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Corals, Climate and Time | Manuel Aranda | TEDxKAUST


the Great Barrier Reef is dead that was

the Great Barrier Reef is dead that was this message of this article I found a

this message of this article I found a

this message of this article I found a few months ago while I was browsing the

few months ago while I was browsing the

few months ago while I was browsing the internet looking for news on the last

internet looking for news on the last

internet looking for news on the last global bleaching event it was a Fed

global bleaching event it was a Fed

global bleaching event it was a Fed allistic attempt to try to raise

allistic attempt to try to raise

allistic attempt to try to raise awareness of the dire state of a coral

awareness of the dire state of a coral

awareness of the dire state of a coral reefs the Great Barrier Reef is not dead

reefs the Great Barrier Reef is not dead

reefs the Great Barrier Reef is not dead not yet at least but it is in serious

not yet at least but it is in serious

not yet at least but it is in serious trouble like all our reefs are the last

trouble like all our reefs are the last

trouble like all our reefs are the last global bleaching event triggered by the

global bleaching event triggered by the

global bleaching event triggered by the alene year 2015 has ravaged leaves all

alene year 2015 has ravaged leaves all

alene year 2015 has ravaged leaves all around the world and the Great Barrier

around the world and the Great Barrier

around the world and the Great Barrier Reef alone it has killed more than 20%

Reef alone it has killed more than 20%

Reef alone it has killed more than 20% of the corals and other places have been

of the corals and other places have been

of the corals and other places have been it even harder such as the legacy Lagoon

it even harder such as the legacy Lagoon

it even harder such as the legacy Lagoon in Japan were more than 70 percent of

in Japan were more than 70 percent of

in Japan were more than 70 percent of the corals died reports from all over

the corals died reports from all over

the corals died reports from all over the world paid a very similar picture

the world paid a very similar picture

the world paid a very similar picture now the problem is this was not a

now the problem is this was not a

now the problem is this was not a singular event this was not a one-time

singular event this was not a one-time

singular event this was not a one-time thing we now expect 99% of the coral

thing we now expect 99% of the coral

thing we now expect 99% of the coral reefs to experience annual bleachy

reefs to experience annual bleachy

reefs to experience annual bleachy before the end of the century what we’re

before the end of the century what we’re

before the end of the century what we’re facing is the loss of one of the most

facing is the loss of one of the most

facing is the loss of one of the most productive and important ecosystems of

productive and important ecosystems of

productive and important ecosystems of our planet but also one of the most

our planet but also one of the most

our planet but also one of the most beautiful ones as you can see from the

beautiful ones as you can see from the

beautiful ones as you can see from the stunning photograph taken by my

stunning photograph taken by my

stunning photograph taken by my colleague and truly gifted photographer

colleague and truly gifted photographer

colleague and truly gifted photographer tiny Sinkler from the reef ecology lab

tiny Sinkler from the reef ecology lab

tiny Sinkler from the reef ecology lab period coast but you see curls are not

period coast but you see curls are not

period coast but you see curls are not just pretty they sustain the livelihood

just pretty they sustain the livelihood

just pretty they sustain the livelihood of hundreds of millions of people around

of hundreds of millions of people around

of hundreds of millions of people around the world they are fishing grounds and

the world they are fishing grounds and

the world they are fishing grounds and nurseries form an economically important

nurseries form an economically important

nurseries form an economically important fish species there are the basis of the

fish species there are the basis of the

fish species there are the basis of the tourist industry and a major source of

tourist industry and a major source of

tourist industry and a major source of income for many countries they even

income for many countries they even

income for many countries they even provide services most people wouldn’t

provide services most people wouldn’t

provide services most people wouldn’t even think about they protect our

even think about they protect our

even think about they protect our shorelines from storm and erosion by

shorelines from storm and erosion by

shorelines from storm and erosion by breaking the waves before they hit the

breaking the waves before they hit the

breaking the waves before they hit the shore there are even sources of new

shore there are even sources of new

shore there are even sources of new medicines against cancer and other

medicines against cancer and other

medicines against cancer and other diseases and although they only cover

diseases and although they only cover

diseases and although they only cover about 0.1% of the ocean floor

about 0.1% of the ocean floor

about 0.1% of the ocean floor they support more than 25%

they support more than 25%

they support more than 25% of all marine fish and a myriad of

of all marine fish and a myriad of

of all marine fish and a myriad of invertebrate species but what are corals

invertebrate species but what are corals

invertebrate species but what are corals I mean I get asked this quite often I

I mean I get asked this quite often I

I mean I get asked this quite often I need people who think they’re plants

need people who think they’re plants

need people who think they’re plants some even think they’re just rocks but

some even think they’re just rocks but

some even think they’re just rocks but no they’re not they’re animals and they

no they’re not they’re animals and they

no they’re not they’re animals and they belong to a group we science it’s called

belong to a group we science it’s called

belong to a group we science it’s called cnidarians they’re named after these

cnidarians they’re named after these

cnidarians they’re named after these thinking cells that many of them use to

thinking cells that many of them use to

thinking cells that many of them use to catch their prey

catch their prey

catch their prey and I presume some of you might have

and I presume some of you might have

and I presume some of you might have made some first-hand experience during

made some first-hand experience during

made some first-hand experience during an unfortunate encounter with jellyfish

an unfortunate encounter with jellyfish

an unfortunate encounter with jellyfish now many corals actually live in

now many corals actually live in

now many corals actually live in colonies as you can see here in this

colonies as you can see here in this

colonies as you can see here in this wonderful picture taken by my colleague

wonderful picture taken by my colleague

wonderful picture taken by my colleague Eric Tom you take from the psaltery

Eric Tom you take from the psaltery

Eric Tom you take from the psaltery scientific and Monico these colonies can

scientific and Monico these colonies can

scientific and Monico these colonies can have hundreds and even thousands of

have hundreds and even thousands of

have hundreds and even thousands of polyps and these polyps look a bit like

polyps and these polyps look a bit like

polyps and these polyps look a bit like upside down jellyfish and like jellyfish

upside down jellyfish and like jellyfish

upside down jellyfish and like jellyfish they use the tentacles to grab food from

they use the tentacles to grab food from

they use the tentacles to grab food from the surrounding water

the surrounding water

the surrounding water but unlike jellyfish and many other

but unlike jellyfish and many other

but unlike jellyfish and many other cnidarians such as an enemies corals

cnidarians such as an enemies corals

cnidarians such as an enemies corals actually make a skeleton while the

actually make a skeleton while the

actually make a skeleton while the colony grows these polyps keep adding

colony grows these polyps keep adding

colony grows these polyps keep adding layer by layer of limestone building the

layer by layer of limestone building the

layer by layer of limestone building the structure of the reefs structures so big

structure of the reefs structures so big

structure of the reefs structures so big that you can even see them from space

that you can even see them from space

that you can even see them from space this is the case with a Great Barrier

this is the case with a Great Barrier

this is the case with a Great Barrier Reef which by the way is also the

Reef which by the way is also the

Reef which by the way is also the largest structure on earth built by

largest structure on earth built by

largest structure on earth built by living organisms and these structures

living organisms and these structures

living organisms and these structures are then the home for all the other

are then the home for all the other

are then the home for all the other animals the fish the perhaps the

animals the fish the perhaps the

animals the fish the perhaps the mollusks and all the creatures that live

mollusks and all the creatures that live

mollusks and all the creatures that live on a reef but why do corals bleach and

on a reef but why do corals bleach and

on a reef but why do corals bleach and what is bleaching anyways well to

what is bleaching anyways well to

what is bleaching anyways well to understand that we first need to know

understand that we first need to know

understand that we first need to know what makes curled so special you see for

what makes curled so special you see for

what makes curled so special you see for most people the crystal-clear waters of

most people the crystal-clear waters of

most people the crystal-clear waters of the tropics are the epitome of pristine

the tropics are the epitome of pristine

the tropics are the epitome of pristine oceans we all know these pictures in the

oceans we all know these pictures in the

oceans we all know these pictures in the travel agencies these tropical island

travel agencies these tropical island

travel agencies these tropical island paradise is surrounded by clear blue

paradise is surrounded by clear blue

paradise is surrounded by clear blue water but what most people have realized

water but what most people have realized

water but what most people have realized is that this crystal-clear water is

is that this crystal-clear water is

is that this crystal-clear water is actually an ocean desert it is so clear

actually an ocean desert it is so clear

actually an ocean desert it is so clear because it hardly contains any nutrients

because it hardly contains any nutrients

because it hardly contains any nutrients and cannot sustain a lot of life

and cannot sustain a lot of life

and cannot sustain a lot of life so how come corals are able to build one

so how come corals are able to build one

so how come corals are able to build one of the most biodiverse

of the most biodiverse

of the most biodiverse ecosystems

ecosystems

ecosystems in such an environment now here’s a fun

in such an environment now here’s a fun

in such an environment now here’s a fun fact one of the most famous scientists

fact one of the most famous scientists

fact one of the most famous scientists to ponder about this question was

to ponder about this question was

to ponder about this question was Charles Darwin during his famous travel

Charles Darwin during his famous travel

Charles Darwin during his famous travel on the research ship Beagle he traveled

on the research ship Beagle he traveled

on the research ship Beagle he traveled the world and studied the different

the world and studied the different

the world and studied the different types of weaves the fringing reefs and

types of weaves the fringing reefs and

types of weaves the fringing reefs and Barrier Reef’s and the tall’s and he

Barrier Reef’s and the tall’s and he

Barrier Reef’s and the tall’s and he wanted to understand how corals were

wanted to understand how corals were

wanted to understand how corals were able to create these structures he even

able to create these structures he even

able to create these structures he even wrote one of his most famous scientific

wrote one of his most famous scientific

wrote one of his most famous scientific monographs on the topic the structure

monographs on the topic the structure

monographs on the topic the structure and distribution of coral reefs

and distribution of coral reefs

and distribution of coral reefs he literally marveled at how these tiny

he literally marveled at how these tiny

he literally marveled at how these tiny polyps could build structures that

polyps could build structures that

polyps could build structures that defied the forces of the oceans forces

defied the forces of the oceans forces

defied the forces of the oceans forces that would turn rock to rubble yet these

that would turn rock to rubble yet these

that would turn rock to rubble yet these organisms were just diligently grow and

organisms were just diligently grow and

organisms were just diligently grow and grow and build these structures in an

grow and build these structures in an

grow and build these structures in an environment that should not support it

environment that should not support it

environment that should not support it how is this possible

how is this possible

how is this possible well they literally carry the secret

well they literally carry the secret

well they literally carry the secret inside of them corals have an

inside of them corals have an

inside of them corals have an association with photosynthetic algae

association with photosynthetic algae

association with photosynthetic algae that live inside the tissues you can see

that live inside the tissues you can see

that live inside the tissues you can see this here in this photo in bright red

this here in this photo in bright red

this here in this photo in bright red the red color comes from the

the red color comes from the

the red color comes from the fluorescence of the chlorophyll before

fluorescence of the chlorophyll before

fluorescence of the chlorophyll before the synthetic pigment these algae scary

the synthetic pigment these algae scary

the synthetic pigment these algae scary now these allergies can use sunlight to

now these allergies can use sunlight to

now these allergies can use sunlight to produce energy which carbs that they

produce energy which carbs that they

produce energy which carbs that they give to the coral and in return the

give to the coral and in return the

give to the coral and in return the coral provides them with shelter and

coral provides them with shelter and

coral provides them with shelter and nutrients but this is of course not all

nutrients but this is of course not all

nutrients but this is of course not all there is to the story after all we know

there is to the story after all we know

there is to the story after all we know that carps alone don’t make for a

that carps alone don’t make for a

that carps alone don’t make for a healthy diet now the trick is that this

healthy diet now the trick is that this

healthy diet now the trick is that this association also allows the coral to

association also allows the coral to

association also allows the coral to efficiently recycle its waste products

efficiently recycle its waste products

efficiently recycle its waste products it basically uses the waste as a

it basically uses the waste as a

it basically uses the waste as a fertilizer for the algae the algae

fertilizer for the algae the algae

fertilizer for the algae the algae recycles it it gives it back in form of

recycles it it gives it back in form of

recycles it it gives it back in form of amino acids and other nutrients this is

amino acids and other nutrients this is

amino acids and other nutrients this is what makes corals so nutrient efficient

what makes corals so nutrient efficient

what makes corals so nutrient efficient and allows them to actually thrive in

and allows them to actually thrive in

and allows them to actually thrive in this environment ironically it is also

this environment ironically it is also

this environment ironically it is also their Achilles heel as it’s often the

their Achilles heel as it’s often the

their Achilles heel as it’s often the case with very intimate relationships it

case with very intimate relationships it

case with very intimate relationships it they can break down if put under stress

they can break down if put under stress

they can break down if put under stress and for reasons we don’t yet fully

and for reasons we don’t yet fully

and for reasons we don’t yet fully understand the relationship between

understand the relationship between

understand the relationship between corals and their allergies is quite

corals and their allergies is quite

corals and their allergies is quite sensitive high temperatures low

sensitive high temperatures low

sensitive high temperatures low temperatures too much light pollution

temperatures too much light pollution

temperatures too much light pollution all these things can trigger the

all these things can trigger the

all these things can trigger the breakdown of this association and in

breakdown of this association and in

breakdown of this association and in response the Carl’s expel the symbols

response the Carl’s expel the symbols

response the Carl’s expel the symbols and their tissue turns ghostly white as

and their tissue turns ghostly white as

and their tissue turns ghostly white as you can see here in this amazing picture

you can see here in this amazing picture

you can see here in this amazing picture from taani showing actually an anomaly

from taani showing actually an anomaly

from taani showing actually an anomaly but that’s okay an M&E are close

but that’s okay an M&E are close

but that’s okay an M&E are close relatives of corals and they have the

relatives of corals and they have the

relatives of corals and they have the same symbols and as you can see they

same symbols and as you can see they

same symbols and as you can see they also bleach now bleaching itself is not

also bleach now bleaching itself is not

also bleach now bleaching itself is not unnatural and it’s also not a big deal

unnatural and it’s also not a big deal

unnatural and it’s also not a big deal every colony bleaches or if you call any

every colony bleaches or if you call any

every colony bleaches or if you call any bleach it starts to become a problem

bleach it starts to become a problem

bleach it starts to become a problem however if you have an entire reef

however if you have an entire reef

however if you have an entire reef bleach like you can see in this picture

bleach like you can see in this picture

bleach like you can see in this picture taking during one of the bleaching

taking during one of the bleaching

taking during one of the bleaching service and the Great Barrier Reef in

service and the Great Barrier Reef in

service and the Great Barrier Reef in this state the coral basically lost its

this state the coral basically lost its

this state the coral basically lost its main source of food they literally

main source of food they literally

main source of food they literally starve they can’t survive for some time

starve they can’t survive for some time

starve they can’t survive for some time depending on the energy reserves they

depending on the energy reserves they

depending on the energy reserves they have but if the stress is not alleviated

have but if the stress is not alleviated

have but if the stress is not alleviated if the temperatures don’t go back down

if the temperatures don’t go back down

if the temperatures don’t go back down and allow them to take up new symbols

and allow them to take up new symbols

and allow them to take up new symbols they eventually die their skeletons get

they eventually die their skeletons get

they eventually die their skeletons get overgrown by algae and the ecosystem is

overgrown by algae and the ecosystem is

overgrown by algae and the ecosystem is dead now over time such a dead reef can

dead now over time such a dead reef can

dead now over time such a dead reef can of course be restored coral larvae from

of course be restored coral larvae from

of course be restored coral larvae from other reefs can come settle build new

other reefs can come settle build new

other reefs can come settle build new colonies but this takes time a lot of it

colonies but this takes time a lot of it

colonies but this takes time a lot of it because curls are pretty slow growers

because curls are pretty slow growers

because curls are pretty slow growers the fastest species grow a few

the fastest species grow a few

the fastest species grow a few centimeters per year but many of the big

centimeters per year but many of the big

centimeters per year but many of the big massive colonies just grow a few

massive colonies just grow a few

massive colonies just grow a few millimeters so you can imagine that it

millimeters so you can imagine that it

millimeters so you can imagine that it can take decades and hundreds of years

can take decades and hundreds of years

can take decades and hundreds of years to restore such a reef now imagine we’re

to restore such a reef now imagine we’re

to restore such a reef now imagine we’re not talking about just a reef bleaching

not talking about just a reef bleaching

not talking about just a reef bleaching but many maybe even most reefs in an

but many maybe even most reefs in an

but many maybe even most reefs in an entire region or as is the case with a

entire region or as is the case with a

entire region or as is the case with a global bleaching event all over the

global bleaching event all over the

global bleaching event all over the world

world

world we basically disable the intrinsic

we basically disable the intrinsic

we basically disable the intrinsic healing mechanisms of these ecosystems

healing mechanisms of these ecosystems

healing mechanisms of these ecosystems so given our current prognosis of the

so given our current prognosis of the

so given our current prognosis of the increase in frequency and severity of

increase in frequency and severity of

increase in frequency and severity of such mass bleaching events it doesn’t

such mass bleaching events it doesn’t

such mass bleaching events it doesn’t look good for corals or what should we

look good for corals or what should we

look good for corals or what should we do should we give up I don’t think so

do should we give up I don’t think so

do should we give up I don’t think so I think it is now more important than

I think it is now more important than

I think it is now more important than ever to do everything we can to put in

ever to do everything we can to put in

ever to do everything we can to put in all the effort to save these ecosystems

all the effort to save these ecosystems

all the effort to save these ecosystems and there’s even a sliver of hope

and there’s even a sliver of hope

and there’s even a sliver of hope actually several sometimes you find

actually several sometimes you find

actually several sometimes you find these odd survivors these colonies that

these odd survivors these colonies that

these odd survivors these colonies that despite the demise of their fellows

despite the demise of their fellows

despite the demise of their fellows somehow appeared to be less affected

somehow appeared to be less affected

somehow appeared to be less affected like this guy here

like this guy here

like this guy here captured by my colleague rekt order from

captured by my colleague rekt order from

captured by my colleague rekt order from the Australian Institute were in science

the Australian Institute were in science

the Australian Institute were in science during one of his service we even know

during one of his service we even know

during one of his service we even know entire regions where corals have

entire regions where corals have

entire regions where corals have naturally adapted to high temperature

naturally adapted to high temperature

naturally adapted to high temperature such as right here and the red sea the

such as right here and the red sea the

such as right here and the red sea the red sea is one of the hottest bodies of

red sea is one of the hottest bodies of

red sea is one of the hottest bodies of water yet corals thrive under these

water yet corals thrive under these

water yet corals thrive under these conditions red sea corals have learned

conditions red sea corals have learned

conditions red sea corals have learned to cope with high temperature as you can

to cope with high temperature as you can

to cope with high temperature as you can see here in the stunning picture from

see here in the stunning picture from

see here in the stunning picture from tiny showing our house reef ship nazar

tiny showing our house reef ship nazar

tiny showing our house reef ship nazar just off coast for as researchers these

just off coast for as researchers these

just off coast for as researchers these are unique opportunities these places

are unique opportunities these places

are unique opportunities these places allow us to study how corals can adapt

allow us to study how corals can adapt

allow us to study how corals can adapt to such conditions and to maybe

to such conditions and to maybe

to such conditions and to maybe understand if corals and other places

understand if corals and other places

understand if corals and other places could adapt in a similar way to climate

could adapt in a similar way to climate

could adapt in a similar way to climate change it doesn’t mean that red sea

change it doesn’t mean that red sea

change it doesn’t mean that red sea corals are immune that they don’t bleach

corals are immune that they don’t bleach

corals are immune that they don’t bleach because they do as you can see here in

because they do as you can see here in

because they do as you can see here in the sad picture taken by PhD students

the sad picture taken by PhD students

the sad picture taken by PhD students averted from the reef genomics library

averted from the reef genomics library

averted from the reef genomics library coast was taken in 2015 during the

coast was taken in 2015 during the

coast was taken in 2015 during the global bleaching event still red sea

global bleaching event still red sea

global bleaching event still red sea curls came today already withstand

curls came today already withstand

curls came today already withstand temperatures that are pretty close to

temperatures that are pretty close to

temperatures that are pretty close to what we would call the worst case

what we would call the worst case

what we would call the worst case scenario for the end of the century in

scenario for the end of the century in

scenario for the end of the century in other places like the Great Barrier Reef

other places like the Great Barrier Reef

other places like the Great Barrier Reef or the Caribbean so for us researchers

or the Caribbean so for us researchers

or the Caribbean so for us researchers these are indeed unique opportunities

these are indeed unique opportunities

these are indeed unique opportunities but more importantly the fact that red

but more importantly the fact that red

but more importantly the fact that red sea corals can deal with these

sea corals can deal with these

sea corals can deal with these temperatures there’s two very important

temperatures there’s two very important

temperatures there’s two very important things first it’s generally possible and

things first it’s generally possible and

things first it’s generally possible and second adaptations to high temperatures

second adaptations to high temperatures

second adaptations to high temperatures already exist

already exist

already exist meaning that places like the Red Sea

meaning that places like the Red Sea

meaning that places like the Red Sea could act as a source for such

could act as a source for such

could act as a source for such adaptation that could be shared with

adaptation that could be shared with

adaptation that could be shared with corals from other places

corals from other places

corals from other places this what mean these other curls would

this what mean these other curls would

this what mean these other curls would not have to revolve these adaptations

not have to revolve these adaptations

not have to revolve these adaptations from scratch a process that could take

from scratch a process that could take

from scratch a process that could take hundreds or maybe thousands of years

hundreds or maybe thousands of years

hundreds or maybe thousands of years this is what we are studying at the

this is what we are studying at the

this is what we are studying at the moment identifying this adaptation so we

moment identifying this adaptation so we

moment identifying this adaptation so we can go out there and see if they’re

can go out there and see if they’re

can go out there and see if they’re really present if maybe these odd

really present if maybe these odd

really present if maybe these odd survivors like the one I just showed you

survivors like the one I just showed you

survivors like the one I just showed you survive because they already carry these

survive because they already carry these

survive because they already carry these adaptations so the future of coral reef

adaptations so the future of coral reef

adaptations so the future of coral reef research at the moment I would say is

research at the moment I would say is

research at the moment I would say is both exciting and sad exciting because

both exciting and sad exciting because

both exciting and sad exciting because we can now ask all these questions the

we can now ask all these questions the

we can now ask all these questions the technological advances allow us to now

technological advances allow us to now

technological advances allow us to now sequence entire genomes in many days and

sequence entire genomes in many days and

sequence entire genomes in many days and we have the computational power to

we have the computational power to

we have the computational power to actually compare these sequences do this

actually compare these sequences do this

actually compare these sequences do this analysis in order to hopefully identify

analysis in order to hopefully identify

analysis in order to hopefully identify the adaptations so that we can go out

the adaptations so that we can go out

the adaptations so that we can go out there and see if they’re present but at

there and see if they’re present but at

there and see if they’re present but at the same time we don’t know if this will

the same time we don’t know if this will

the same time we don’t know if this will be enough to help corals and what if we

be enough to help corals and what if we

be enough to help corals and what if we find out that they cannot be shared or

find out that they cannot be shared or

find out that they cannot be shared or that it would take too long

that it would take too long

that it would take too long not allowing currents from other regions

not allowing currents from other regions

not allowing currents from other regions to actually keep pace with climate

to actually keep pace with climate

to actually keep pace with climate change which is happening at

change which is happening at

change which is happening at unprecedented speeds what should we do

unprecedented speeds what should we do

unprecedented speeds what should we do should we think about more drastic

should we think about more drastic

should we think about more drastic measures like taking corals from the Red

measures like taking corals from the Red

measures like taking corals from the Red Sea and bringing them to the world to

Sea and bringing them to the world to

Sea and bringing them to the world to other places should we maybe think about

other places should we maybe think about

other places should we maybe think about breeding our own temperature resilient

breeding our own temperature resilient

breeding our own temperature resilient corals or more drastic measures like

corals or more drastic measures like

corals or more drastic measures like making our own genetically modified

making our own genetically modified

making our own genetically modified Franken corals how far should we go how

Franken corals how far should we go how

Franken corals how far should we go how far can we go these are all questions

far can we go these are all questions

far can we go these are all questions that we have to ask ourselves and

that we have to ask ourselves and

that we have to ask ourselves and decisions that we might have to make in

decisions that we might have to make in

decisions that we might have to make in the near future so what we need now more

the near future so what we need now more

the near future so what we need now more than anything I would say is time time

than anything I would say is time time

than anything I would say is time time for the calls so they can do their thing

for the calls so they can do their thing

for the calls so they can do their thing so they can naturally adapt time for us

so they can naturally adapt time for us

so they can naturally adapt time for us to better understand them to see how we

to better understand them to see how we

to better understand them to see how we can help them best but also time to come

can help them best but also time to come

can help them best but also time to come to the right conclusion so that

to the right conclusion so that

to the right conclusion so that we get to the point we can might the

we get to the point we can might the

we get to the point we can might the right the wise choice you see all of

right the wise choice you see all of

right the wise choice you see all of these measures can have just the effects

these measures can have just the effects

these measures can have just the effects taken Acorah from the Red Sea and

taken Acorah from the Red Sea and

taken Acorah from the Red Sea and introducing in an environment where it

introducing in an environment where it

introducing in an environment where it doesn’t belong can have fatal

doesn’t belong can have fatal

doesn’t belong can have fatal consequences for this ecosystem making a

consequences for this ecosystem making a

consequences for this ecosystem making a temperature resilient coral could give

temperature resilient coral could give

temperature resilient coral could give us yes a coral that doesn’t bleach when

us yes a coral that doesn’t bleach when

us yes a coral that doesn’t bleach when the temperature rises but maybe is more

the temperature rises but maybe is more

the temperature rises but maybe is more sensitive to other factors or to local

sensitive to other factors or to local

sensitive to other factors or to local diseases after all there’s no free lunch

diseases after all there’s no free lunch

diseases after all there’s no free lunch everything comes at a cost and the

everything comes at a cost and the

everything comes at a cost and the trade-offs aren’t predictable so yes we

trade-offs aren’t predictable so yes we

trade-offs aren’t predictable so yes we need time but time is the one thing we

need time but time is the one thing we

need time but time is the one thing we scientists cannot give them but you can

scientists cannot give them but you can

scientists cannot give them but you can or better said we all can by becoming a

or better said we all can by becoming a

or better said we all can by becoming a bit more environmentally friendly by

bit more environmentally friendly by

bit more environmentally friendly by actively trying to reduce our carbon

actively trying to reduce our carbon

actively trying to reduce our carbon footprint by making choices for

footprint by making choices for

footprint by making choices for sustainable alternatives whenever

sustainable alternatives whenever

sustainable alternatives whenever possible and by supporting and maybe

possible and by supporting and maybe

possible and by supporting and maybe even demanding policies that protect our

even demanding policies that protect our

even demanding policies that protect our environment I truly believe that this is

environment I truly believe that this is

environment I truly believe that this is a chance for everybody to contribute and

a chance for everybody to contribute and

a chance for everybody to contribute and to make a difference in order to help

to make a difference in order to help

to make a difference in order to help and preserve this ecosystem so that our

and preserve this ecosystem so that our

and preserve this ecosystem so that our children’s children can benefit from

children’s children can benefit from

children’s children can benefit from them like we do so that they can

them like we do so that they can

them like we do so that they can actually go out there and witness the

actually go out there and witness the

actually go out there and witness the beauty with their own eyes instead of

beauty with their own eyes instead of

beauty with their own eyes instead of having to learn about them from books or

having to learn about them from books or

having to learn about them from books or movies

movies

movies what TEDx talks for that matter after

what TEDx talks for that matter after

what TEDx talks for that matter after all it’s not about saving whorls at

all it’s not about saving whorls at

all it’s not about saving whorls at least not only it’s about us it’s about

least not only it’s about us it’s about

least not only it’s about us it’s about us and about preserving a sustainable

us and about preserving a sustainable

us and about preserving a sustainable functional earth for future generations

functional earth for future generations

functional earth for future generations I know that many of you I guess even

I know that many of you I guess even

I know that many of you I guess even most will think that whatever you can do

most will think that whatever you can do

most will think that whatever you can do is insignificant in light of the sheer

is insignificant in light of the sheer

is insignificant in light of the sheer scale of the problem that we’re facing I

scale of the problem that we’re facing I

scale of the problem that we’re facing I mean what can you do what contribution

mean what can you do what contribution

mean what can you do what contribution can you make to fight climate change but

can you make to fight climate change but

can you make to fight climate change but you know what

you know what

you know what just like every tiny polyp contributes

just like every tiny polyp contributes

just like every tiny polyp contributes only a small part to the bigger hole in

only a small part to the bigger hole in

only a small part to the bigger hole in their Sun they

their Sun they

their Sun they one of the wonders of the world they

one of the wonders of the world they

one of the wonders of the world they truly make an impact and so can you

truly make an impact and so can you

truly make an impact and so can you thank you very much

thank you very much

thank you very much [Applause]

”

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