gentlemen and gentlemen good evening and welcome
on board this spaceship that today
starting from silent orbits
undisturbed mathematical imperturbable
on the edge of the solar system will bring us
here in this theater on a journey
through the cosmos in search of his
contrary to speculate chaos and in this
journey we will meet many objects
built by the man once the point
of aerospace engineering diamond
today reduced to clusters of debris
of the wrecks that float in this
gravitational ocean and how in each
voice anus and self-respect
let’s start immediately to find a message
inside a bottle a bottle that
now it will appear behind me where
They are drawn to a man a woman
instructions to listen to this
particular disc is also the address
the sender contains images
of the land of peace messages are
been chosen over 50 years ago by a
great scientist carla saganne how
business card of our humanity
in the case of these special bottles
they went to train on the beaches of
some planet and some civilizations
extraterrestrial was curious of
know about these bottles there
there are four and they are on board
four spaceships are the pioneer 10
pioneer 11 then ager 1 and 2 are i
objects that are found today
from the most distant man from the planet earth
we are here today at 17 billion
kilometers from this theater but
let’s get on the road immediately to go
a little more towards our star e
immediately we leave here it is ours
star and we take 600 million
kilometers from here
we arrive in the so-called region
gaseous giants jupiter and saturn and here
we only meet two objects
indeed, only a few weeks ago
it’s left is this that you just have
seen passing behind it comes
of the probe juno of the nasa the other
cassini after ten years of honor
service has decided to collapse
through the clouds of saturn and ha
left behind only one
little robot abandoned on the beaches
methane of one of its moons let’s go
ahead there are no big dangers here and there
we bring well this is the planet
red mars the most viewed planet
after the earth here we meet many
objects built by man and sent to
explore this planet and these
many objects after so many years
they begin to lose a bit of bits
a bit of debit debris is the term
technical in English
here for now we do not worry
too much but over the years
will certainly cause problems to
therefore, missions will follow
pay attention
let’s continue this journey quickly and
we are now moving to a million and a half
about kilometers from the ground are gods
points a little special are called the points
Lagrangians there are five of them
points where there is a perfect balance
between the gravity of the earth the moon and the
sun an object placed in these points
as you see here you can observe
quietly the sun for example the
case of this telescope is called
herschel and remaining undisturbed
immobile and at the end of his life
just a little nudge is enough
turning on the engines and he goes away
undisturbed to park and around the
sun leaving the post free for
the satellites that will come later
so still no problem
let’s continue and this time instead
let’s meet the first orbits
terrestrials of this long journey are
the highly elliptical orbits of the
very special orbits that have some
apogee far from the earth but i
satellites that populate them are there for
provide services to the most areas
impervious our planet’s ice the
poles in particular serve the tundre la
Siberia
the Antarctic glaciers in doing this
then whizzing almost to touch the
surface of the earth in terms
obviously always relative we talk about
a few hundred kilometers
and so if we straddle
we bring one of these satellites
now in one of the most regions
densely populated in our system
solar is called the geostationary orbit
and it is 36,000 kilometers away from this
theater on the equator is one
region and which owes its name to the fact
a particular property is a satellite
place in this region and employs
exactly one day a sidereal day
so-called to make a rotation
around the earth and therefore to the eyes
of an observer on earth
this object will appear motionless understood
immediately that’s a situation
very peculiar and interest for
anyone, for example, wants to place one
repeater a repeater for emissions
television or telephone or radio
or who wants to have a satellite
for meteorological observation for
see the faces and clouds like
they advance and therefore this causes the 500
the most operational satellites that are
arranged in this particular region
in reality they are not equally
distributed but are located where it is
more business
so for example above Europe or
on the americas or on the ancient scene
between both
this causes these details
positions are particularly
crowded and there is another to say
thing that actually in spite of the orbe
the name of these stationary satellites
they are not stationary at all
they would be if the earth respected them
abstractions of Newtonian physics
so if it were a perfect sphere but
it is not a perfect sphere, on the contrary, it has one
rather pear shape with an equator
which is not a perfect circumference
but a very flattened ellipse e
even mass distribution is far
from abroad homogeneous to the contrary
we have terrestrial crust
we have oceans, that’s all of this
he added to the fact that in space
there is a wind called solar causes it
these objects these satellites are in
continuous movement
they must fight against all these
perturbations turning on their engines
continuously therefore consuming the
on- board fuel
this is an essential element because
this fuel is not infinite and one
Once finished, what happens happens
these satellites remain at the mercy of
these forces of these events and therefore
like wrecks if they are not removed from
this orbit is often not removed
they remain and therefore can go to
crash into other people, so to speak
satellites create collisions you have
understood that this is one of the most risks
important and if it is true at 36 thousand
kilometers of altitude
and even more important we are coming down
quickly to about 800 kilometers of
share we are in the region here in
absolute the most populated in this
region we have satellites for
the observation of the earth are gods
satellites sometimes also for the
military espionage there are
around 800 but they share
this region with about hearing hear 155
millions of small fragments of
dimensions ranging from 1 mm a
centimeter therefore practically
invisible not only to the naked eye of the gods
telescopes but also to radar almost
these objects are microscopic therefore
you will say that the problem is there
it’s traveling at about a speed
7 kilometers every second so I am
of projectiles loaded with energy
kinetic that in the moment when they enter
colliding with another satellite
obviously they cause explosions e
I do not use the term explosion as one
bomb randomly but in reality it is
what happened happened a lot
often for example in the 70s
the two superpowers united states and union
Soviet Union have carried out some
demonstrations of demonstrated strength of
be able to hit satellites
launching missiles to take lake
of air or of the cruisers these
events obviously have
caused much chaos in space have
caused a lot of debris and this time not
naturally produced by
disruption caused by radiation
or from thermal cycles to which the
satellite subject but were
really wanted by man then
caused by explosions and until now
in which these things happened to
relatively low heights
the problem has been solved your mother
nature we say that through
the gravitational attraction has done
re-enter these small fragments into
very quick times
this was not the la instead
situation that was generated on 7
January of the year 2011 when the same
power demonstration wanted it
also carry out the new superpower
China arrived in this case China
has proven to be capable of
hit one of his old satellite has one
share of well 800 kilometers therefore
just in the region we have seen
first the most densely populated and the
effects of this explosion are still
visible today and still will be for
thousands of years
because these debris will remain e
they remain as we will see in the now
next in the next movie that is
to leave like a cloud a moon that
continues to travel expanding
changing shape and becoming more and more
difficult and also to foresee the
position this this phenomenon already has
reaped with some victims
in particular a Russian satellite
a few years ago it was literally
cut in two by passing through
this cloud and these events have in
effects shown that the king is naked that
actually all these treaties
international organizations that prohibit the
deployment of weapons of destruction of
mass around our planet
in reality these all these treatises
they are worth very little because
often they hit the will of the
superpowers or even the actors
business sometimes to continue
exercise their power
so much so that for example they can not
to prevent the crossing of the
space by ballistic missiles
intercontinental much less of
missile anti missiles all this because
these weapons do not come into orbit
so they do not come around the earth
do not fall into the mandate of the
international treaties referred to above e
these weapons or star wars are not
indeed unique in their kind
lately we say they were also
experimented with very powerful lasers that
they manage to blind the optics
extremely delicate of these
satellites were also tested of the
satellites with stealth technology
that is, they make them practically
invisible to ground and capable radars
therefore to approach other satellites
for example, listen to
telecommunications or interfere or
even but it’s not there
mechanically always if the satellite
objective has not in turn unfolded
around itself of the said microsatellites
guardian angels that assure a kind
proximity surveillance preventing
so you have understood other tampering
that all this causes
a staggering surge in the number of
books therefore of fragments that now and
they populate our atmosphere
all this is clear that our le
our agencies must take note of
these of these phenomena and they are
bringing are developing new ones
systems to clean the orbit so yes
speaks for example of capable tugs
to hook up to other satellites for
give a push to get them back
in the land to the earth where
will burn
the high layers of the atmosphere in each
case what matters is to remember in
this moment we are living
a new space race a new one
space race that is not of type
only military strategic type but
it is also and above all a competition a
capitalize on investments
in research and spatial development
in order to generate economic growth
to generate employment employment
innovation transform these
investments in a new generation of
entrepreneurs but all the satellites of which
we talked today are actually
essential for economic activities
of our daily life and there
they help in transmissions to help us
in telecommunications they help us
manage security crisis we are in
somehow expanding the sphere of the
terrestrial economic and social activities
end borders of the solar system
but this if we want to keep it
growth and ensure that this growth
is sustainable over time
we have to face the chaos that is
generated by this growth is that
we saw today in these images and
to do this we must become aware of it
quickly and also act in order in
some way to prevent this chaos
devour this precious essential
natural resource that the space around
to our planet
thank you
[Applause]
[Music]
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