the world its place strange our eyes
they are wonderful instruments but not
they let us see everything that exists in the
world
I’ve always been fascinated by the idea that
there are parts of the universe that do not
we can see because it is very far
because they are very small because they exist
in a separate parallel reality the
our or disconnect from our
it sounds like science fiction but real
the wonderful thing is that despite not
to be able to see these parts with our eyes
we can reach them with our mind and
understand that our science every
second every square centimeter of
body of each one of us is
crossed by a million million
tiny invisible particles very
light without you noticing these
particles called neutrinos see
us to the audience and to the earth as
practically transparent object a
million or one billion is a
such a large number that challenges the
imagination is about 15 times the number
of people who currently inhabit the
Earth is the number of neurons in a
average human brain is the number of
stars in our galaxy the way
milky is the number of galaxies in the
known universe a million is a
tremendously large number and this is
the number of detainees that in just one
second goes through every inch
square of the earth’s surface
neutrino what in physics we call a
elementary particle is to say that no
it can be divided into more particles
small has no structure
neutrinos do not carry electric charge
because of this it is not easy to catch them
how could we do it with a magnet
the neutrinos are extraordinarily
light
in fact until recently we think that your
weight was exactly zero
today we know that it is not zero but that they are
very light
in fact it is so difficult to weigh those that
we do not know exactly how light they are
the only thing they know
is that they should be about 100 billion
times lighter than a single
caffeine molecule that said to be
step is the fuel the physicists but
where neutrinos come from the source
more intense and closer to us is
the sun the same processes that generates
sunlight generates an abundant amount
in neutrinos constantly those
neutrinos are produced near the
solar center traverse hundreds of thousands
of kilometers from the center to the
surface
traveling gases at temperatures and
very high densities not even
notice it
once they emerge from the sun they travel 150
millions of kilometers to reach
the earth
the trip does not affect them on earth
the cross and emerging has opposed
to continue a journey that will take them
to the ends of the universe
unlike light
neutrinos are the most particles
antisocial we know the light when
he encounters an obstacle is
reflected absorbed or how is the
internal does not go through the object of this
internal is not a flashlight that emits
light neutrinos these neutrinos
they would cross the floor of the auditorium
would continue through the entire subsoil
land and would come out the other side the
number of neutrinos that crosses the
body of each one of you during
his whole life will be approximately
10 times the number of grains of sand
on all the beaches of the whole earth
even so the children are so
antisocial that only 12 of these
they will hit their bodies
randazzo to find one of the
atoms of their bodies but I do not know
worry they are totally harmless
now if we had to wait say
about eight decades to see or a couple of
neutrinos then any
information that brings us about your
place of origin
we could not know the in times in
these weeks
one solution would be to bring everyone together
you nash 450 people in a
closed room for a few
decades momentarily returned the
problem with that and at the end of this
term a few thousand neutrinos
had interacted with their bodies with
the right technology
these shocks could have been
detected now a few thousand
neutrinos is a number nothing
negligible
the problem is that we should have
waited decades to be able to see them and
the physicists are quite impatient the
solution is simply to build
larger readers the detectors
current neutrinos are about 10,000 times
larger than what a body would be
human as a neutrino detector a
human body has 170 liters
mainly water a director
current of children has
approximately 50,000 tons of water
Imagine a cylinder 40 meters
long 40 meters in diameter filled with
50,000 liters with 50,000 tons of
water would be quite bigger than it is
territory
the interior of this tank remains in
complete darkness the internal walls
They are coated with thousands of sensors
of light explicitly sensitive as
to detect even the smallest
flashes of light that occur within the
Water
the light sensors are
permanently monitoring the atoms
of the water
occasionally one of the atoms
deep the water particles will
will quickly move these particles
an electron will apparently move
without having been hit previously in
reality will move why an atom
of the water will have been hit
previously by an electron neutrino to
move quickly that was a flash
of brief light but that can be
detected by the sensors in the
internal walls essentially every
detected light flare
sensors corresponds to a neutrino
contact inside the water
with these giant detectors we can not
wait eight decades to see the
neutrinos but we can find
about 15 neutrinos every day
coming from the sun
it sounds little but it is a good progress and we
allows us to do what we can not do
before and is to see the sun not with light but
with neutrinos
this is a photo of the sun neutrinos the
center is the solar disk
as one is part of the disc
solar there are fewer neutrinos more neutrinos
concentrated to the center be
probably photography with time
of the longest exposure in history
it took about 400 days to be able to
accumulate a quantity of neutrinos
big enough to be able
create this image clearly detect
neutrinos is quite difficult but
yields fruits and I ‘ll show you how
until not long ago we did not know how
the sun was able to stay
constantly hot the sun is the
base of all life on earth
ours in fact the first ideas
of how the PSOE kept warm
they thought it was through the
coal combustion the same
coal combustion that we have
us in the courts if it had been
A) Yes
the sun could not have lasted more than
a few thousand years
however we know that the sun and all the
rest of planets in the solar system have
existed for a much longer time
about 4,600 million years
the only viable alternative for
keep the sun so hot during
so long
We just met her in the middle of
20th century is called nuclear fusion
the nuclear fusion four atoms of
hydrogen which is the element material
most abundant chemical
inside the sun near the solar center and
temperatures of about 16 million
degrees centigrade come together merge
to create an atom of the element
immediately heavier chemical
river nuclear fusion becomes
energy matter 98 percent of that
energy is emitted in the form of light and
heat that is what we see but by
cent is emitted in form among children
and 60 percent that gives rise to the image
what are you seeing now
this illustrates one of the most
profound of modern science that stops
be able to study the astronomical body
larger and more prominent is necessary
do it through the most things
small allusive to neutrinos in the
universe the smallest scales and
the largest are not disconnected
to study it bigger we have to
do it through the smallest
but not all neutrinos in the sun
some come from our own
nuclear montana technology we
they allow to monitor its operation
other neutrinos are generated in the
inside the earth by minerals
radioactives allow us to know the
deep composition of the earth that
otherwise we could not reach
other neutrinos have more origin
dramatic in the death of stars and
they reveal to us how the stars die
return to the universe the material with the
which new stars will form new
planets and perhaps life other neutrinos
the most extreme come from this the
most distant places in the universe
chili so far that we do not know
exactly how they are produced and where
they are produced
All we know is that whatever it
whether they produce them have to be the
most violent events in the universe
my work as a theoretical physicist is
precisely find out where they come from
these last extremes and that we are
saying about deep space
the way he developed my work
as in all science is the method
scientific observation hypothesis
checking and repeating the cycle
until you find a successful explanation
observation in practice the process
it’s much more chaotic and less linear
but broadly speaking this describes the
methodology now because finally
we study nurture ultimately
why do we do
basic science there are two questions and
answers is provided the first and
The most commonly used is that
doing basic science is induced
invariably the development
technological and this one came to the
economic development and better
quality of life
this is totally true but I want
talk to them about the second answer
the second answer appeals to a vein
fundamental and common to all beings
humans and is the most curious
of natural scientists in switzerland
investigate with a view to reaching a
practical product investigates rather
to satisfy a curiosity and
untamed that leads him to respond
open questions
in fact in the 19th century when james
clerk Maxwell invented the theory of
electromagnetism
I had no idea that this technology
it would be enough electricity at the beginning
of the 20th century when mari puri discovered
the first radioactive elements do not
imagined the applications of the
radioactivity in industry the
medicine when there is truth is in
development an improvement description of the
gravity
I had no idea what we would need
this knowledge to be able to build it
gps that we carry our phones
cell phones when carl davis anderson
discovered the first antiparticle the
positron did not know what decade more
later it would be used to be able to take
photographs of the inside of the body
human
basic science is full of these
examples
science is a noble activity cedh
now itself
in the same way that art and
the humanities is the answer to a
fundamentally human fusion the
fusion find out the primates momentum to
see how things work what
Registered the father of anthropology
modern said the scientist is not that
which gives the correct answers corners
of the right questions our
Science is constantly moving
transformation
only in the area of neutrinos there are
many open questions
the beauty of the sciences that we have
a way to answer those that we
keep these is always nature
the one that guides our progress and
that prevents us deluding ourselves
same premises easier to do what
you all believe
finally Peru and the world has
understood that the pp but in particular
understood that doing science has value
in itself and has initiated a plan
comprehensive undergraduate support has already achieved
in contact with the industry that is
beginning to bear fruit of it
way that support education
school also paid off in the
future
with luck – geniuses will die without knowing it
about his image in the world is weirder
what it seems like
the world has part that is admissible
our eyes but they are not
unattainable to our whoever
our imagination our hands of
our ability to create exist
ghostly particles that now
you will be permanently
aware that they are going through
constantly numbers imaginable mind
high marvels I know of the ability to
the imperfect and chaotic human race of
rise above your own problems
to find answers to an advertisement
that is indomitable
Thank you
[Applause]
[Music]
”
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