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Design Baker | Frances Quinn | TEDxAngliaRuskinUniversity


welcome everyone this is somewhat of a

welcome everyone this is somewhat of a technical challenge for me pardon the

technical challenge for me pardon the

technical challenge for me pardon the pun but yeah designer or baker I always

pun but yeah designer or baker I always

pun but yeah designer or baker I always say both I couldn’t be one without the

say both I couldn’t be one without the

say both I couldn’t be one without the other although better known for winning

other although better known for winning

other although better known for winning the Great British Bake Off my background

the Great British Bake Off my background

the Great British Bake Off my background is actually in design and this

is actually in design and this

is actually in design and this definitely feeds into all my ideas and

definitely feeds into all my ideas and

definitely feeds into all my ideas and creativity so much so that I use what I

creativity so much so that I use what I

creativity so much so that I use what I call this pencil to sort of represent

call this pencil to sort of represent

call this pencil to sort of represent this so it’s I give equal weight to both

this so it’s I give equal weight to both

this so it’s I give equal weight to both a spoon and a pencil when I’m drawing up

a spoon and a pencil when I’m drawing up

a spoon and a pencil when I’m drawing up designed in my sketchbook to then

designed in my sketchbook to then

designed in my sketchbook to then ultimately creating them out of food so

ultimately creating them out of food so

ultimately creating them out of food so since leaving my job as a children’s web

since leaving my job as a children’s web

since leaving my job as a children’s web designer at Jule’s people do often ask

designer at Jule’s people do often ask

designer at Jule’s people do often ask me if I miss designing but I finds that

me if I miss designing but I finds that

me if I miss designing but I finds that really strange because I just feel I’m

really strange because I just feel I’m

really strange because I just feel I’m still designing now but I’ve just

still designing now but I’ve just

still designing now but I’ve just swapped fabric for food and my medium is

swapped fabric for food and my medium is

swapped fabric for food and my medium is now edible so I can eat my mistakes

now edible so I can eat my mistakes

now edible so I can eat my mistakes basically and yeah this pencil is

basically and yeah this pencil is

basically and yeah this pencil is definitely a very important sort of key

definitely a very important sort of key

definitely a very important sort of key part to all of that so much so that I

part to all of that so much so that I

part to all of that so much so that I use on my website and it’s also seen on

use on my website and it’s also seen on

use on my website and it’s also seen on the cover of my book which also has how

the cover of my book which also has how

the cover of my book which also has how I have all my design and baking utensils

I have all my design and baking utensils

I have all my design and baking utensils laid next to one another if you came

laid next to one another if you came

laid next to one another if you came into my kitchen it would literally look

into my kitchen it would literally look

into my kitchen it would literally look like some sort of art studio with

like some sort of art studio with

like some sort of art studio with someone with a very creative healthy

someone with a very creative healthy

someone with a very creative healthy appetite so you’ve got spoons next to

appetite so you’ve got spoons next to

appetite so you’ve got spoons next to pencils you’ve got spatulas next to

pencils you’ve got spatulas next to

pencils you’ve got spatulas next to rulers whisks next to scalpels so it is

rulers whisks next to scalpels so it is

rulers whisks next to scalpels so it is literally like a Willy Wonka workshop

literally like a Willy Wonka workshop

literally like a Willy Wonka workshop that goes on and when I was a designer I

that goes on and when I was a designer I

that goes on and when I was a designer I often had like images of food on my mood

often had like images of food on my mood

often had like images of food on my mood boards and in my sketchbooks and color

boards and in my sketchbooks and color

boards and in my sketchbooks and color palettes I would always be naming after

palettes I would always be naming after

palettes I would always be naming after ingredients so all my colleagues knew

ingredients so all my colleagues knew

ingredients so all my colleagues knew when I was naming a color palette

when I was naming a color palette

when I was naming a color palette because creams would be mascarpone or

because creams would be mascarpone or

because creams would be mascarpone or green would be pistachio green and this

green would be pistachio green and this

green would be pistachio green and this relationship can be seen in the contents

relationship can be seen in the contents

relationship can be seen in the contents page of my book because again I just

page of my book because again I just

page of my book because again I just sort of see everything very visually and

sort of see everything very visually and

sort of see everything very visually and I just find it so much easier to digest

I just find it so much easier to digest

I just find it so much easier to digest when it’s like that and these paints

when it’s like that and these paints

when it’s like that and these paints bludgers they don’t just are not just

bludgers they don’t just are not just

bludgers they don’t just are not just seen in the chapters but I also have

seen in the chapters but I also have

seen in the chapters but I also have what I call visual pie charts to

what I call visual pie charts to

what I call visual pie charts to illustrate all the proportions of

illustrate all the proportions of

illustrate all the proportions of my recipes ingredients so rather than

my recipes ingredients so rather than

my recipes ingredients so rather than just having words and weights next to

just having words and weights next to

just having words and weights next to one another I just feel that you can

one another I just feel that you can

one another I just feel that you can actually absorb the information so much

actually absorb the information so much

actually absorb the information so much easier when you see it broken down like

easier when you see it broken down like

easier when you see it broken down like this I don’t know about you but say if

this I don’t know about you but say if

this I don’t know about you but say if someone says a phone number really

someone says a phone number really

someone says a phone number really quickly I can forget it whereas if I see

quickly I can forget it whereas if I see

quickly I can forget it whereas if I see it written down I can sort of make

it written down I can sort of make

it written down I can sort of make patterns and try and remember it that

patterns and try and remember it that

patterns and try and remember it that way and even sort of pages showing how

way and even sort of pages showing how

way and even sort of pages showing how you have a color palette with a taste

you have a color palette with a taste

you have a color palette with a taste palette and seeing gradients of

palette and seeing gradients of

palette and seeing gradients of different kinds of sugar from when

different kinds of sugar from when

different kinds of sugar from when you’re making caramel being able to see

you’re making caramel being able to see

you’re making caramel being able to see the butter and the sugar just laid out

the butter and the sugar just laid out

the butter and the sugar just laid out like that again rather than it just

like that again rather than it just

like that again rather than it just being purely written text and the token

being purely written text and the token

being purely written text and the token cat coming in for good measure so yeah I

cat coming in for good measure so yeah I

cat coming in for good measure so yeah I sort of said I have a habit of seeing

sort of said I have a habit of seeing

sort of said I have a habit of seeing everything as food which actually really

everything as food which actually really

everything as food which actually really helped me come up with my designs

helped me come up with my designs

helped me come up with my designs because my degree within textiles I

because my degree within textiles I

because my degree within textiles I think that’s why I love food so much

think that’s why I love food so much

think that’s why I love food so much because it is those parallels between

because it is those parallels between

because it is those parallels between textures and colors and mark-making

textures and colors and mark-making

textures and colors and mark-making so for me when I see soil I sort of see

so for me when I see soil I sort of see

so for me when I see soil I sort of see the similarities between chocolate cake

the similarities between chocolate cake

the similarities between chocolate cake or when I was looking at a plant bulb

or when I was looking at a plant bulb

or when I was looking at a plant bulb all the papery scales reminded me of

all the papery scales reminded me of

all the papery scales reminded me of phyllo pastry so for me it just sort of

phyllo pastry so for me it just sort of

phyllo pastry so for me it just sort of it’s naturally like building up an idea

it’s naturally like building up an idea

it’s naturally like building up an idea and a recipe in my head

and a recipe in my head

and a recipe in my head it can even be walking past a brick wall

it can even be walking past a brick wall

it can even be walking past a brick wall and in my mind I’ll start seeing how

and in my mind I’ll start seeing how

and in my mind I’ll start seeing how that could be translated into cocoa

that could be translated into cocoa

that could be translated into cocoa powder or cinnamon and even the lines

powder or cinnamon and even the lines

powder or cinnamon and even the lines that sort of represent the sort of

that sort of represent the sort of

that sort of represent the sort of concrete they can just be really simply

concrete they can just be really simply

concrete they can just be really simply done with wooden lath a sticks so often

done with wooden lath a sticks so often

done with wooden lath a sticks so often want to go into a coffee shop I’m like

want to go into a coffee shop I’m like

want to go into a coffee shop I’m like picking up utensils that I can take back

picking up utensils that I can take back

picking up utensils that I can take back into the kitchen and this is one little

into the kitchen and this is one little

into the kitchen and this is one little video here of just showing how this

video here of just showing how this

video here of just showing how this actual bake came to life so yeah it’s

actual bake came to life so yeah it’s

actual bake came to life so yeah it’s just about plastering it over with

just about plastering it over with

just about plastering it over with mascarpone and then you lay down the

mascarpone and then you lay down the

mascarpone and then you lay down the wooden latte sticks and then you just

wooden latte sticks and then you just

wooden latte sticks and then you just over like you would a cappuccino with

over like you would a cappuccino with

over like you would a cappuccino with cocoa powder and cinnamon call them back

cocoa powder and cinnamon call them back

cocoa powder and cinnamon call them back and then you get individual brick pieces

and then you get individual brick pieces

and then you get individual brick pieces of cake so again I find again videos

of cake so again I find again videos

of cake so again I find again videos really helpful to sort of illustrate the

really helpful to sort of illustrate the

really helpful to sort of illustrate the idea because you could see that coffee

idea because you could see that coffee

idea because you could see that coffee and walnut cake but you’re a bit like or

and walnut cake but you’re a bit like or

and walnut cake but you’re a bit like or what’s the process behind that

what’s the process behind that

what’s the process behind that so it’s sort of trying to inspire people

so it’s sort of trying to inspire people

so it’s sort of trying to inspire people and engage people to feel that they can

and engage people to feel that they can

and engage people to feel that they can have a go because the one thing I sort

have a go because the one thing I sort

have a go because the one thing I sort of find it’s sort of giving people

of find it’s sort of giving people

of find it’s sort of giving people confidence because a lot of people say

confidence because a lot of people say

confidence because a lot of people say oh I’m not a design all right I can’t

oh I’m not a design all right I can’t

oh I’m not a design all right I can’t draw but I think there’s so many

draw but I think there’s so many

draw but I think there’s so many different ways to express your

different ways to express your

different ways to express your creativity and I think food is a really

creativity and I think food is a really

creativity and I think food is a really good example of that so it’s a case of

good example of that so it’s a case of

good example of that so it’s a case of sort of mixing up the mediums and the

sort of mixing up the mediums and the

sort of mixing up the mediums and the technique so even using like a

technique so even using like a

technique so even using like a stationary sort of like thing that you’d

stationary sort of like thing that you’d

stationary sort of like thing that you’d normally use with a felt-tip if you just

normally use with a felt-tip if you just

normally use with a felt-tip if you just get some cocoa powder and dust it over

get some cocoa powder and dust it over

get some cocoa powder and dust it over the top you can end up with something

the top you can end up with something

the top you can end up with something really effective equally using chocolate

really effective equally using chocolate

really effective equally using chocolate as paint

as paint

as paint I’ve even sort of gone into a print

I’ve even sort of gone into a print

I’ve even sort of gone into a print workshop and rather than sprint sort of

workshop and rather than sprint sort of

workshop and rather than sprint sort of screen printing with paint I’ve used

screen printing with paint I’ve used

screen printing with paint I’ve used chocolate onto rice paper using a

chocolate onto rice paper using a

chocolate onto rice paper using a squeegee instead of a dough scraper so

squeegee instead of a dough scraper so

squeegee instead of a dough scraper so it’s again it’s just sort of seeing all

it’s again it’s just sort of seeing all

it’s again it’s just sort of seeing all the different craftsmanship that goes

the different craftsmanship that goes

the different craftsmanship that goes into all the different creative fields

into all the different creative fields

into all the different creative fields but mixing them up and sort of you know

but mixing them up and sort of you know

but mixing them up and sort of you know sculpting with breads how you sort of

sculpting with breads how you sort of

sculpting with breads how you sort of put bread into a hot oven it’s a little

put bread into a hot oven it’s a little

put bread into a hot oven it’s a little bit like how a Potter puts clay into a

bit like how a Potter puts clay into a

bit like how a Potter puts clay into a really hot kill so it’s just finding the

really hot kill so it’s just finding the

really hot kill so it’s just finding the parallels and sort of running with them

parallels and sort of running with them

parallels and sort of running with them really rather than feeling oh no that’s

really rather than feeling oh no that’s

really rather than feeling oh no that’s one discipline so you can’t take that

one discipline so you can’t take that

one discipline so you can’t take that into another and this is the case of

into another and this is the case of

into another and this is the case of like when I made a biscuit palette so

like when I made a biscuit palette so

like when I made a biscuit palette so it’s just rolling out a biscuit dough

it’s just rolling out a biscuit dough

it’s just rolling out a biscuit dough cutting it into a sort of simple palate

cutting it into a sort of simple palate

cutting it into a sort of simple palate shape and then using caramels and jams

shape and then using caramels and jams

shape and then using caramels and jams and chocolate spreads and the great

and chocolate spreads and the great

and chocolate spreads and the great thing is that the Messier it is the

thing is that the Messier it is the

thing is that the Messier it is the better it looks so you can really use

better it looks so you can really use

better it looks so you can really use that to your advantage a little bit like

that to your advantage a little bit like

that to your advantage a little bit like the chocolate soil like you know sort of

the chocolate soil like you know sort of

the chocolate soil like you know sort of like chocolate pot looks absolutely

like chocolate pot looks absolutely

like chocolate pot looks absolutely perfect and it’s been great as well sort

perfect and it’s been great as well sort

perfect and it’s been great as well sort of doing stuff with the design museum

of doing stuff with the design museum

of doing stuff with the design museum I’ve taken over their Instagram for font

I’ve taken over their Instagram for font

I’ve taken over their Instagram for font Sunday on a few occasions and just

Sunday on a few occasions and just

Sunday on a few occasions and just showing how fonts can appear in food

showing how fonts can appear in food

showing how fonts can appear in food whether it be biscuits or doodling with

whether it be biscuits or doodling with

whether it be biscuits or doodling with caramel and this is another video where

caramel and this is another video where

caramel and this is another video where I’m using caramel to draw with rather

I’m using caramel to draw with rather

I’m using caramel to draw with rather than just sort of like lace between a

than just sort of like lace between a

than just sort of like lace between a millionaire shortbread

millionaire shortbread

so it’s just the case of putting it in a

so it’s just the case of putting it in a piping bag and then just sort of

piping bag and then just sort of

piping bag and then just sort of doodling lines and then using the

doodling lines and then using the

doodling lines and then using the popcorn to create flowers so yeah a

popcorn to create flowers so yeah a

popcorn to create flowers so yeah a messy chocolate view Kay and I love the

messy chocolate view Kay and I love the

messy chocolate view Kay and I love the fact that within the art world you can

fact that within the art world you can

fact that within the art world you can sort of translate all the skills and the

sort of translate all the skills and the

sort of translate all the skills and the technique so this was some Barbara

technique so this was some Barbara

technique so this was some Barbara Hepworth inspired shortbread I did when

Hepworth inspired shortbread I did when

Hepworth inspired shortbread I did when the Hepworth gallery up in the Wakefield

the Hepworth gallery up in the Wakefield

the Hepworth gallery up in the Wakefield was celebrating their millionth visitor

was celebrating their millionth visitor

was celebrating their millionth visitor and it was great walking around the

and it was great walking around the

and it was great walking around the gallery seeing all the sort of utensils

gallery seeing all the sort of utensils

gallery seeing all the sort of utensils that Barbara used to create her sort of

that Barbara used to create her sort of

that Barbara used to create her sort of stonework and so I sort of translated

stonework and so I sort of translated

stonework and so I sort of translated that into the shortbread and again

that into the shortbread and again

that into the shortbread and again rather than having a perfect shape

rather than having a perfect shape

rather than having a perfect shape because the shortbread naturally in the

because the shortbread naturally in the

because the shortbread naturally in the oven it’s sometimes sort of it doesn’t

oven it’s sometimes sort of it doesn’t

oven it’s sometimes sort of it doesn’t keep its form and so it was a really

keep its form and so it was a really

keep its form and so it was a really good sort of medium to use for creating

good sort of medium to use for creating

good sort of medium to use for creating more of this or necessarily perfectly

more of this or necessarily perfectly

more of this or necessarily perfectly smooth surfaces and sketchbooks are

smooth surfaces and sketchbooks are

smooth surfaces and sketchbooks are really important for my sort of process

really important for my sort of process

really important for my sort of process so this was when I was creating the

so this was when I was creating the

so this was when I was creating the pieces blue nude out of a cheesecake and

pieces blue nude out of a cheesecake and

pieces blue nude out of a cheesecake and turning it into a blueberry nude so it

turning it into a blueberry nude so it

turning it into a blueberry nude so it was just a sort of showing the process

was just a sort of showing the process

was just a sort of showing the process behind it all and using collage like

behind it all and using collage like

behind it all and using collage like Matisse does as well so cutouts of paper

Matisse does as well so cutouts of paper

Matisse does as well so cutouts of paper a little bit like Matisse uses cutouts

a little bit like Matisse uses cutouts

a little bit like Matisse uses cutouts to create all his colourful impressions

to create all his colourful impressions

to create all his colourful impressions and then that turned into the Matisse

and then that turned into the Matisse

and then that turned into the Matisse blueberry new cheesecake which took a

blueberry new cheesecake which took a

blueberry new cheesecake which took a little bit longer than I had anticipated

little bit longer than I had anticipated

little bit longer than I had anticipated that’s the problem I paint an idea in my

that’s the problem I paint an idea in my

that’s the problem I paint an idea in my head very quickly but it takes that a

head very quickly but it takes that a

head very quickly but it takes that a little bit longer to cut out so yeah

little bit longer to cut out so yeah

little bit longer to cut out so yeah those blueberries did take a little

those blueberries did take a little

those blueberries did take a little while so and then I remember when I got

while so and then I remember when I got

while so and then I remember when I got asked to create I didn’t get asked to

asked to create I didn’t get asked to

asked to create I didn’t get asked to create the shout out gingerbread but

create the shout out gingerbread but

create the shout out gingerbread but they wanted a particular bake and rather

they wanted a particular bake and rather

they wanted a particular bake and rather go down the route of just doing like

go down the route of just doing like

go down the route of just doing like three tiers of cake with maybe the chard

three tiers of cake with maybe the chard

three tiers of cake with maybe the chard logo on I was like well why don’t we try

logo on I was like well why don’t we try

logo on I was like well why don’t we try and create it out of actual biscuit so

and create it out of actual biscuit so

and create it out of actual biscuit so it obviously wasn’t as tall as the chard

it obviously wasn’t as tall as the chard

it obviously wasn’t as tall as the chard but I certainly had to wrap all the

but I certainly had to wrap all the

but I certainly had to wrap all the different pieces in bubble wrap to get

different pieces in bubble wrap to get

different pieces in bubble wrap to get it down to London and then even just

it down to London and then even just

it down to London and then even just creating little mini landmarks of London

creating little mini landmarks of London

creating little mini landmarks of London so the BT tower turned into a tower of

so the BT tower turned into a tower of

so the BT tower turned into a tower of shortbread and chocolate buttons and

shortbread and chocolate buttons and

shortbread and chocolate buttons and Rolo’s but it’s again just giving people

Rolo’s but it’s again just giving people

Rolo’s but it’s again just giving people an impression

an impression

an impression of how food can easily translate itself

of how food can easily translate itself

of how food can easily translate itself into architectural forms or pieces of

into architectural forms or pieces of

into architectural forms or pieces of art so I definitely sort of I love

art so I definitely sort of I love

art so I definitely sort of I love collaborating basically whether it be in

collaborating basically whether it be in

collaborating basically whether it be in architecture or film or even music and

architecture or film or even music and

architecture or film or even music and also really relish sometimes making

also really relish sometimes making

also really relish sometimes making mistakes because I know that sort of the

mistakes because I know that sort of the

mistakes because I know that sort of the serendipity that can come from certain

serendipity that can come from certain

serendipity that can come from certain biscuit Towers collapsing or things

biscuit Towers collapsing or things

biscuit Towers collapsing or things going wrong in the oven how you can make

going wrong in the oven how you can make

going wrong in the oven how you can make them into baked such as Tiffin or

them into baked such as Tiffin or

them into baked such as Tiffin or cheesecake so the base of this London

cheesecake so the base of this London

cheesecake so the base of this London skyline is basically an amalgamation of

skyline is basically an amalgamation of

skyline is basically an amalgamation of chocolate and broken biscuits so nothing

chocolate and broken biscuits so nothing

chocolate and broken biscuits so nothing need be wasted just like ideas and again

need be wasted just like ideas and again

need be wasted just like ideas and again this is just sort of an example of how I

this is just sort of an example of how I

this is just sort of an example of how I jot down different quick little sketches

jot down different quick little sketches

jot down different quick little sketches that will hopefully be able to translate

that will hopefully be able to translate

that will hopefully be able to translate themselves into food and so one thing I

themselves into food and so one thing I

themselves into food and so one thing I still really hold dearly is that I sort

still really hold dearly is that I sort

still really hold dearly is that I sort of see creativity like constellations

of see creativity like constellations

of see creativity like constellations not necessarily meringue constellations

not necessarily meringue constellations

not necessarily meringue constellations but just how there’s lots of dots up

but just how there’s lots of dots up

but just how there’s lots of dots up there and we all join them in so many

there and we all join them in so many

there and we all join them in so many different ways and I think it’s that

different ways and I think it’s that

different ways and I think it’s that sort of that should be relished that it

sort of that should be relished that it

sort of that should be relished that it is a case I’m not necessarily joining

is a case I’m not necessarily joining

is a case I’m not necessarily joining the dots in old straight lines in all

the dots in old straight lines in all

the dots in old straight lines in all the same ways and certain stars sparkle

the same ways and certain stars sparkle

the same ways and certain stars sparkle to people at certain different times and

to people at certain different times and

to people at certain different times and also the great Albert Einstein one of

also the great Albert Einstein one of

also the great Albert Einstein one of his quotes was that creativity is

his quotes was that creativity is

his quotes was that creativity is contagious and that we should part it on

contagious and that we should part it on

contagious and that we should part it on and I’m a big advocate of that and so a

and I’m a big advocate of that and so a

and I’m a big advocate of that and so a little bit like I brought it along today

little bit like I brought it along today

little bit like I brought it along today but this was the the giant Baker’s

but this was the the giant Baker’s

but this was the the giant Baker’s matchbox that I did on the show and it’s

matchbox that I did on the show and it’s

matchbox that I did on the show and it’s amazing how people remember this as much

amazing how people remember this as much

amazing how people remember this as much as anything else and so as well as sort

as anything else and so as well as sort

as anything else and so as well as sort of creating bread sticks out of it the

of creating bread sticks out of it the

of creating bread sticks out of it the inspiration behind it really was to try

inspiration behind it really was to try

inspiration behind it really was to try and light people’s ideas and imagination

and light people’s ideas and imagination

and light people’s ideas and imagination to the fact that you know bread sticks

to the fact that you know bread sticks

to the fact that you know bread sticks need just be something that’s on the

need just be something that’s on the

need just be something that’s on the table served with like cheese and sort

table served with like cheese and sort

table served with like cheese and sort of ham but actually they can be tended

of ham but actually they can be tended

of ham but actually they can be tended to giant edible matches by just simply

to giant edible matches by just simply

to giant edible matches by just simply dipping them into a bit of chocolate I

dipping them into a bit of chocolate I

dipping them into a bit of chocolate I noticed there was some out the front so

noticed there was some out the front so

noticed there was some out the front so again it’s just a really quick way if

again it’s just a really quick way if

again it’s just a really quick way if you just melt some chocolate dip them in

you just melt some chocolate dip them in

you just melt some chocolate dip them in you don’t even have to go

you don’t even have to go

you don’t even have to go making your own I won’t judge you but

making your own I won’t judge you but

making your own I won’t judge you but it’s sort of just sort of lighting

it’s sort of just sort of lighting

it’s sort of just sort of lighting people’s ideas and making baek’s

people’s ideas and making baek’s

people’s ideas and making baek’s interactive as well so it’s as much a

interactive as well so it’s as much a

interactive as well so it’s as much a talking point as something that they

talking point as something that they

talking point as something that they leave not just having their sort of

leave not just having their sort of

leave not just having their sort of stomach feel but you’re also you’ve lit

stomach feel but you’re also you’ve lit

stomach feel but you’re also you’ve lit someone’s mind and imagination to the

someone’s mind and imagination to the

someone’s mind and imagination to the potential that can go beyond just the

potential that can go beyond just the

potential that can go beyond just the page so yeah I definitely inspire

page so yeah I definitely inspire

page so yeah I definitely inspire everyone to see food or something not

everyone to see food or something not

everyone to see food or something not just to be eaten but to create with as

just to be eaten but to create with as

just to be eaten but to create with as well I sort of turned the idea of

well I sort of turned the idea of

well I sort of turned the idea of playing with your food on its head and

playing with your food on its head and

playing with your food on its head and embrace it thank you very much

embrace it thank you very much

embrace it thank you very much [Applause]

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