience for your patience
audience for your patience [Applause]
”
Be First to Comment