well thank you very much it’s pleasure to be here in Bermuda and I’m the
to be here in Bermuda and I’m the
to be here in Bermuda and I’m the executive director of mote marine labs
executive director of mote marine labs
executive director of mote marine labs in the Florida Keys new international
in the Florida Keys new international
in the Florida Keys new international center for coral reef research and reef
center for coral reef research and reef
center for coral reef research and reef restoration a brand new type of topic
restoration a brand new type of topic
restoration a brand new type of topic and what I’m gonna do today is kind of
and what I’m gonna do today is kind of
and what I’m gonna do today is kind of unique I’m gonna ask you to be a part of
unique I’m gonna ask you to be a part of
unique I’m gonna ask you to be a part of this talk and I’m gonna ask your help so
this talk and I’m gonna ask your help so
this talk and I’m gonna ask your help so it’s not hard job but I want you each to
it’s not hard job but I want you each to
it’s not hard job but I want you each to follow me and a couple deep breaths
follow me and a couple deep breaths
follow me and a couple deep breaths you’re ready inhale exhale inhale a
you’re ready inhale exhale inhale a
you’re ready inhale exhale inhale a little bigger this time inhale exhale
okay congratulations everybody does like
okay congratulations everybody does like to breathe but most people don’t realize
to breathe but most people don’t realize
to breathe but most people don’t realize that the first breath you just took you
that the first breath you just took you
that the first breath you just took you can thank the force and the trees and
can thank the force and the trees and
can thank the force and the trees and the plants that photosynthesize and
the plants that photosynthesize and
the plants that photosynthesize and produce extra oxygen but that second
produce extra oxygen but that second
produce extra oxygen but that second breath that you just took that larger
breath that you just took that larger
breath that you just took that larger deeper breath you should be thanking the
deeper breath you should be thanking the
deeper breath you should be thanking the oceans and that’s because the oceans are
oceans and that’s because the oceans are
oceans and that’s because the oceans are 70% of this planet and provide through
70% of this planet and provide through
70% of this planet and provide through phytoplankton seaweed algae and coral
phytoplankton seaweed algae and coral
phytoplankton seaweed algae and coral reefs the oxygen we breathe everybody
reefs the oxygen we breathe everybody
reefs the oxygen we breathe everybody likes to breathe right well what about
likes to breathe right well what about
likes to breathe right well what about this coral actually do most people do
this coral actually do most people do
this coral actually do most people do realize that they are less than 1% of
realize that they are less than 1% of
realize that they are less than 1% of the bottom of the ocean but yet they
the bottom of the ocean but yet they
the bottom of the ocean but yet they provide 25 to 40 percent of all the
provide 25 to 40 percent of all the
provide 25 to 40 percent of all the fisheries we like everybody likes to eat
fisheries we like everybody likes to eat
fisheries we like everybody likes to eat right well what else did they do well
right well what else did they do well
right well what else did they do well our oceans are one of our biggest
our oceans are one of our biggest
our oceans are one of our biggest economic steam boats here with a cruise
economic steam boats here with a cruise
economic steam boats here with a cruise boats with snorkeling with diving places
boats with snorkeling with diving places
boats with snorkeling with diving places like Bermuda Florida and the Caribbean
like Bermuda Florida and the Caribbean
like Bermuda Florida and the Caribbean realize that it’s one of their big
realize that it’s one of their big
realize that it’s one of their big mainstays if we don’t have the reefs we
mainstays if we don’t have the reefs we
mainstays if we don’t have the reefs we don’t have the tourist dollars but one
don’t have the tourist dollars but one
don’t have the tourist dollars but one last fact I’d like to talk about that
last fact I’d like to talk about that
last fact I’d like to talk about that most people don’t realize is that living
most people don’t realize is that living
most people don’t realize is that living coral reefs break the storm waves the
coral reefs break the storm waves the
coral reefs break the storm waves the surges and
surges and
surges and hurricane damage that actually allows us
hurricane damage that actually allows us
hurricane damage that actually allows us to live along the coast that we love
to live along the coast that we love
to live along the coast that we love without those coral reefs and without
without those coral reefs and without
without those coral reefs and without those coral reefs being alive and
those coral reefs being alive and
those coral reefs being alive and growing as sea level rises we will not
growing as sea level rises we will not
growing as sea level rises we will not be able to breathe eat economic jobs or
be able to breathe eat economic jobs or
be able to breathe eat economic jobs or live near the coast that we love so we
live near the coast that we love so we
live near the coast that we love so we should pay attention to the reefs and
should pay attention to the reefs and
should pay attention to the reefs and many have seen in the news that the
many have seen in the news that the
many have seen in the news that the reefs are in trouble but what is really
reefs are in trouble but what is really
reefs are in trouble but what is really happening here the picture on the left
happening here the picture on the left
happening here the picture on the left is what the reefs used to look like when
is what the reefs used to look like when
is what the reefs used to look like when I was growing up and snorkeling full of
I was growing up and snorkeling full of
I was growing up and snorkeling full of staghorn Elkhorn massive corals and
staghorn Elkhorn massive corals and
staghorn Elkhorn massive corals and since the 1970s and 80s when sea level
since the 1970s and 80s when sea level
since the 1970s and 80s when sea level temperatures started to rise we started
temperatures started to rise we started
temperatures started to rise we started to lose our corals in some locations the
to lose our corals in some locations the
to lose our corals in some locations the same picture on the right as the same
same picture on the right as the same
same picture on the right as the same spot taken just a few years later well
spot taken just a few years later well
spot taken just a few years later well what’s causing this and what can be done
what’s causing this and what can be done
what’s causing this and what can be done well we can do a few things locally we
well we can do a few things locally we
well we can do a few things locally we can protect marine protected areas we
can protect marine protected areas we
can protect marine protected areas we can wait hopefully in protection from
can wait hopefully in protection from
can wait hopefully in protection from some of the stressors locally and hope
some of the stressors locally and hope
some of the stressors locally and hope that Mother Nature comes back we can
that Mother Nature comes back we can
that Mother Nature comes back we can improve water quality locally and hope
improve water quality locally and hope
improve water quality locally and hope that mother nature comes back we can do
that mother nature comes back we can do
that mother nature comes back we can do the best thing we can which is to lower
the best thing we can which is to lower
the best thing we can which is to lower our co2 emissions because without that
our co2 emissions because without that
our co2 emissions because without that the long term corals are in deep trouble
the long term corals are in deep trouble
the long term corals are in deep trouble so globally we must lower those co2
so globally we must lower those co2
so globally we must lower those co2 levels if we really want the corals and
levels if we really want the corals and
levels if we really want the corals and all of us to survive but what can we do
all of us to survive but what can we do
all of us to survive but what can we do now we can actually restore living
now we can actually restore living
now we can actually restore living corals well what do you mean restore
corals well what do you mean restore
corals well what do you mean restore living corals you’re gonna put corals
living corals you’re gonna put corals
living corals you’re gonna put corals back just so they can die well one thing
back just so they can die well one thing
back just so they can die well one thing that we found out is the corals that are
that we found out is the corals that are
that we found out is the corals that are out there today are the ones that
out there today are the ones that
out there today are the ones that survived the last 30 or 40 years I’m
survived the last 30 or 40 years I’m
survived the last 30 or 40 years I’m going to show you a picture of an
going to show you a picture of an
going to show you a picture of an Elkhorn coral and in an Elkhorn coral
Elkhorn coral and in an Elkhorn coral
Elkhorn coral and in an Elkhorn coral when the temperature gets rough high and
when the temperature gets rough high and
when the temperature gets rough high and it bleaches what you’ll see here is the
it bleaches what you’ll see here is the
it bleaches what you’ll see here is the the coral on the right is bleaching the
the coral on the right is bleaching the
the coral on the right is bleaching the coral on the left is not bleaching a
coral on the left is not bleaching a
coral on the left is not bleaching a little bit later we
little bit later we
little bit later we find out that eventually the coral on
find out that eventually the coral on
find out that eventually the coral on the right that bleach dyes the coral on
the right that bleach dyes the coral on
the right that bleach dyes the coral on the left did not so if we can take those
the left did not so if we can take those
the left did not so if we can take those corals the ones that are resistant to
corals the ones that are resistant to
corals the ones that are resistant to today’s conditions and we can make more
today’s conditions and we can make more
today’s conditions and we can make more of them we can build a new reef but how
of them we can build a new reef but how
of them we can build a new reef but how are we going to be doing that most
are we going to be doing that most
are we going to be doing that most people think corals grow very slow right
people think corals grow very slow right
people think corals grow very slow right well we can do it with coral nurseries
well we can do it with coral nurseries
well we can do it with coral nurseries and that’s being done now with one of
and that’s being done now with one of
and that’s being done now with one of the fast or growing corals the branching
the fast or growing corals the branching
the fast or growing corals the branching corals the staghorn corals the ones that
corals the staghorn corals the ones that
corals the staghorn corals the ones that looks like a deer’s antlers this species
looks like a deer’s antlers this species
looks like a deer’s antlers this species actually evolved for years to be a
actually evolved for years to be a
actually evolved for years to be a fragile branch when storms came and
fragile branch when storms came and
fragile branch when storms came and broke it into pieces some of those
broke it into pieces some of those
broke it into pieces some of those people’s pieces reestablished
people’s pieces reestablished
people’s pieces reestablished on the bottom and grew back to be a new
on the bottom and grew back to be a new
on the bottom and grew back to be a new coral sort of a vegetation reproduction
coral sort of a vegetation reproduction
coral sort of a vegetation reproduction just like you would cut a plant we can
just like you would cut a plant we can
just like you would cut a plant we can do that underwater in coral nurseries
do that underwater in coral nurseries
do that underwater in coral nurseries and it’s one of the old tricks
and it’s one of the old tricks
and it’s one of the old tricks that is now being improved with
that is now being improved with
that is now being improved with technology for ways to grow those faster
technology for ways to grow those faster
technology for ways to grow those faster a 1-inch piece of staghorn coral in six
a 1-inch piece of staghorn coral in six
a 1-inch piece of staghorn coral in six months to a year grows 10 more inches
months to a year grows 10 more inches
months to a year grows 10 more inches and then we can plant some of those
and then we can plant some of those
and then we can plant some of those here’s a quick example of five pieces
here’s a quick example of five pieces
here’s a quick example of five pieces planted on the bottom one month later
planted on the bottom one month later
planted on the bottom one month later they are starting to grow already five
they are starting to grow already five
they are starting to grow already five months later there’s really being looked
months later there’s really being looked
months later there’s really being looked at as large growth and seven months and
at as large growth and seven months and
at as large growth and seven months and actually almost one year later has
actually almost one year later has
actually almost one year later has actually made a habitat for the fish a
actually made a habitat for the fish a
actually made a habitat for the fish a functioning ecosystem in just one year
functioning ecosystem in just one year
functioning ecosystem in just one year so this is great news however this is
so this is great news however this is
so this is great news however this is one species and this is one species that
one species and this is one species that
one species and this is one species that has been done for a while and it has
has been done for a while and it has
has been done for a while and it has good survival but this is a species that
good survival but this is a species that
good survival but this is a species that usually doesn’t live too long three five
usually doesn’t live too long three five
usually doesn’t live too long three five maybe ten years what about all of the
maybe ten years what about all of the
maybe ten years what about all of the other species the slow growing corals
other species the slow growing corals
other species the slow growing corals the mass of corals the ones that
the mass of corals the ones that
the mass of corals the ones that actually build the reef up well they are
actually build the reef up well they are
actually build the reef up well they are slow growing corals and they have not
slow growing corals and they have not
slow growing corals and they have not evolved to break into pieces and so this
evolved to break into pieces and so this
evolved to break into pieces and so this is a very tough one normally something
is a very tough one normally something
is a very tough one normally something this big may only grow a tiny fraction
this big may only grow a tiny fraction
this big may only grow a tiny fraction of an inch in a year
of an inch in a year
of an inch in a year so this one’s real trouble so what
so this one’s real trouble so what
so this one’s real trouble so what should we do well let’s forget about it
should we do well let’s forget about it
should we do well let’s forget about it let’s just talk about sex instead and
let’s just talk about sex instead and
let’s just talk about sex instead and we’re talking about sex because actually
we’re talking about sex because actually
we’re talking about sex because actually corals have sex they actually spawn like
corals have sex they actually spawn like
corals have sex they actually spawn like you would think of a Bermuda glow worm
you would think of a Bermuda glow worm
you would think of a Bermuda glow worm or a fish in aggregations when they have
or a fish in aggregations when they have
or a fish in aggregations when they have a time of the year when though when
a time of the year when though when
a time of the year when though when they’ll reproduce and by chance they may
they’ll reproduce and by chance they may
they’ll reproduce and by chance they may come together it occurs usually in the
come together it occurs usually in the
come together it occurs usually in the spring of the year just like the
spring of the year just like the
spring of the year just like the glowworm it occurs at a certain time
glowworm it occurs at a certain time
glowworm it occurs at a certain time it’s usually in August it’s usually
it’s usually in August it’s usually
it’s usually in August it’s usually after the full moon in August it’s
after the full moon in August it’s
after the full moon in August it’s usually after 2 days after the full moon
usually after 2 days after the full moon
usually after 2 days after the full moon in August it’s usually 2 days after the
in August it’s usually 2 days after the
in August it’s usually 2 days after the full moon in August and exactly 2 hours
full moon in August and exactly 2 hours
full moon in August and exactly 2 hours after sunset so how they do this we do
after sunset so how they do this we do
after sunset so how they do this we do not know but they spawn and release
not know but they spawn and release
not know but they spawn and release billions of sperm and millions of eggs
billions of sperm and millions of eggs
billions of sperm and millions of eggs that float to the surface
that float to the surface
that float to the surface we didn’t even know this occurred until
we didn’t even know this occurred until
we didn’t even know this occurred until the 1980s but now we know that the mass
the 1980s but now we know that the mass
the 1980s but now we know that the mass of corals reproduce sexually just like
of corals reproduce sexually just like
of corals reproduce sexually just like the birds and the bees and the flowers
the birds and the bees and the flowers
the birds and the bees and the flowers and the trees but they’re very small
and the trees but they’re very small
and the trees but they’re very small small larvae are the size of a head of a
small larvae are the size of a head of a
small larvae are the size of a head of a pin or smaller and by chance this little
pin or smaller and by chance this little
pin or smaller and by chance this little tiny organism and only one in a million
tiny organism and only one in a million
tiny organism and only one in a million actually makes it wait a minute did I
actually makes it wait a minute did I
actually makes it wait a minute did I say one in a million makes it I meant
say one in a million makes it I meant
say one in a million makes it I meant one in a million makes it maybe every 25
one in a million makes it maybe every 25
one in a million makes it maybe every 25 to 100 years how can that be well some
to 100 years how can that be well some
to 100 years how can that be well some of these massive corals are living a
of these massive corals are living a
of these massive corals are living a hundred eight hundred years old so if
hundred eight hundred years old so if
hundred eight hundred years old so if they’re successful once a century
they’re successful once a century
they’re successful once a century they’ve replaced themselves once if they
they’ve replaced themselves once if they
they’ve replaced themselves once if they leave five hundred years they may make
leave five hundred years they may make
leave five hundred years they may make five but we’ve lost 25 to 40 percent of
five but we’ve lost 25 to 40 percent of
five but we’ve lost 25 to 40 percent of the world’s corals in the last 40 years
the world’s corals in the last 40 years
the world’s corals in the last 40 years do we want to wait a milli a hundred
do we want to wait a milli a hundred
do we want to wait a milli a hundred years to what happen again No so 10
years to what happen again No so 10
years to what happen again No so 10 years ago we collected about a million
years ago we collected about a million
years ago we collected about a million of those eggs brought them back into the
of those eggs brought them back into the
of those eggs brought them back into the laboratory and literally produce one of
laboratory and literally produce one of
laboratory and literally produce one of our first test tube baby corals at one
our first test tube baby corals at one
our first test tube baby corals at one to three months that picture on the left
to three months that picture on the left
to three months that picture on the left is actually through a microscope because
is actually through a microscope because
is actually through a microscope because they couldn’t even
they couldn’t even
they couldn’t even you want a regular camera that’s a one
you want a regular camera that’s a one
you want a regular camera that’s a one two three month old coral those little
two three month old coral those little
two three month old coral those little tentacles sticking up there now I know
tentacles sticking up there now I know
tentacles sticking up there now I know why only one in a million makes it three
why only one in a million makes it three
why only one in a million makes it three to six months later that picture looks
to six months later that picture looks
to six months later that picture looks beautiful on the right that’s the size
beautiful on the right that’s the size
beautiful on the right that’s the size of a head of a pin so it’s amazing these
of a head of a pin so it’s amazing these
of a head of a pin so it’s amazing these things make it at all well what we found
things make it at all well what we found
things make it at all well what we found out with those first few that we grew is
out with those first few that we grew is
out with those first few that we grew is that one year later they were still only
that one year later they were still only
that one year later they were still only the size of a small coin two years later
the size of a small coin two years later
the size of a small coin two years later size of a medium coin and three years
size of a medium coin and three years
size of a medium coin and three years later the size of a large coin
later the size of a large coin
later the size of a large coin I got disappointed thought this is no
I got disappointed thought this is no
I got disappointed thought this is no longer a technology we can utilize and
longer a technology we can utilize and
longer a technology we can utilize and instead I took it off the shelf of this
instead I took it off the shelf of this
instead I took it off the shelf of this aquarium and I put them all on the
aquarium and I put them all on the
aquarium and I put them all on the bottom of the aquarium and forgot about
bottom of the aquarium and forgot about
bottom of the aquarium and forgot about them a few months later I went to move
them a few months later I went to move
them a few months later I went to move that piece and it stuck and so I yanked
that piece and it stuck and so I yanked
that piece and it stuck and so I yanked it and then I heard a crack and I broke
it and then I heard a crack and I broke
it and then I heard a crack and I broke a piece off it that had grown on to the
a piece off it that had grown on to the
a piece off it that had grown on to the bottom of the aquarium the size of a
bottom of the aquarium the size of a
bottom of the aquarium the size of a large coin and I looked at that coral
large coin and I looked at that coral
large coin and I looked at that coral and said oh that’s gonna hurt and I
and said oh that’s gonna hurt and I
and said oh that’s gonna hurt and I better check this in a couple days cuz
better check this in a couple days cuz
better check this in a couple days cuz it may die it may get infected it may
it may die it may get infected it may
it may die it may get infected it may get stressed and I looked back and I saw
get stressed and I looked back and I saw
get stressed and I looked back and I saw three little tiny polyps left behind in
three little tiny polyps left behind in
three little tiny polyps left behind in a dust of calcium carbonate with three
a dust of calcium carbonate with three
a dust of calcium carbonate with three little tentacles sticking up and I
little tentacles sticking up and I
little tentacles sticking up and I thought they’re not gonna make it in
thought they’re not gonna make it in
thought they’re not gonna make it in fact I said they’re toast but you know
fact I said they’re toast but you know
fact I said they’re toast but you know what that’s not what happened two weeks
what that’s not what happened two weeks
what that’s not what happened two weeks later I went to look at the coral with
later I went to look at the coral with
later I went to look at the coral with the big hole in it and it had already
the big hole in it and it had already
the big hole in it and it had already grown tissue back that had taken three
grown tissue back that had taken three
grown tissue back that had taken three years to grow and it did it in a few
years to grow and it did it in a few
years to grow and it did it in a few months I literally ran down the hall of
months I literally ran down the hall of
months I literally ran down the hall of the lab to look at those three little
the lab to look at those three little
the lab to look at those three little polyps they had already grown up to
polyps they had already grown up to
polyps they had already grown up to about a dozen polyps about the size of a
about a dozen polyps about the size of a
about a dozen polyps about the size of a large coin again so this is crazy what’s
large coin again so this is crazy what’s
large coin again so this is crazy what’s going on
going on
going on it became my Eureka moment or some call
it became my Eureka moment or some call
it became my Eureka moment or some call it my Eureka mistake so then went the
it my Eureka mistake so then went the
it my Eureka mistake so then went the science so the science behind the
science so the science behind the
science so the science behind the mistake was to take a scalpel take that
mistake was to take a scalpel take that
mistake was to take a scalpel take that same coral and cut it again at the tiny
same coral and cut it again at the tiny
same coral and cut it again at the tiny tiny pieces pieces as small as one
tiny pieces pieces as small as one
tiny pieces pieces as small as one single polyp and what happened is they
single polyp and what happened is they
single polyp and what happened is they grew back up to the size of a three
grew back up to the size of a three
grew back up to the size of a three rolled in just weeks or months so
rolled in just weeks or months so
rolled in just weeks or months so something happens to these corals that
something happens to these corals that
something happens to these corals that causes them to grow fast when they are
causes them to grow fast when they are
causes them to grow fast when they are cut and hurt to very small pieces the
cut and hurt to very small pieces the
cut and hurt to very small pieces the same thing happens to our skin our skin
same thing happens to our skin our skin
same thing happens to our skin our skin does not grow very fast until we fall
does not grow very fast until we fall
does not grow very fast until we fall down and scrape it then it heals over
down and scrape it then it heals over
down and scrape it then it heals over very fast the coral is doing the same
very fast the coral is doing the same
very fast the coral is doing the same thing and hence was born micro
thing and hence was born micro
thing and hence was born micro fragmentation cutting them into smaller
fragmentation cutting them into smaller
fragmentation cutting them into smaller and smaller pieces and it worked with
and smaller pieces and it worked with
and smaller pieces and it worked with all the other 26 species of corals so to
all the other 26 species of corals so to
all the other 26 species of corals so to give you a quick review in the old time
give you a quick review in the old time
give you a quick review in the old time we used to take a bigger saw cut it into
we used to take a bigger saw cut it into
we used to take a bigger saw cut it into big pieces we’d wait for those each of
big pieces we’d wait for those each of
big pieces we’d wait for those each of those big pieces we’d hold them afar
those big pieces we’d hold them afar
those big pieces we’d hold them afar apart and in one or two years we’d cut
apart and in one or two years we’d cut
apart and in one or two years we’d cut them into two more pieces now we take a
them into two more pieces now we take a
them into two more pieces now we take a specialized saw we cut them into tiny
specialized saw we cut them into tiny
specialized saw we cut them into tiny pieces about the size of a pencil eraser
pieces about the size of a pencil eraser
pieces about the size of a pencil eraser or even down to one polyp and from one
or even down to one polyp and from one
or even down to one polyp and from one piece now we get hundreds if not
piece now we get hundreds if not
piece now we get hundreds if not thousands of tiny pieces and they grow
thousands of tiny pieces and they grow
thousands of tiny pieces and they grow crazy in the next few months up to the
crazy in the next few months up to the
crazy in the next few months up to the same size so now that it took us six
same size so now that it took us six
same size so now that it took us six years to produce 600 the old-fashioned
years to produce 600 the old-fashioned
years to produce 600 the old-fashioned way we now produce thousands and we’ve
way we now produce thousands and we’ve
way we now produce thousands and we’ve produced 25,000 corals this year and
produced 25,000 corals this year and
produced 25,000 corals this year and planted 10,000 of them back onto the
planted 10,000 of them back onto the
planted 10,000 of them back onto the reef so now we have a new technology
reef so now we have a new technology
reef so now we have a new technology [Applause]
[Applause]
[Applause] and with the help of my assistant here
and with the help of my assistant here
and with the help of my assistant here as shown in the picture we now when one
as shown in the picture we now when one
as shown in the picture we now when one day will cut six hundred to a thousand
day will cut six hundred to a thousand
day will cut six hundred to a thousand corals and as he says without a sweat
corals and as he says without a sweat
corals and as he says without a sweat but what happened is we are now
but what happened is we are now
but what happened is we are now producing thousands in a day we didn’t
producing thousands in a day we didn’t
producing thousands in a day we didn’t have enough tanks we usually put corals
have enough tanks we usually put corals
have enough tanks we usually put corals about two inches apart and they would
about two inches apart and they would
about two inches apart and they would have a few years to grow because we
have a few years to grow because we
have a few years to grow because we don’t like corals to touch each other
don’t like corals to touch each other
don’t like corals to touch each other they don’t like being overgrown by
they don’t like being overgrown by
they don’t like being overgrown by another quarrel they will fight another
another quarrel they will fight another
another quarrel they will fight another quarrel don’t even kill another coral
quarrel don’t even kill another coral
quarrel don’t even kill another coral but what we found out is these things
but what we found out is these things
but what we found out is these things were growing so fast we had to put them
were growing so fast we had to put them
were growing so fast we had to put them close together and the picture on the
close together and the picture on the
close together and the picture on the rights in that area in the center you’ll
rights in that area in the center you’ll
rights in that area in the center you’ll notice these corals have grown up
notice these corals have grown up
notice these corals have grown up they’re touching each other but they’re
they’re touching each other but they’re
they’re touching each other but they’re not fighting they’re not fighting
not fighting they’re not fighting
not fighting they’re not fighting because they came from the same parent
because they came from the same parent
because they came from the same parent piece it’s like your skin transplanted
piece it’s like your skin transplanted
piece it’s like your skin transplanted to your other arm and it recognizes at
to your other arm and it recognizes at
to your other arm and it recognizes at us itself the coral and reefs Kinning is
us itself the coral and reefs Kinning is
us itself the coral and reefs Kinning is now knows that it’s itself and will fuse
now knows that it’s itself and will fuse
now knows that it’s itself and will fuse back together so we now can take the
back together so we now can take the
back together so we now can take the potential of reskin like your skin onto
potential of reskin like your skin onto
potential of reskin like your skin onto an old coral head like on the left get
an old coral head like on the left get
an old coral head like on the left get it to grow up touch each other and
it to grow up touch each other and
it to grow up touch each other and actually fuse the upper picture at just
actually fuse the upper picture at just
actually fuse the upper picture at just our first four small pieces that we put
our first four small pieces that we put
our first four small pieces that we put next to each other eleven months later
next to each other eleven months later
next to each other eleven months later they fused into one coral that would
they fused into one coral that would
they fused into one coral that would have taken 11 to 15 years coral fusion
have taken 11 to 15 years coral fusion
have taken 11 to 15 years coral fusion is now a new technology we can take a
is now a new technology we can take a
is now a new technology we can take a dead coral hell head that’s out there
dead coral hell head that’s out there
dead coral hell head that’s out there plant a few of these small fragments in
plant a few of these small fragments in
plant a few of these small fragments in a few months they grow over the fragment
a few months they grow over the fragment
a few months they grow over the fragment towards each other and out in the field
towards each other and out in the field
towards each other and out in the field on the right hand picture shows them
on the right hand picture shows them
on the right hand picture shows them fusing and touching together that coral
fusing and touching together that coral
fusing and touching together that coral head was produced in two years and would
head was produced in two years and would
head was produced in two years and would have taken 25 to 75 years to grow so now
have taken 25 to 75 years to grow so now
have taken 25 to 75 years to grow so now we can literally bring back corals back
we can literally bring back corals back
we can literally bring back corals back to life a dead squirrel coral skeleton
to life a dead squirrel coral skeleton
to life a dead squirrel coral skeleton that may have been 500 years old we can
that may have been 500 years old we can
that may have been 500 years old we can put 500 cloned pieces on and in two
put 500 cloned pieces on and in two
put 500 cloned pieces on and in two years get them to touch and we literally
years get them to touch and we literally
years get them to touch and we literally are bringing a half a century coral back
are bringing a half a century coral back
are bringing a half a century coral back to life in a couple of years this is
to life in a couple of years this is
to life in a couple of years this is amazing we can do something that I never
amazing we can do something that I never
amazing we can do something that I never thought possibly before
thought possibly before
thought possibly before now to go back to sex the past few years
now to go back to sex the past few years
now to go back to sex the past few years we’ve had better success than 10 years
we’ve had better success than 10 years
we’ve had better success than 10 years ago a few years ago we got 12 then we
ago a few years ago we got 12 then we
ago a few years ago we got 12 then we got 25 last year a thousand this year
got 25 last year a thousand this year
got 25 last year a thousand this year 4000 surviving out of those million now
4000 surviving out of those million now
4000 surviving out of those million now I’m not the saying this is important
I’m not the saying this is important
I’m not the saying this is important because we’re gonna plant these thousand
because we’re gonna plant these thousand
because we’re gonna plant these thousand instead of planting a million but these
instead of planting a million but these
instead of planting a million but these thousand now are 1,000 genetic
thousand now are 1,000 genetic
thousand now are 1,000 genetic recombinations
recombinations
recombinations there’s no twins here these are now all
there’s no twins here these are now all
there’s no twins here these are now all genetic diversity and if we put these
genetic diversity and if we put these
genetic diversity and if we put these thousand out we let mother nature decide
thousand out we let mother nature decide
thousand out we let mother nature decide in five years
in five years
in five years which of these are best to survive we
which of these are best to survive we
which of these are best to survive we can also pretest them now in tanks where
can also pretest them now in tanks where
can also pretest them now in tanks where we are adjusting the temperatures where
we are adjusting the temperatures where
we are adjusting the temperatures where we think it may be in 2050 and a hundred
we think it may be in 2050 and a hundred
we think it may be in 2050 and a hundred years from now but maybe we’ll solve
years from now but maybe we’ll solve
years from now but maybe we’ll solve that too and we change the pH to see
that too and we change the pH to see
that too and we change the pH to see which one of these are going to be
which one of these are going to be
which one of these are going to be winners and which one are give any
winners and which one are give any
winners and which one are give any losers now think about it I’ve told you
losers now think about it I’ve told you
losers now think about it I’ve told you about two or three or four different new
about two or three or four different new
about two or three or four different new technologies the real trick now is
technologies the real trick now is
technologies the real trick now is putting them all together if we put
putting them all together if we put
putting them all together if we put these all together now we can produce a
these all together now we can produce a
these all together now we can produce a lot of corals in a small period of time
lot of corals in a small period of time
lot of corals in a small period of time we can get sexual reproduction to give
we can get sexual reproduction to give
we can get sexual reproduction to give us a thousand new genotypes we can test
us a thousand new genotypes we can test
us a thousand new genotypes we can test those genotypes to see which ones are
those genotypes to see which ones are
those genotypes to see which ones are resistant to high temperature low pH
resistant to high temperature low pH
resistant to high temperature low pH diseases pollution we can take those two
diseases pollution we can take those two
diseases pollution we can take those two that have each of those qualities cut
that have each of those qualities cut
that have each of those qualities cut them up refuse them back together into
them up refuse them back together into
them up refuse them back together into size of a colony that would have been 25
size of a colony that would have been 25
size of a colony that would have been 25 years old and oh yes I forgot to tell
years old and oh yes I forgot to tell
years old and oh yes I forgot to tell you if they go to the size of a 25 year
you if they go to the size of a 25 year
you if they go to the size of a 25 year old that’s the time that they spawn and
old that’s the time that they spawn and
old that’s the time that they spawn and even those these are only one or two
even those these are only one or two
even those these are only one or two years old size matters and so at the
years old size matters and so at the
years old size matters and so at the size of a 50 or 25 year old they know it
size of a 50 or 25 year old they know it
size of a 50 or 25 year old they know it is and they spawn and so now we can
is and they spawn and so now we can
is and they spawn and so now we can close the lifecycle of an entire
close the lifecycle of an entire
close the lifecycle of an entire selection of a hundred-year-old coral in
selection of a hundred-year-old coral in
selection of a hundred-year-old coral in just a the lifespan of a graduate
just a the lifespan of a graduate
just a the lifespan of a graduate student and we can now do the amount of
student and we can now do the amount of
student and we can now do the amount of time and crossing that everybody on land
time and crossing that everybody on land
time and crossing that everybody on land did
did
did dogs cats birds bees cattle and
dogs cats birds bees cattle and
dogs cats birds bees cattle and everything with the economy scale we can
everything with the economy scale we can
everything with the economy scale we can plant a million corals if less than $10
plant a million corals if less than $10
plant a million corals if less than $10 or coral what let’s do the math real
or coral what let’s do the math real
or coral what let’s do the math real quick we had 400 corals a couple years
quick we had 400 corals a couple years
quick we had 400 corals a couple years ago we cut them into 50 we get 20,000
ago we cut them into 50 we get 20,000
ago we cut them into 50 we get 20,000 20,000 in six months cut another 50 from
20,000 in six months cut another 50 from
20,000 in six months cut another 50 from each we get 1 million in one year so we
each we get 1 million in one year so we
each we get 1 million in one year so we can take staghorn and Elkhorn off the
can take staghorn and Elkhorn off the
can take staghorn and Elkhorn off the endangered species list in just a few
endangered species list in just a few
endangered species list in just a few years we can restore the reefs in our
years we can restore the reefs in our
years we can restore the reefs in our lifetime we can go from this the old
lifetime we can go from this the old
lifetime we can go from this the old picture back to the new picture but with
picture back to the new picture but with
picture back to the new picture but with your help so am I gonna ask you one last
your help so am I gonna ask you one last
your help so am I gonna ask you one last time to work with me here join me inhale
time to work with me here join me inhale
time to work with me here join me inhale exhale you can now breathe easier that
exhale you can now breathe easier that
exhale you can now breathe easier that we’re gonna make a change with
we’re gonna make a change with
we’re gonna make a change with technology but you’re gonna have to join
technology but you’re gonna have to join
technology but you’re gonna have to join me in stopping the extra co2 being put
me in stopping the extra co2 being put
me in stopping the extra co2 being put out people ask me what will it cost us
out people ask me what will it cost us
out people ask me what will it cost us to restore the reefs I’ll have to ask
to restore the reefs I’ll have to ask
to restore the reefs I’ll have to ask you what will it cost us if we don’t
you what will it cost us if we don’t
you what will it cost us if we don’t restore the reefs thank you
restore the reefs thank you
restore the reefs thank you [Applause]
”
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