Cut carbon to save lives | Wendy L. Queen | TEDxMartigny

so currently one of the most important

so currently one of the most important environmental issues of our time is

environmental issues of our time is

environmental issues of our time is related to high atmospheric carbon

related to high atmospheric carbon

related to high atmospheric carbon dioxide levels and as these levels

dioxide levels and as these levels

dioxide levels and as these levels continue to rise our global climate is

continue to rise our global climate is

continue to rise our global climate is changing as you all know these things

changing as you all know these things

changing as you all know these things are having very grave effects on our

are having very grave effects on our

are having very grave effects on our surrounding environment so the key is is

surrounding environment so the key is is

surrounding environment so the key is is that in the future we expect that this

that in the future we expect that this

that in the future we expect that this is going to cause lots of death right so

is going to cause lots of death right so

is going to cause lots of death right so in a recent United Nations report that

in a recent United Nations report that

in a recent United Nations report that report then as as little as 15 years we

report then as as little as 15 years we

report then as as little as 15 years we could experience as much as a 40% water

could experience as much as a 40% water

could experience as much as a 40% water shortfall with continued climate change

shortfall with continued climate change

shortfall with continued climate change and so now it’s time we have the

and so now it’s time we have the

and so now it’s time we have the opportunity to make a change and so

opportunity to make a change and so

opportunity to make a change and so today I would like to show you how we

today I would like to show you how we

today I would like to show you how we can begin to do that by implementing a

can begin to do that by implementing a

can begin to do that by implementing a variety of different technologies so a

variety of different technologies so a

variety of different technologies so a lot of people ask why I decided to

lot of people ask why I decided to

lot of people ask why I decided to become a professor and why

become a professor and why

become a professor and why environmentally related issues and for

environmentally related issues and for

environmentally related issues and for me there’s no one thing that’s happened

me there’s no one thing that’s happened

me there’s no one thing that’s happened in my life but many that have led me on

in my life but many that have led me on

in my life but many that have led me on this career path first I was born into a

this career path first I was born into a

this career path first I was born into a family I was brought up in the foothills

family I was brought up in the foothills

family I was brought up in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains in South

of the Blue Ridge Mountains in South

of the Blue Ridge Mountains in South Carolina and my family by American

Carolina and my family by American

Carolina and my family by American standards really didn’t have a lot of

standards really didn’t have a lot of

standards really didn’t have a lot of money so rather than traveling and

money so rather than traveling and

money so rather than traveling and things as a child outside of school of

things as a child outside of school of

things as a child outside of school of course I spent lots of time outdoors

course I spent lots of time outdoors

course I spent lots of time outdoors hiking fishing climbing trees and

hiking fishing climbing trees and

hiking fishing climbing trees and learning to play a variety of outdoor

learning to play a variety of outdoor

learning to play a variety of outdoor sports and it was really during this

sports and it was really during this

sports and it was really during this time that I gained a strong appreciation

time that I gained a strong appreciation

time that I gained a strong appreciation for nature in my environment and this

for nature in my environment and this

for nature in my environment and this has really been prevalent throughout my

has really been prevalent throughout my

has really been prevalent throughout my career as a young adolescent an early

career as a young adolescent an early

career as a young adolescent an early teenager I experienced some very

teenager I experienced some very

teenager I experienced some very traumatic things in my life and I

traumatic things in my life and I

traumatic things in my life and I believe that part of my survival and

believe that part of my survival and

believe that part of my survival and getting through this process was because

getting through this process was because

getting through this process was because I was always surrounded by really

I was always surrounded by really

I was always surrounded by really fantastic supportive people so mentors

fantastic supportive people so mentors

fantastic supportive people so mentors throughout my life telling me what I

throughout my life telling me what I

throughout my life telling me what I could do what I could change who I could

could do what I could change who I could

could do what I could change who I could become and at some point I began to

become and at some point I began to

become and at some point I began to believe these people and I began to

believe these people and I began to

believe these people and I began to visualize my future right and once that

visualize my future right and once that

visualize my future right and once that happened doors began to open for me and

happened doors began to open for me and

happened doors began to open for me and one of those doors was higher education

one of those doors was higher education

one of those doors was higher education so one of the local universities

so one of the local universities

so one of the local universities actually

actually

actually gave me an athletic scholarship to study

gave me an athletic scholarship to study

gave me an athletic scholarship to study which was great I got to paid to play

which was great I got to paid to play

which was great I got to paid to play essentially so during this time I got to

essentially so during this time I got to

essentially so during this time I got to study chemistry figure out how I could

study chemistry figure out how I could

study chemistry figure out how I could apply my skillset to help the

apply my skillset to help the

apply my skillset to help the environment but I also got to meet for

environment but I also got to meet for

environment but I also got to meet for the first time a wide variety of

the first time a wide variety of

the first time a wide variety of different types of people that were

different types of people that were

different types of people that were culturally diverse and what I began to

culturally diverse and what I began to

culturally diverse and what I began to realize is that people are limited by

realize is that people are limited by

realize is that people are limited by many things in life as I was economic

many things in life as I was economic

many things in life as I was economic social cultural things but as well as

social cultural things but as well as

social cultural things but as well as environmental things things that in

environmental things things that in

environmental things things that in developed countries we take really for

developed countries we take really for

developed countries we take really for granted and so currently I have the

granted and so currently I have the

granted and so currently I have the opportunity to lead a fantastic group of

opportunity to lead a fantastic group of

opportunity to lead a fantastic group of scientists now I’m the mentor and I get

scientists now I’m the mentor and I get

scientists now I’m the mentor and I get to give back what was so graciously

to give back what was so graciously

to give back what was so graciously given to me and of course we’re working

given to me and of course we’re working

given to me and of course we’re working on environmental issues because that is

on environmental issues because that is

on environmental issues because that is dear to my heart so my group is

dear to my heart so my group is

dear to my heart so my group is currently designing novel filter

currently designing novel filter

currently designing novel filter materials so that we can use these to

materials so that we can use these to

materials so that we can use these to purify air and purify water and the

purify air and purify water and the

purify air and purify water and the reason that this work is so important is

reason that this work is so important is

reason that this work is so important is because currently 25 percent of the

because currently 25 percent of the

because currently 25 percent of the global death rate is due to

global death rate is due to

global death rate is due to environmental pollution with continued

environmental pollution with continued

environmental pollution with continued climate change these numbers will

climate change these numbers will

climate change these numbers will continue to increase significantly so if

continue to increase significantly so if

continue to increase significantly so if you were to look at a map that reflects

you were to look at a map that reflects

you were to look at a map that reflects death rate what you’ll find is that in

death rate what you’ll find is that in

death rate what you’ll find is that in underdeveloped countries and developing

underdeveloped countries and developing

underdeveloped countries and developing places that death rate is much higher so

places that death rate is much higher so

places that death rate is much higher so what we’re doing is essentially creating

what we’re doing is essentially creating

what we’re doing is essentially creating a situation where access to clean air

a situation where access to clean air

a situation where access to clean air and clean water is really becoming a

and clean water is really becoming a

and clean water is really becoming a birthright to me this is a bit of a

birthright to me this is a bit of a

birthright to me this is a bit of a travesty this should be a basic human

travesty this should be a basic human

travesty this should be a basic human right and so we’re trying to work very

right and so we’re trying to work very

right and so we’re trying to work very hard to help these things so if you

hard to help these things so if you

hard to help these things so if you travel throughout Africa if you go to

travel throughout Africa if you go to

travel throughout Africa if you go to places like Cambodia and Southeast Asia

places like Cambodia and Southeast Asia

places like Cambodia and Southeast Asia well you’ll find our children drinking

well you’ll find our children drinking

well you’ll find our children drinking water littered with harmful organics

water littered with harmful organics

water littered with harmful organics bacteria and heavy metals if you travel

bacteria and heavy metals if you travel

bacteria and heavy metals if you travel to more populated places say India and

to more populated places say India and

to more populated places say India and China

China

China what’s your you’ll find our children

what’s your you’ll find our children

what’s your you’ll find our children wearing face masks because of the

wearing face masks because of the

wearing face masks because of the automobile exhaust isn’t emitting so

automobile exhaust isn’t emitting so

automobile exhaust isn’t emitting so many particulates in the air it’s

many particulates in the air it’s

many particulates in the air it’s causing very bad respiratory infections

causing very bad respiratory infections

causing very bad respiratory infections and things and so the biggest situation

and things and so the biggest situation

and things and so the biggest situation that we face with environmental

that we face with environmental

that we face with environmental pollution air pollution

pollution air pollution

pollution air pollution how much co2 that we’re currently

how much co2 that we’re currently

how much co2 that we’re currently emitting into our environment so

emitting into our environment so

emitting into our environment so currently seventy to eighty percent of

currently seventy to eighty percent of

currently seventy to eighty percent of global emissions or seventy to eighty

global emissions or seventy to eighty

global emissions or seventy to eighty percent of global energy consumption

percent of global energy consumption

percent of global energy consumption basically is produced by the combustion

basically is produced by the combustion

basically is produced by the combustion of fossil based fuels so as we burn

of fossil based fuels so as we burn

of fossil based fuels so as we burn these fuels co2 is emitted into our

these fuels co2 is emitted into our

these fuels co2 is emitted into our atmosphere and the problem is is that

atmosphere and the problem is is that

atmosphere and the problem is is that Earth’s natural cycles cannot take care

Earth’s natural cycles cannot take care

Earth’s natural cycles cannot take care of all of the co2 that we’re emitting so

of all of the co2 that we’re emitting so

of all of the co2 that we’re emitting so it’s growing in our atmosphere and this

it’s growing in our atmosphere and this

it’s growing in our atmosphere and this is known to be a greenhouse gas so that

is known to be a greenhouse gas so that

is known to be a greenhouse gas so that means that it absorbs and it reads heat

means that it absorbs and it reads heat

means that it absorbs and it reads heat that’s reflected off of the Earth’s

that’s reflected off of the Earth’s

that’s reflected off of the Earth’s crust and it serves as like a blanket so

crust and it serves as like a blanket so

crust and it serves as like a blanket so our planet is beginning to warm

our planet is beginning to warm

our planet is beginning to warm essentially as that co2 in our

essentially as that co2 in our

essentially as that co2 in our atmosphere is growing so well I don’t

atmosphere is growing so well I don’t

atmosphere is growing so well I don’t want to overwhelm you with a bunch of

want to overwhelm you with a bunch of

want to overwhelm you with a bunch of data there are a lot of skeptics in the

data there are a lot of skeptics in the

data there are a lot of skeptics in the world that don’t believe in climate

world that don’t believe in climate

world that don’t believe in climate change right we’ve heard a lot of this

change right we’ve heard a lot of this

change right we’ve heard a lot of this going on in the US right so the the

going on in the US right so the the

going on in the US right so the the biggest argument is that Earth’s co2

biggest argument is that Earth’s co2

biggest argument is that Earth’s co2 levels have always fluctuated so what

levels have always fluctuated so what

levels have always fluctuated so what I’m showing you are the co2 levels over

I’m showing you are the co2 levels over

I’m showing you are the co2 levels over the last 400,000 years you’ll see peaks

the last 400,000 years you’ll see peaks

the last 400,000 years you’ll see peaks and troughs and peaks and troughs so

and troughs and peaks and troughs so

and troughs and peaks and troughs so these people are right the co2 levels do

these people are right the co2 levels do

these people are right the co2 levels do fluctuate okay at the peaks

fluctuate okay at the peaks

fluctuate okay at the peaks it’s where the co2 levels are highest

it’s where the co2 levels are highest

it’s where the co2 levels are highest and our global temperature is warm at

and our global temperature is warm at

and our global temperature is warm at the trough it’s where it’s colder right

the trough it’s where it’s colder right

the trough it’s where it’s colder right because the co2 the co2 levels are lower

because the co2 the co2 levels are lower

because the co2 the co2 levels are lower and this is where we have our ice ages

and this is where we have our ice ages

and this is where we have our ice ages what I would like to point to you is

what I would like to point to you is

what I would like to point to you is what’s happening currently look at that

what’s happening currently look at that

what’s happening currently look at that the co2 levels have skyrocketed so not

the co2 levels have skyrocketed so not

the co2 levels have skyrocketed so not only are we at levels that we’ve never

only are we at levels that we’ve never

only are we at levels that we’ve never seen before throughout our history but

seen before throughout our history but

seen before throughout our history but we’re increasing at a rate that’s never

we’re increasing at a rate that’s never

we’re increasing at a rate that’s never been seen before so this is why most

been seen before so this is why most

been seen before so this is why most climate scientists will agree that

climate scientists will agree that

climate scientists will agree that indeed this is man induced and I should

indeed this is man induced and I should

indeed this is man induced and I should tell you that these increases have

tell you that these increases have

tell you that these increases have occurred since the end of the Industrial

occurred since the end of the Industrial

occurred since the end of the Industrial Revolution where we began really

Revolution where we began really

Revolution where we began really combusting these fossil fuels for energy

combusting these fossil fuels for energy

combusting these fossil fuels for energy use so then what’s it doing to our

use so then what’s it doing to our

use so then what’s it doing to our planet alright our glaciers are melting

planet alright our glaciers are melting

planet alright our glaciers are melting we all know about that our oceans are

we all know about that our oceans are

we all know about that our oceans are rising and acidifying and it’s really

rising and acidifying and it’s really

rising and acidifying and it’s really affecting very strongly surrounding

affecting very strongly surrounding

affecting very strongly surrounding ecological systems

ecological systems

ecological systems the key is is not just that change is

the key is is not just that change is

the key is is not just that change is happening the key is the rate with which

happening the key is the rate with which

happening the key is the rate with which the change is happening so you can

the change is happening so you can

the change is happening so you can imagine that while developed countries

imagine that while developed countries

imagine that while developed countries and invest resources in order to keep up

and invest resources in order to keep up

and invest resources in order to keep up with this change underdeveloped

with this change underdeveloped

with this change underdeveloped countries are not so fortunate and so

countries are not so fortunate and so

countries are not so fortunate and so when they begin to experience long term

when they begin to experience long term

when they begin to experience long term droughts for instance the crops that

droughts for instance the crops that

droughts for instance the crops that they are so dependent on for their

they are so dependent on for their

they are so dependent on for their livelihood basically it’s going to cause

livelihood basically it’s going to cause

livelihood basically it’s going to cause widespread starvation so it’s important

widespread starvation so it’s important

widespread starvation so it’s important that we begin to invest resources not

that we begin to invest resources not

that we begin to invest resources not just in adapting to change but in fixing

just in adapting to change but in fixing

just in adapting to change but in fixing the problem that we’ve created so there

the problem that we’ve created so there

the problem that we’ve created so there are a variety of ways that we can do

are a variety of ways that we can do

are a variety of ways that we can do that many people will tell you oh you

that many people will tell you oh you

that many people will tell you oh you should change your lifestyle ride your

should change your lifestyle ride your

should change your lifestyle ride your bike don’t take that trip but I’m going

bike don’t take that trip but I’m going

bike don’t take that trip but I’m going to tell you it’s not in human nature to

to tell you it’s not in human nature to

to tell you it’s not in human nature to actually change your lifestyle to

actually change your lifestyle to

actually change your lifestyle to benefit people 50 60 years down the road

benefit people 50 60 years down the road

benefit people 50 60 years down the road so what I’ve done is identified three

so what I’ve done is identified three

so what I’ve done is identified three things that can significantly reduce our

things that can significantly reduce our

things that can significantly reduce our global co2 emissions there’s more but

global co2 emissions there’s more but

global co2 emissions there’s more but these three things I think can make a

these three things I think can make a

these three things I think can make a very strong impact so the first if we’re

very strong impact so the first if we’re

very strong impact so the first if we’re burning fossil fuels to produce energy

burning fossil fuels to produce energy

burning fossil fuels to produce energy we simply try to minimize the energy

we simply try to minimize the energy

we simply try to minimize the energy associated with various processes and a

associated with various processes and a

associated with various processes and a lot of people don’t know this but the

lot of people don’t know this but the

lot of people don’t know this but the chemical industry consumes about 10 to

chemical industry consumes about 10 to

chemical industry consumes about 10 to 15 percent of global energy just

15 percent of global energy just

15 percent of global energy just separating for instance small molecules

separating for instance small molecules

separating for instance small molecules and things and in gas phase and liquid

and things and in gas phase and liquid

and things and in gas phase and liquid phase right so if we can design these

phase right so if we can design these

phase right so if we can design these novel filter materials and we can do

novel filter materials and we can do

novel filter materials and we can do these separations with less energy input

these separations with less energy input

these separations with less energy input then there’s a lot of energy we can save

then there’s a lot of energy we can save

then there’s a lot of energy we can save and hence less co2 that we emit the

and hence less co2 that we emit the

and hence less co2 that we emit the second method should be pretty obvious

second method should be pretty obvious

second method should be pretty obvious so carbon-based fossil fuels are

so carbon-based fossil fuels are

so carbon-based fossil fuels are non-renewable right this means we’re

non-renewable right this means we’re

non-renewable right this means we’re going to run out eventually anyway so

going to run out eventually anyway so

going to run out eventually anyway so it’s very important that we begin

it’s very important that we begin

it’s very important that we begin investing lots of resources in

investing lots of resources in

investing lots of resources in converting to renewable clean energy

converting to renewable clean energy

converting to renewable clean energy like wind like solar like nuclear like

like wind like solar like nuclear like

like wind like solar like nuclear like hydro right so the problem is is that

hydro right so the problem is is that

hydro right so the problem is is that energy transitions are historically slow

energy transitions are historically slow

energy transitions are historically slow and as a result we know that will

and as a result we know that will

and as a result we know that will continue using fossil fuels for many

continue using fossil fuels for many

continue using fossil fuels for many years to come and so this brings us to

years to come and so this brings us to

years to come and so this brings us to the third topic and that is if we’re

the third topic and that is if we’re

the third topic and that is if we’re going to continue

going to continue

going to continue burning fossil fuels we have to find a

burning fossil fuels we have to find a

burning fossil fuels we have to find a way to capture that co2 in order to do

way to capture that co2 in order to do

way to capture that co2 in order to do that we have to know where the co2 is

that we have to know where the co2 is

that we have to know where the co2 is coming from so what we would like to do

coming from so what we would like to do

coming from so what we would like to do is go to these point sources grab that

is go to these point sources grab that

is go to these point sources grab that co2 before it’s ever emitted into the

co2 before it’s ever emitted into the

co2 before it’s ever emitted into the atmosphere and so essentially I’ve

atmosphere and so essentially I’ve

atmosphere and so essentially I’ve identified two large point sources for

identified two large point sources for

identified two large point sources for you the the first of course is

you the the first of course is

you the the first of course is associated with the automobile industry

associated with the automobile industry

associated with the automobile industry so transportation produces about 23% of

so transportation produces about 23% of

so transportation produces about 23% of global co2 emissions and then

global co2 emissions and then

global co2 emissions and then large-scale power plants produce 42% so

large-scale power plants produce 42% so

large-scale power plants produce 42% so this is these are used basically to

this is these are used basically to

this is these are used basically to produce electricity that you use to heat

produce electricity that you use to heat

produce electricity that you use to heat and cool your home so what might this

and cool your home so what might this

and cool your home so what might this look like essentially we would like to

look like essentially we would like to

look like essentially we would like to design special sponge materials that we

design special sponge materials that we

design special sponge materials that we could go and put inside of that flue

could go and put inside of that flue

could go and put inside of that flue right and that sponge like your sponge

right and that sponge like your sponge

right and that sponge like your sponge in your kitchen selectively it it grabs

in your kitchen selectively it it grabs

in your kitchen selectively it it grabs water as you wash dishes we would like

water as you wash dishes we would like

water as you wash dishes we would like to design a sponge that can selectively

to design a sponge that can selectively

to design a sponge that can selectively grab that co2 from that flue gas stream

grab that co2 from that flue gas stream

grab that co2 from that flue gas stream and then we can emit the other gases

and then we can emit the other gases

and then we can emit the other gases less harmful gases into the atmosphere

less harmful gases into the atmosphere

less harmful gases into the atmosphere so in response to this many scientists

so in response to this many scientists

so in response to this many scientists have been working feverishly around the

have been working feverishly around the

have been working feverishly around the world on various types of porous

world on various types of porous

world on various types of porous materials basically molecular sponges

materials basically molecular sponges

materials basically molecular sponges like I showed you previously so what I

like I showed you previously so what I

like I showed you previously so what I would like to introduce you to is the

would like to introduce you to is the

would like to introduce you to is the world’s most porous material and this is

world’s most porous material and this is

world’s most porous material and this is what my group is currently working with

what my group is currently working with

what my group is currently working with they’re known as metal organic

they’re known as metal organic

they’re known as metal organic frameworks these materials one gram

frameworks these materials one gram

frameworks these materials one gram these materials have this the highest

these materials have this the highest

these materials have this the highest surface area in the world so I would

surface area in the world so I would

surface area in the world so I would like for you guys to kind of think about

like for you guys to kind of think about

like for you guys to kind of think about this what do you think the surface area

this what do you think the surface area

this what do you think the surface area of these materials would be equivalent

of these materials would be equivalent

of these materials would be equivalent to is it maybe a European football maybe

to is it maybe a European football maybe

to is it maybe a European football maybe the stage we’re standing on or maybe the

the stage we’re standing on or maybe the

the stage we’re standing on or maybe the room that we’re standing in right so the

room that we’re standing in right so the

room that we’re standing in right so the key is is that these materials have very

key is is that these materials have very

key is is that these materials have very small pores about 50,000 times smaller

small pores about 50,000 times smaller

small pores about 50,000 times smaller than the size of a human hair and

than the size of a human hair and

than the size of a human hair and actually my question was a trick

actually my question was a trick

actually my question was a trick question because the surface area these

question because the surface area these

question because the surface area these materials are much bigger than this room

materials are much bigger than this room

materials are much bigger than this room about 7,000 meters squared and a single

about 7,000 meters squared and a single

about 7,000 meters squared and a single gram so this is equivalent to that of

gram so this is equivalent to that of

gram so this is equivalent to that of European football field it’s pretty

European football field it’s pretty

European football field it’s pretty amazing huh so if you go inside these

amazing huh so if you go inside these

amazing huh so if you go inside these materials basically you’ll find that

materials basically you’ll find that

materials basically you’ll find that there’s mostly open space

there’s mostly open space

there’s mostly open space the walls are atoms thick and so like

the walls are atoms thick and so like

the walls are atoms thick and so like you decorate your Christmas tree what we

you decorate your Christmas tree what we

you decorate your Christmas tree what we do as a chemists as we go inside and we

do as a chemists as we go inside and we

do as a chemists as we go inside and we hang special functional groups inside

hang special functional groups inside

hang special functional groups inside that can grab that carbon dioxide and so

that can grab that carbon dioxide and so

that can grab that carbon dioxide and so along with our group many groups around

along with our group many groups around

along with our group many groups around the world there are lots of different

the world there are lots of different

the world there are lots of different types of materials that can grab co2

types of materials that can grab co2

types of materials that can grab co2 from flue gas exhaust gas air right what

from flue gas exhaust gas air right what

from flue gas exhaust gas air right what we would like to continue improving the

we would like to continue improving the

we would like to continue improving the efficiency of these materials the

efficiency of these materials the

efficiency of these materials the technology really is here so then a lot

technology really is here so then a lot

technology really is here so then a lot of people ask well why is it not

of people ask well why is it not

of people ask well why is it not implemented why are we still emitting so

implemented why are we still emitting so

implemented why are we still emitting so much co2 and the key is is that carbon

much co2 and the key is is that carbon

much co2 and the key is is that carbon capture is a really big scale problem

capture is a really big scale problem

capture is a really big scale problem and it’s going to be extremely costly

and it’s going to be extremely costly

and it’s going to be extremely costly and so the reason that we’re not

and so the reason that we’re not

and so the reason that we’re not implementing it is because we’re not

implementing it is because we’re not

implementing it is because we’re not taking responsibility for the problems

taking responsibility for the problems

taking responsibility for the problems that we’ve created so before I tell you

that we’ve created so before I tell you

that we’ve created so before I tell you the top co2 producers in the world I

the top co2 producers in the world I

the top co2 producers in the world I would just like to say that this is a

would just like to say that this is a

would just like to say that this is a global effort we all have to work

global effort we all have to work

global effort we all have to work together in order to fix this problem

together in order to fix this problem

together in order to fix this problem because we all use energy right but the

because we all use energy right but the

because we all use energy right but the top co2 producers in the world the

top co2 producers in the world the

top co2 producers in the world the United States this is just since the

United States this is just since the

United States this is just since the 1850s since the end of the Industrial

1850s since the end of the Industrial

1850s since the end of the Industrial Revolution the u.s. is in number one

Revolution the u.s. is in number one

Revolution the u.s. is in number one space spot with 27% of global emissions

space spot with 27% of global emissions

space spot with 27% of global emissions Europe is in second at 25% and China is

Europe is in second at 25% and China is

Europe is in second at 25% and China is in third at 11%

in third at 11%

in third at 11% now China will of course catch up

now China will of course catch up

now China will of course catch up they’re going to emit a lot of co2

they’re going to emit a lot of co2

they’re going to emit a lot of co2 because they’re developing and they’ve

because they’re developing and they’ve

because they’re developing and they’ve got a huge population but this is how it

got a huge population but this is how it

got a huge population but this is how it stands and this is why it’s so

stands and this is why it’s so

stands and this is why it’s so disappointing to me when I see our US

disappointing to me when I see our US

disappointing to me when I see our US administration decide to remove

administration decide to remove

administration decide to remove themselves from things like the Paris

themselves from things like the Paris

themselves from things like the Paris agreement because it’s too costly to

agreement because it’s too costly to

agreement because it’s too costly to Americans well based on the information

Americans well based on the information

Americans well based on the information that you have shouldn’t it be a bit

that you have shouldn’t it be a bit

that you have shouldn’t it be a bit costly so the last thing that I would

costly so the last thing that I would

costly so the last thing that I would like to say is that a lot of people ask

like to say is that a lot of people ask

like to say is that a lot of people ask well what can I do I’m not a policy

well what can I do I’m not a policy

well what can I do I’m not a policy maker I’m not a scientist and the thing

maker I’m not a scientist and the thing

maker I’m not a scientist and the thing that I tell them is well you’re a tax

that I tell them is well you’re a tax

that I tell them is well you’re a tax payer therefore you’re electing the

payer therefore you’re electing the

payer therefore you’re electing the people that make the policy and so I

people that make the policy and so I

people that make the policy and so I believe that education knowing what the

believe that education knowing what the

believe that education knowing what the problems are is the most important thing

problems are is the most important thing

problems are is the most important thing and that way we make the right choices

and that way we make the right choices

and that way we make the right choices when we vote we get people who are

when we vote we get people who are

when we vote we get people who are interested in developing and leading

interested in developing and leading

interested in developing and leading policy and also people that are very

policy and also people that are very

policy and also people that are very interested in for instance closing coal

interested in for instance closing coal

interested in for instance closing coal mines and putting those people to work

mines and putting those people to work

mines and putting those people to work in clean energy so with that I would

in clean energy so with that I would

in clean energy so with that I would like to say that with continued

like to say that with continued

like to say that with continued education we can bring what I consider

education we can bring what I consider

education we can bring what I consider to be an epidemic of ignorance and

to be an epidemic of ignorance and

to be an epidemic of ignorance and self-interest to an end as it is

self-interest to an end as it is

self-interest to an end as it is continuing to enable climate change

continuing to enable climate change

continuing to enable climate change thank you

thank you

thank you [Applause]