supermassive black holes this is mine
subject matter
the supermassive black holes will
call them monsters that inhabit the
center of galaxies
because I call him monsters because
they are very massive have masses of
ranging from 1 million to 1 1 billion
times the mass of the sun
and they catch everything that comes a lot
near them and this disappears from our
horizon disappears from the visible world
huh
so my object of study is these
young men right that I really like and to talk
about them
We have to talk first.
of a fundamental force in our
universe that governs much of our
universe than the gravitational force
We do not even know we ‘re here.
stuck in the ground because of the force
gravitation of the planets orbiting
because of the gravitational force that your
The orbit of the Milky Way is the center of the
because of the gravitational force
and black holes are a manifestation
of this important force
then remembering that
formula of the college is that the
Newtonian force of gravitational force
let’s consider the case of land is that
there is a mass I called mt and one
ray rt
then this quantity is that gmt on rt
squared is our acceleration
gravitational
this gravitational celebration that gives the
our weight so we are stuck in the
earth by our weight which is acceleration
gravitational times our mass at a
more modern formulation and
more realistic we know that there is
gravity and gravitational force is a
curvature of space by the presence of
pasta
in this space this formulation of einstein
that works best
Good, let’s get back to our
Miltonia expression in it just to
consider the following what would happen
if we were a planet that had
a mass that is a thousand times the mass of the
Earth
we would have a weight that would be thousand
times the weight of people here on earth and
what would happen if we were a
that had the same mass as the
earth but had a ray that was thousand
times smaller than the earth’s radius of
would increase the force since the radius
here in the denominator and above
square
so if I make up my mind
on this planet would be a million times the
weight I have here on earth
now also easy to do an exercise in
increase the mass a thousand times and decreases
ray thousand times
and so if I consider these two
situations
I’m going to have a weight that’s a billion
times the weight I have here on earth
so that these considerations for
reach the black hole, that is if I
continue increasing the mass and continue
decreasing lightning the gravity will stay
high tone so strong that I
I’ll get to a point where nothing is going
escape the gravitational field of this
object and then we have a black hole
then the black hole of the black hole
nothing escapes if he gets to the next he is
captured and not even the light and so
that he has this name black hole and
here I have two representations of
black hole is what we see this
dark part here would be the hole
black and we see here that black hole
in a background of stars and may not give
for you noticed but have an effect
gravitational lens here around the
black hole
another representation is a disk of
accretion around a black hole that
we’ll see that later on my
I work with these objects
accretion discs that are formed because
when matter is captured by the hole
black before falling inside it by
conservation of angular momentum is
orbiting on that disk
I would like to mention here an effect
well present in the vicinity of a hole
black
and facilitates future
observe the event horizon and the
lap I ‘m going to say
is the gravitational lens effect the
gravitational lens effect is not
exclusive of the black hole but occurs
extreme shape in the vicinity of the hole
black
and what is this effect I have here
observer and I have here a source that
emits radiation
the source wave goes through space
when you arrive in the vicinity of a
object that is between the
observer and the source is flexed
due to the curvature of the
space
the same to that side then the observer
will see the object in that direction and
in this direction he will not see the object
but you will see two images of the object
this is the right lens effect
gravity that occurs in a
extreme in the vicinity of a black hole
So what happens if we get there?
near the fear hole if you fell in
he disappeared
nor does light escape the attraction
gravitation from the black hole to a
property is very characteristic of the
black hole that helps us make the
representation is called the horizon.
of events then I just wanted to show
For you, what is the event horizon?
in fact the black hole sometimes
people think that the hole is a thing of
two dimensions of the black hole has three
dimensions is a hole in space, right?
and around it that defines this
figure that we do it here is the
event horizon is not this
radius of the event horizon is called
ray of chuchu in honor of the physicist
that which he derived this expression is good
we see that the ray of chuchu only
depends on the mass of the object
So this tells me the following if I
want to transform land for example
in a black hole
I just have to find a way
to compress it
by a size of a marble to
a ray of nine millimeters is neither easy
if I want to make a black hole in the
sun I have to find a way
to compress his ohio which is 700 thousand
kilometers in three kilometers, right?
so this is how we are the revenue of
make a black hole you can try
make yourself comfortable
but can nature do
these objects are not
The answer is yes, then where are these
objects and how it is formed in
two main ones that I’m going to talk about is
first are the stellar black holes
that forms at the end of the life of a
very massive star with upper mass
ten times the mass of the sun
stars at the end explode as
supernovae and the core nucleus in lod giving
origin or a neutron star or a
black hole these are the black holes
and we see several on the road.
milk is estimated to be 100
millions of these stellar black objects
in our galaxy the Milky Way
the supermassive ones that are the ones that
study have masses ranging from 1 million
to 1 1 billion times the mass of the sun
they are at the center of galaxies and
people can observe them
I’ll explain an observation
that I did that shows the presence of a
supermassive black hole these holes
supermassive blacks we believe
that they formed along with the
galaxies in the first billion years of
universe age
I do not know if you know that the age of
universe is 13.7 billion years and
universe evolves right
The further we look at the
universe but to people behind the
people are looking in time and people
can see that the most powerful galaxies
is distant galaxies evolve
They evolved from the most distant and
near and in the past we had
very active black holes including
large amounts of matter
that in the present time
they are calmer because they have less
gas available at the center of galaxies
well then here I enjoy and make a
parentheses to talk about
experiment right of care that will I
just talk to me to know
most of the audience heard spoken
of this experiment I call and give the prize
nobel to researchers who worked
In this experiment, they worked on the
detention of gravitational waves at
detention of gravitational waves has
has been sought since the 1960s
1960, it’s only last year that
Finally, his detention was
the description was given in 2015 but
he was only convinced that it was a sign
true even in February 2016, right?
so this is a new window that opens
in the universe in the other way
prospecting the universe people are
accustomed to the light radiation
Now we have the waves.
Gravitational waves and gravitational waves
they are very difficult to be
detected and they involve variation of
gravitational field and where do we
has a large variation near the
black holes that have fields
gravitational forces then when
two black holes orbiting around
on the other as was the case
they will produce gravitational waves and
will have a peak in these areas at the moment
of the essence collection of these holes
black and that’s what the book then
observed
here the arrest that lasted some
few seconds right
but it was enough to give the prize
nobel né
but this involved these ripples
here it took a few seconds
involved 50 60 years of research and here it is
a representation of the waves
gravitational forces as the
black people are approaching here another
representation showing the effect of
gravitational lens ok
I would like to talk a little bit now gives
of holes or
supermassive, we ‘ll get out of the
milky way then remembering here that the
people live on earth the earth is the third
planet of our solar system in
distance in the sun the sun is a star
orbits the Milky Way within another 200
billions of stars and the Milky Way is
part of a group that we call the
group and the local group is part of the
super crowded place and we can
think the universe is a lot of super
agglomerate ok searches of the latest
decades involving mainly
observations with the space telescope
lead to the conclusion that most of the
galaxies and mainly
those who have a good central game have
a supermassive black hole in the center
then the question is as follows
Watch this black hole
so here we see a galaxy
messier 81 that has a black hole
supermassive that we know now
has a mass of the order of 100 billion
of solar masses né
Why is it so hard to watch the hole?
black because here I am representing
a typical ray of a galaxy 30 thousand
light years and I have here the black hole
In these light-year units there are few
light minutes and moreover when the hole
black
so it is very difficult to detect when the
black hole catch matter has a
disk that is a disk of
plasma that starts to glow and it has
which is of the order of a thousand times the
horizon of events in principle
could see who knows the accretion disk
but even so he hand then until today
no one has ever seen an image of the
event horizon or a disk of
accretion because they are very small
the distances they are only for
you have an idea for example
black hole event horizon
Milky Way
the admission of
it’s like you’re watching an orange
on the moon then the size home that
people have to solve to observe the
black hole event horizon
nearest super soft nearest
which is the black hole in one milky
orange on the moon, we do not have it yet
no instrument that allows people to
observe set this orange on the moon
good but have other ways to observe
and I’ll tell you some
observations I made one in particular
that the floro using the telescope his
telescope white but then I continue
observing with the user with gemini
are gemil solar are two telescopes that
Brazil has participation Lenny is
linear that in January if this
participation
I also used data from the soul that the
large millimeter array that are
66 antennas that are there in the altiplano
in the atacama desert and also the people
uses satellites such as space satellite
hubble space telescope
So I’ll tell you a result.
I did not notice an accretion disc
in the center of a galaxy I discovered there
the appearance of this accretion disc in the
center of a galaxy called ngc 1097
but I told you it’s very
difficult to see the accretion disk
people can not solve
but how did I make this observation
this observation was made in the
speed space then this is it
something complicated to explain
but the space of speeds people
access in astronomy through the technique
spectroscopy using the
doppler of the light then through the
spectroscopy I was able to find out that
had gas spinning on a disc
and the fact that I observed what I observed
I watched one side of the disc approaching
and the other side of it drifting apart and that
produced a redshift
corresponding to the part of the disc
was approaching a detour to the
red at the wavelength of the
radiation and a deviation from the part
approaching
repeating a deviation to blue and from the
that is diverting a detour to the
red then I got through the
spectroscopy to detect that it had a gas
rotating around a point that does not
I could solve 10 thousand kilometers
per second
then the only thing that could
keep a gas spinning at this speed
is a supermassive black hole and gave
to calculate the mass which was also
100 million times the mass of the
Sun
here is just to show a little movie that
it’s hard a little of you see only
was a doctoral thesis of a student
me and that doctoral student that he
did was from the spectral signal this
here is the spectral signal he built
a disk model and we noticed
several times this profile seeing it varies
over time and this then corresponded to
the movement of gas in the disk and
of the disk radiation then we
was able to follow the gas movement
on that good album, then almost ending the
what would we see if people
could make an image
we would see something like this
which is the model made by what makes
pro deep throat movie in wake and
It’s called throat in the movie.
Are we close to seeing
This is my answer, so are we
we are very close to seeing
the horizons of disk events
accredited through a project which
event of a telescope then
it’s like a telescope to be able to
see this orange on the moon
we would need a telescope that
had an opening of the size of the earth
whole then instead you are
doing a work of
interferometry by joining observations of
telescopes throughout all around
the world and through interferometry
people will be able to reconstitute
event horizon image of the hole
black of the Milky Way
So I’m just finishing here just to
tell you that there is more than
to study black people, do not we?
study the importance they have in
evolution of the universe and this is
importance comes from the fact that they have
feedback effects this
accretion has feedback effects that
injects jets accretion disk events
and this ends up influencing the evolution
of galaxies
So I end up thanking you guys and
thanking my students
collaborators students and for those who want
but here’s a little more I know
I have some interests here on the internet.
that you can consult who has
interest
thank you
[Applause]
”
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