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Battle soldiers: Telling the truth about civil rights history | Robert Raben | TEDxTysons


just tell the truth Johnny and you won’t

just tell the truth Johnny and you won’t get punished how many times have we

get punished how many times have we

get punished how many times have we heard that just tell the truth little

heard that just tell the truth little

heard that just tell the truth little Johnny and you won’t get punished we

Johnny and you won’t get punished we

Johnny and you won’t get punished we teach that telling the truth is the

teach that telling the truth is the

teach that telling the truth is the gateway to fairness to freedom to

gateway to fairness to freedom to

gateway to fairness to freedom to equality the truth shall set you free

equality the truth shall set you free

equality the truth shall set you free well if that’s so I have a hard question

well if that’s so I have a hard question

well if that’s so I have a hard question for us

for us

for us why are we so dishonest about how we

why are we so dishonest about how we

why are we so dishonest about how we teach American history this started for

teach American history this started for

teach American history this started for me in the third grade at matey Ives

me in the third grade at matey Ives

me in the third grade at matey Ives Elementary in Florida an 8-year old boy

Elementary in Florida an 8-year old boy

Elementary in Florida an 8-year old boy Kelsey store attempted to integrate our

Kelsey store attempted to integrate our

Kelsey store attempted to integrate our all-white elementary school and the

all-white elementary school and the

all-white elementary school and the parents at our school did what parents

parents at our school did what parents

parents at our school did what parents throughout the south and sometimes in

throughout the south and sometimes in

throughout the south and sometimes in the north did they went on strike they

the north did they went on strike they

the north did they went on strike they refused to send their children to a

refused to send their children to a

refused to send their children to a school that would be integrated for two

school that would be integrated for two

school that would be integrated for two weeks Kelsey I and one other student sat

weeks Kelsey I and one other student sat

weeks Kelsey I and one other student sat in a sweltering cafeteria left to ponder

in a sweltering cafeteria left to ponder

in a sweltering cafeteria left to ponder what was going on to try to make sense

what was going on to try to make sense

what was going on to try to make sense of this to begin to tell the story the

of this to begin to tell the story the

of this to begin to tell the story the civil rights movement began for me then

civil rights movement began for me then

civil rights movement began for me then but as our more importantly a lifelong

but as our more importantly a lifelong

but as our more importantly a lifelong interest in how stories are told and who

interest in how stories are told and who

interest in how stories are told and who owns history I’m going to start by

owns history I’m going to start by

owns history I’m going to start by giving you three names Claudette Colvin

giving you three names Claudette Colvin

giving you three names Claudette Colvin Sarah Collins Rudolph and Fannie Lou

Sarah Collins Rudolph and Fannie Lou

Sarah Collins Rudolph and Fannie Lou Hamer if you don’t know their stories or

Hamer if you don’t know their stories or

Hamer if you don’t know their stories or you think you know their stories you’re

you think you know their stories you’re

you think you know their stories you’re going to know a lot more in about four

going to know a lot more in about four

going to know a lot more in about four minutes but let’s start with how we

minutes but let’s start with how we

minutes but let’s start with how we teach the civil rights movement now it

teach the civil rights movement now it

teach the civil rights movement now it starts with a seamstress her name is

starts with a seamstress her name is

starts with a seamstress her name is Rosa Parks she rides a bus in Montgomery

Rosa Parks she rides a bus in Montgomery

Rosa Parks she rides a bus in Montgomery Alabama every day back and forth working

Alabama every day back and forth working

Alabama every day back and forth working for a white family and one day in 1955

for a white family and one day in 1955

for a white family and one day in 1955 she can’t take some of the abuse anymore

she can’t take some of the abuse anymore

she can’t take some of the abuse anymore tired weary

tired weary

tired weary she’s asked to get up and move to the

she’s asked to get up and move to the

she’s asked to get up and move to the back of the bus for a white man and she

back of the bus for a white man and she

back of the bus for a white man and she won’t budge

won’t budge

won’t budge she’s arrested and the movement begins

she’s arrested and the movement begins

she’s arrested and the movement begins Rosa set so that Martin could March so

Rosa set so that Martin could March so

Rosa set so that Martin could March so that we could fly that’s how it’s tied

that we could fly that’s how it’s tied

that we could fly that’s how it’s tied up the road in Birmingham at the 16th

up the road in Birmingham at the 16th

up the road in Birmingham at the 16th Street Baptist Church on a crisp Sunday

Street Baptist Church on a crisp Sunday

Street Baptist Church on a crisp Sunday morning right before Children’s Services

morning right before Children’s Services

morning right before Children’s Services a bomb tears through the basement

a bomb tears through the basement

a bomb tears through the basement it kills four little girls

it kills four little girls

it kills four little girls fourteen-year-old Addie Mae Collins

fourteen-year-old Addie Mae Collins

fourteen-year-old Addie Mae Collins Cynthia Wellesley Carole Robertson 11

Cynthia Wellesley Carole Robertson 11

Cynthia Wellesley Carole Robertson 11 year old Denise McNair the bomb shocks

year old Denise McNair the bomb shocks

year old Denise McNair the bomb shocks the country catapults us towards civil

the country catapults us towards civil

the country catapults us towards civil rights legislation the Act of 1964 a

rights legislation the Act of 1964 a

rights legislation the Act of 1964 a step toward freedom nothing I’ve said is

step toward freedom nothing I’ve said is

step toward freedom nothing I’ve said is untrue certainly not a lie but how many

untrue certainly not a lie but how many

untrue certainly not a lie but how many know to not tell the whole truth to

know to not tell the whole truth to

know to not tell the whole truth to distort the facts to leave out

distort the facts to leave out

distort the facts to leave out significant portions Johnny is to

significant portions Johnny is to

significant portions Johnny is to manipulate and it all adds up to a big

manipulate and it all adds up to a big

manipulate and it all adds up to a big lie the image of mrs. Parkes over the

lie the image of mrs. Parkes over the

lie the image of mrs. Parkes over the years is enlarged and shrunken depending

years is enlarged and shrunken depending

years is enlarged and shrunken depending on the needs of the storyteller she is

on the needs of the storyteller she is

on the needs of the storyteller she is imbued with incredible superhuman

imbued with incredible superhuman

imbued with incredible superhuman nobility she looms larger than us at the

nobility she looms larger than us at the

nobility she looms larger than us at the same time her physical form is shrunken

same time her physical form is shrunken

same time her physical form is shrunken on that bus she gets smaller and smaller

on that bus she gets smaller and smaller

on that bus she gets smaller and smaller every year as if civil rights happened

every year as if civil rights happened

every year as if civil rights happened to her vulnerable guileless innocent

to her vulnerable guileless innocent

to her vulnerable guileless innocent tire let’s tell the truth about miss

tire let’s tell the truth about miss

tire let’s tell the truth about miss Parker’s by the time she’s arrested in

Parker’s by the time she’s arrested in

Parker’s by the time she’s arrested in 1955 she has 25 years of civil rights

1955 she has 25 years of civil rights

1955 she has 25 years of civil rights activism under her belt she’s in fact a

activism under her belt she’s in fact a

activism under her belt she’s in fact a freedom fighter she is a civil rights

freedom fighter she is a civil rights

freedom fighter she is a civil rights battle soldier she and her husband have

battle soldier she and her husband have

battle soldier she and her husband have travelled to South investigating some of

travelled to South investigating some of

travelled to South investigating some of the most horrific crimes against black

the most horrific crimes against black

the most horrific crimes against black people lynchings murder raped the

people lynchings murder raped the

people lynchings murder raped the burning of churches she raises money for

burning of churches she raises money for

burning of churches she raises money for the defense of the Scottsboro Boys in

the defense of the Scottsboro Boys in

the defense of the Scottsboro Boys in 1931

1931

1931 she’s dispatched to Abbeville Alabama to

she’s dispatched to Abbeville Alabama to

she’s dispatched to Abbeville Alabama to investigate

investigate

investigate an incredible crime the rape of Ricci

an incredible crime the rape of Ricci

an incredible crime the rape of Ricci Taylor mrs. Taylor is a young mother

Taylor mrs. Taylor is a young mother

Taylor mrs. Taylor is a young mother walking home from church who is pulled

walking home from church who is pulled

walking home from church who is pulled off the side of the road and gang-raped

off the side of the road and gang-raped

off the side of the road and gang-raped by six white men mrs. Parkes and mrs.

by six white men mrs. Parkes and mrs.

by six white men mrs. Parkes and mrs. Taylor bring information about the crime

Taylor bring information about the crime

Taylor bring information about the crime to the authorities in Abbeville who of

to the authorities in Abbeville who of

to the authorities in Abbeville who of course do nothing mrs. parks is elected

course do nothing mrs. parks is elected

course do nothing mrs. parks is elected Secretary of the n-double a-c-p for 12

Secretary of the n-double a-c-p for 12

Secretary of the n-double a-c-p for 12 years she is trained in disobedience at

years she is trained in disobedience at

years she is trained in disobedience at the Highlander Center in Tennessee

the Highlander Center in Tennessee

the Highlander Center in Tennessee vulnerable guileless innocent shrunken

vulnerable guileless innocent shrunken

vulnerable guileless innocent shrunken hardly mrs. Parkes is a freedom fighter

hardly mrs. Parkes is a freedom fighter

hardly mrs. Parkes is a freedom fighter but we don’t teach that by making her

but we don’t teach that by making her

but we don’t teach that by making her and dr. King and Coretta Scott King and

and dr. King and Coretta Scott King and

and dr. King and Coretta Scott King and Bobby Kennedy and so many others of the

Bobby Kennedy and so many others of the

Bobby Kennedy and so many others of the era Julian Bond larger-than-life imbued

era Julian Bond larger-than-life imbued

era Julian Bond larger-than-life imbued with superhuman qualities of courage and

with superhuman qualities of courage and

with superhuman qualities of courage and nobility grace we’re communicating to

nobility grace we’re communicating to

nobility grace we’re communicating to all of us you and me who don’t normally

all of us you and me who don’t normally

all of us you and me who don’t normally walk around thinking we’re superhuman

walk around thinking we’re superhuman

walk around thinking we’re superhuman that we’re not capable of the kind of

that we’re not capable of the kind of

that we’re not capable of the kind of change that they were this is a

change that they were this is a

change that they were this is a devastating lesson for children that you

devastating lesson for children that you

devastating lesson for children that you are not capable of that kind of change

are not capable of that kind of change

are not capable of that kind of change but that’s how we teach history history

but that’s how we teach history history

but that’s how we teach history history is the framing of facts to suit the

is the framing of facts to suit the

is the framing of facts to suit the purpose of the storyteller the African

purpose of the storyteller the African

purpose of the storyteller the African proverb is until lions tell their story

proverb is until lions tell their story

proverb is until lions tell their story history will always favor the hunters

history will always favor the hunters

history will always favor the hunters let’s go back to some of those lions

let’s go back to some of those lions

let’s go back to some of those lions that I mentioned claudette colvin nine

that I mentioned claudette colvin nine

that I mentioned claudette colvin nine months before mrs. parks arrest on that

months before mrs. parks arrest on that

months before mrs. parks arrest on that bus line Claudette Colvin is arrested

bus line Claudette Colvin is arrested

bus line Claudette Colvin is arrested for the same offense refusing to abide

for the same offense refusing to abide

for the same offense refusing to abide by the Jim Crow color line the boycott

by the Jim Crow color line the boycott

by the Jim Crow color line the boycott in March had already been planned by the

in March had already been planned by the

in March had already been planned by the Montgomery Improvement Association run

Montgomery Improvement Association run

Montgomery Improvement Association run by women everything was ready to go but

by women everything was ready to go but

by women everything was ready to go but the attorneys man African American who

the attorneys man African American who

the attorneys man African American who would later represent mrs. parks

would later represent mrs. parks

would later represent mrs. parks declined to go forward with Miss

declined to go forward with Miss

declined to go forward with Miss Colvin’s case why she was 15

Colvin’s case why she was 15

Colvin’s case why she was 15 she was pregnant she was not married

she was pregnant she was not married

she was pregnant she was not married there were three other women arrested

there were three other women arrested

there were three other women arrested that year

that year

that year Susie McDonald irelia Browder Mary

Susie McDonald irelia Browder Mary

Susie McDonald irelia Browder Mary Louise Smith but the March was put on

Louise Smith but the March was put on

Louise Smith but the March was put on hold what else do we know up the road

hold what else do we know up the road

hold what else do we know up the road back at that 16th Street Baptist Church

back at that 16th Street Baptist Church

back at that 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham we know that four Klansmen

in Birmingham we know that four Klansmen

in Birmingham we know that four Klansmen put 15 sticks of dynamite in that church

put 15 sticks of dynamite in that church

put 15 sticks of dynamite in that church vestibule on the steps and killed those

vestibule on the steps and killed those

vestibule on the steps and killed those little girls here’s what we don’t teach

little girls here’s what we don’t teach

little girls here’s what we don’t teach exactly one week before the bombing

exactly one week before the bombing

exactly one week before the bombing Governor George Wallace of Alabama told

Governor George Wallace of Alabama told

Governor George Wallace of Alabama told the New York Times that in order to stop

the New York Times that in order to stop

the New York Times that in order to stop the racial integration in this state

the racial integration in this state

the racial integration in this state which he opposed we would need a few

which he opposed we would need a few

which he opposed we would need a few high-class funerals this is the governor

high-class funerals this is the governor

high-class funerals this is the governor of the state knowing full well that his

of the state knowing full well that his

of the state knowing full well that his leadership in his words was inciting the

leadership in his words was inciting the

leadership in his words was inciting the very violence going on what else don’t

very violence going on what else don’t

very violence going on what else don’t we teach there was another young girl

we teach there was another young girl

we teach there was another young girl that morning Sarah Collins she’s 12

that morning Sarah Collins she’s 12

that morning Sarah Collins she’s 12 she wasn’t killed she’s hit with 21

she wasn’t killed she’s hit with 21

she wasn’t killed she’s hit with 21 shards of glass blinded in one eye

shards of glass blinded in one eye

shards of glass blinded in one eye spends two months in a hospital to

spends two months in a hospital to

spends two months in a hospital to contemplate the death of her sister and

contemplate the death of her sister and

contemplate the death of her sister and friends this is Collins now mrs. Rudolph

friends this is Collins now mrs. Rudolph

friends this is Collins now mrs. Rudolph is alive today she lives in Birmingham

is alive today she lives in Birmingham

is alive today she lives in Birmingham Alabama she’s 66 and she’s a not rare

Alabama she’s 66 and she’s a not rare

Alabama she’s 66 and she’s a not rare American who is a victim of state

American who is a victim of state

American who is a victim of state involved terrorism she lives today

involved terrorism she lives today

involved terrorism she lives today there has been no apology from the state

there has been no apology from the state

there has been no apology from the state of Alabama

of Alabama

of Alabama there has been no compensation she said

there has been no compensation she said

there has been no compensation she said on the 50th anniversary of the bombing

on the 50th anniversary of the bombing

on the 50th anniversary of the bombing reflected on what it felt like to still

reflected on what it felt like to still

reflected on what it felt like to still feel dead on the inside no one has ever

feel dead on the inside no one has ever

feel dead on the inside no one has ever come to me and cared for me they don’t

come to me and cared for me they don’t

come to me and cared for me they don’t do much for the living she said I tell

do much for the living she said I tell

do much for the living she said I tell you the dead get theirs it actually gets

you the dead get theirs it actually gets

you the dead get theirs it actually gets worse there’s a state across the line

worse there’s a state across the line

worse there’s a state across the line from Alabama called Mississippi a state

from Alabama called Mississippi a state

from Alabama called Mississippi a state I lived in as a young man a state so

I lived in as a young man a state so

I lived in as a young man a state so invested in opposing racial integration

invested in opposing racial integration

invested in opposing racial integration it created

it created

it created the state agency the Mississippi

the state agency the Mississippi

the state agency the Mississippi sovereignty Commission to stop

sovereignty Commission to stop

sovereignty Commission to stop integration to spy on intimidate and

integration to spy on intimidate and

integration to spy on intimidate and infiltrate civil rights workers there’s

infiltrate civil rights workers there’s

infiltrate civil rights workers there’s a woman in Mississippi named fannie lou

a woman in Mississippi named fannie lou

a woman in Mississippi named fannie lou hamer she’s raised on the marlow

hamer she’s raised on the marlow

hamer she’s raised on the marlow plantation as a sharecropper in

plantation as a sharecropper in

plantation as a sharecropper in ruleville mississippi she’s the youngest

ruleville mississippi she’s the youngest

ruleville mississippi she’s the youngest of 20 children as an adult in 1962 Miss

of 20 children as an adult in 1962 Miss

of 20 children as an adult in 1962 Miss Hamer goes to Indianola Mississippi to

Hamer goes to Indianola Mississippi to

Hamer goes to Indianola Mississippi to try to register to vote which is which

try to register to vote which is which

try to register to vote which is which is against the law

is against the law

is against the law returns back to the plantation and she’s

returns back to the plantation and she’s

returns back to the plantation and she’s kicked off of it she gathers with other

kicked off of it she gathers with other

kicked off of it she gathers with other civil rights activists and the Student

civil rights activists and the Student

civil rights activists and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee forms

Nonviolent Coordinating Committee forms

Nonviolent Coordinating Committee forms the Mississippi freedom Democratic Party

the Mississippi freedom Democratic Party

the Mississippi freedom Democratic Party to try to bust open the party in

to try to bust open the party in

to try to bust open the party in Mississippi to African Americans she’s

Mississippi to African Americans she’s

Mississippi to African Americans she’s arrested in one known of Mississippi for

arrested in one known of Mississippi for

arrested in one known of Mississippi for that taken to the jail her dress is

that taken to the jail her dress is

that taken to the jail her dress is hiked up and she is beaten severely by

hiked up and she is beaten severely by

hiked up and she is beaten severely by sheriff’s deputies state actors spends a

sheriff’s deputies state actors spends a

sheriff’s deputies state actors spends a month in the hospital many of you know

month in the hospital many of you know

month in the hospital many of you know where this story goes mrs. Hamer is

where this story goes mrs. Hamer is

where this story goes mrs. Hamer is heavily responsible for a classic

heavily responsible for a classic

heavily responsible for a classic showdown the 1964 Democratic convention

showdown the 1964 Democratic convention

showdown the 1964 Democratic convention she testifies to the platform committee

she testifies to the platform committee

she testifies to the platform committee against the wishes of President Lyndon

against the wishes of President Lyndon

against the wishes of President Lyndon Johnson they agree ultimately to open up

Johnson they agree ultimately to open up

Johnson they agree ultimately to open up the Democratic Party to African vote

the Democratic Party to African vote

the Democratic Party to African vote african-american voters in the south

african-american voters in the south

african-american voters in the south which leads to black elected officials

which leads to black elected officials

which leads to black elected officials which ultimately leads to President

which ultimately leads to President

which ultimately leads to President Barack Obama mrs. Hamer is an American

Barack Obama mrs. Hamer is an American

Barack Obama mrs. Hamer is an American revolutionary hero mrs. Hamer could not

revolutionary hero mrs. Hamer could not

revolutionary hero mrs. Hamer could not read and mrs. Hamer could not write she

read and mrs. Hamer could not write she

read and mrs. Hamer could not write she stopped school on the plantation owned

stopped school on the plantation owned

stopped school on the plantation owned by mr. Marlo in the 6th grade

by mr. Marlo in the 6th grade

by mr. Marlo in the 6th grade but her work brought us closer to

but her work brought us closer to

but her work brought us closer to freedom than many of the founding

freedom than many of the founding

freedom than many of the founding fathers that we all know so well here’s

fathers that we all know so well here’s

fathers that we all know so well here’s the difference there is no county in

the difference there is no county in

the difference there is no county in this country named for mrs. Hamer there

this country named for mrs. Hamer there

this country named for mrs. Hamer there is no bridge there is no tunnel there is

is no bridge there is no tunnel there is

is no bridge there is no tunnel there is no airport there is no highway there is

no airport there is no highway there is

no airport there is no highway there is no serious

no serious

no serious Ricca l’m in any public school devoted

Ricca l’m in any public school devoted

Ricca l’m in any public school devoted to her courage there is this it’s an

to her courage there is this it’s an

to her courage there is this it’s an elegant statue in front hub her

elegant statue in front hub her

elegant statue in front hub her childhood home in ruleville not brought

childhood home in ruleville not brought

childhood home in ruleville not brought to you by the state of mississippi or

to you by the state of mississippi or

to you by the state of mississippi or the federal government it’s sponsored

the federal government it’s sponsored

the federal government it’s sponsored largely by AT&T by not teaching the

largely by AT&T by not teaching the

largely by AT&T by not teaching the truth about mrs. parks and her ferocity

truth about mrs. parks and her ferocity

truth about mrs. parks and her ferocity by not teaching the truth about

by not teaching the truth about

by not teaching the truth about Claudette Colvin and the so many like

Claudette Colvin and the so many like

Claudette Colvin and the so many like her who were courageous but anonymous we

her who were courageous but anonymous we

her who were courageous but anonymous we do ourselves an enormous disservice by

do ourselves an enormous disservice by

do ourselves an enormous disservice by not teaching about the thousands of

not teaching about the thousands of

not teaching about the thousands of Americans who in the face of adversity

Americans who in the face of adversity

Americans who in the face of adversity exercised courage put their children

exercised courage put their children

exercised courage put their children into schools to integrate them or

into schools to integrate them or

into schools to integrate them or register to vote stood up when they were

register to vote stood up when they were

register to vote stood up when they were told to sit down sat down when they were

told to sit down sat down when they were

told to sit down sat down when they were told to stand up we rob ourselves and

told to stand up we rob ourselves and

told to stand up we rob ourselves and our children of the truth about how

our children of the truth about how

our children of the truth about how change is made we rob our children of

change is made we rob our children of

change is made we rob our children of the ability to make change now to fight

the ability to make change now to fight

the ability to make change now to fight the fights that they feel they have in

the fights that they feel they have in

the fights that they feel they have in front of them whether it’s criminal

front of them whether it’s criminal

front of them whether it’s criminal justice reform or mass incarceration or

justice reform or mass incarceration or

justice reform or mass incarceration or access to voting left right or center to

access to voting left right or center to

access to voting left right or center to empower people with the truth about our

empower people with the truth about our

empower people with the truth about our history strategy and tactics and how

history strategy and tactics and how

history strategy and tactics and how ordinary people can make change is

ordinary people can make change is

ordinary people can make change is fantastic it’s also threatening to

fantastic it’s also threatening to

fantastic it’s also threatening to people who don’t want change we started

people who don’t want change we started

people who don’t want change we started the march on Washington civil rights

the march on Washington civil rights

the march on Washington civil rights film festival to be a national platform

film festival to be a national platform

film festival to be a national platform to give people the opportunity to tell

to give people the opportunity to tell

to give people the opportunity to tell stories more accurately about the

stories more accurately about the

stories more accurately about the American history through the power of

American history through the power of

American history through the power of film and artistry and scholarship people

film and artistry and scholarship people

film and artistry and scholarship people tell first-person narrative as

tell first-person narrative as

tell first-person narrative as truthfully as they can the stories not

truthfully as they can the stories not

truthfully as they can the stories not told Corrections of the story missed old

told Corrections of the story missed old

told Corrections of the story missed old by teaching these stories we give our

by teaching these stories we give our

by teaching these stories we give our young people the tools they need to

young people the tools they need to

young people the tools they need to actually gather and make the change that

actually gather and make the change that

actually gather and make the change that we say that we want I’ll leave you with

we say that we want I’ll leave you with

we say that we want I’ll leave you with the following in what movement will you

the following in what movement will you

the following in what movement will you be a battle soldier

be a battle soldier

be a battle soldier maybe later remembered as iconic

maybe later remembered as iconic

maybe later remembered as iconic which story would you like to learn more

which story would you like to learn more

which story would you like to learn more accurately and teach your children

accurately and teach your children

accurately and teach your children truthfully so that they can be set free

truthfully so that they can be set free

truthfully so that they can be set free which of you is claudette colvin

which of you is claudette colvin

which of you is claudette colvin anonymous impetuous moving us forward

anonymous impetuous moving us forward

anonymous impetuous moving us forward which of you is Sarah Collins Rudolph

which of you is Sarah Collins Rudolph

which of you is Sarah Collins Rudolph angry passionate still fighting for

angry passionate still fighting for

angry passionate still fighting for justice which of you is fannie lou hamer

justice which of you is fannie lou hamer

justice which of you is fannie lou hamer brilliant strategic with the vision far

brilliant strategic with the vision far

brilliant strategic with the vision far beyond the hardscrabble land she was

beyond the hardscrabble land she was

beyond the hardscrabble land she was forced to work each of us has the power

forced to work each of us has the power

forced to work each of us has the power to make the change we say we need each

to make the change we say we need each

to make the change we say we need each of us each of us thank you so much

of us each of us thank you so much

of us each of us thank you so much [Applause]

”

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