[Music] we all know that cats meow and dogs bark
we all know that cats meow and dogs bark
we all know that cats meow and dogs bark but do you know what penguins sound like
but do you know what penguins sound like
but do you know what penguins sound like vocalization is important to penguins
vocalization is important to penguins
vocalization is important to penguins survival they rely on their calls to
survival they rely on their calls to
survival they rely on their calls to find mates and raise chicks penguins are
find mates and raise chicks penguins are
find mates and raise chicks penguins are an indicator species this means we can
an indicator species this means we can
an indicator species this means we can understand how the ecology of Antarctica
understand how the ecology of Antarctica
understand how the ecology of Antarctica is changing by just looking at penguins
is changing by just looking at penguins
is changing by just looking at penguins climate change has a significant effect
climate change has a significant effect
climate change has a significant effect on Penguins on the Antarctic Peninsula
on Penguins on the Antarctic Peninsula
on Penguins on the Antarctic Peninsula one of the fastest warming areas in the
one of the fastest warming areas in the
one of the fastest warming areas in the world this warming is causing sea ice to
world this warming is causing sea ice to
world this warming is causing sea ice to melt and change course penguins have
melt and change course penguins have
melt and change course penguins have been forced to travel farther to forage
been forced to travel farther to forage
been forced to travel farther to forage for a artic krill their main food source
for a artic krill their main food source
for a artic krill their main food source which live under the sea ice
which live under the sea ice
which live under the sea ice Gentoo penguins in particular have
Gentoo penguins in particular have
Gentoo penguins in particular have expanded their range farther south as
expanded their range farther south as
expanded their range farther south as the climate warms for the past two years
the climate warms for the past two years
the climate warms for the past two years I focused on a question worth answering
I focused on a question worth answering
I focused on a question worth answering which is does Gentoo vocal communication
which is does Gentoo vocal communication
which is does Gentoo vocal communication vary across their geographic range in
vary across their geographic range in
vary across their geographic range in other words do all penguins speak the
other words do all penguins speak the
other words do all penguins speak the same language regardless of where they
same language regardless of where they
same language regardless of where they live first let me tell you a bit about
live first let me tell you a bit about
live first let me tell you a bit about myself I became interested in science
myself I became interested in science
myself I became interested in science research quite unexpectedly growing up I
research quite unexpectedly growing up I
research quite unexpectedly growing up I was a devoted ballet student Here I am
was a devoted ballet student Here I am
was a devoted ballet student Here I am in the seventh grade back then I found
in the seventh grade back then I found
in the seventh grade back then I found myself wondering whether a ballet
myself wondering whether a ballet
myself wondering whether a ballet technique spotting helps dancers in
technique spotting helps dancers in
technique spotting helps dancers in their turns I research the ballet topic
their turns I research the ballet topic
their turns I research the ballet topic and turned it into a science fair
and turned it into a science fair
and turned it into a science fair project surprisingly I won first place
project surprisingly I won first place
project surprisingly I won first place in the Kansas City Science er the
in the Kansas City Science er the
in the Kansas City Science er the freedom of investigating my own
freedom of investigating my own
freedom of investigating my own questions turned me into a self learner
questions turned me into a self learner
questions turned me into a self learner in the challenge of pursuing unknown
in the challenge of pursuing unknown
in the challenge of pursuing unknown answers got me hooked on science since
answers got me hooked on science since
answers got me hooked on science since then I’ve researched a new topic every
then I’ve researched a new topic every
then I’ve researched a new topic every year during my sophomore year I’ve
year during my sophomore year I’ve
year during my sophomore year I’ve at the Kansas City zoos new penguin
at the Kansas City zoos new penguin
at the Kansas City zoos new penguin exhibit there I heard about two penguin
exhibit there I heard about two penguin
exhibit there I heard about two penguin parents who are unable to care for their
parents who are unable to care for their
parents who are unable to care for their chick it was suspected that the parents
chick it was suspected that the parents
chick it was suspected that the parents were having difficulty communicating
were having difficulty communicating
were having difficulty communicating with each other I was intrigued how
with each other I was intrigued how
with each other I was intrigued how could two penguins of the same species
could two penguins of the same species
could two penguins of the same species be unable to understand one another I
be unable to understand one another I
be unable to understand one another I tried reading up on the subject but
tried reading up on the subject but
tried reading up on the subject but found very little apparently while many
found very little apparently while many
found very little apparently while many people study songbirds the vocalizations
people study songbirds the vocalizations
people study songbirds the vocalizations of non songbird species such as penguins
of non songbird species such as penguins
of non songbird species such as penguins go unsung i became captivated by the
go unsung i became captivated by the
go unsung i became captivated by the connection between Gentoo penguins
connection between Gentoo penguins
connection between Gentoo penguins expanding habitats in Antarctica and
expanding habitats in Antarctica and
expanding habitats in Antarctica and their vocalizations I wondered whether
their vocalizations I wondered whether
their vocalizations I wondered whether understanding climate change could start
understanding climate change could start
understanding climate change could start with a single bird essentially my
with a single bird essentially my
with a single bird essentially my guiding question was do Gentoo penguins
guiding question was do Gentoo penguins
guiding question was do Gentoo penguins develop different dialects because this
develop different dialects because this
develop different dialects because this topic is so under studied by the
topic is so under studied by the
topic is so under studied by the scientific community this was the first
scientific community this was the first
scientific community this was the first research into understanding Gentoo
research into understanding Gentoo
research into understanding Gentoo communication and how colony formation
communication and how colony formation
communication and how colony formation affects their vocals now all I needed
affects their vocals now all I needed
affects their vocals now all I needed was to record some penguins no I didn’t
was to record some penguins no I didn’t
was to record some penguins no I didn’t get to go to Antarctica I headed back to
get to go to Antarctica I headed back to
get to go to Antarctica I headed back to the Kansas City Zoo where I got in
the Kansas City Zoo where I got in
the Kansas City Zoo where I got in contact with an aortic scientist
contact with an aortic scientist
contact with an aortic scientist Maureen Lynch who later became my mentor
Maureen Lynch who later became my mentor
Maureen Lynch who later became my mentor Maureen agreed to collect and sent to me
Maureen agreed to collect and sent to me
Maureen agreed to collect and sent to me raaah field recordings of penguin calls
raaah field recordings of penguin calls
raaah field recordings of penguin calls from her upcoming trip to Antarctica
from her upcoming trip to Antarctica
from her upcoming trip to Antarctica these recordings were collected
these recordings were collected
these recordings were collected passively by leaving a microphone in the
passively by leaving a microphone in the
passively by leaving a microphone in the middle of a colony of penguins and
middle of a colony of penguins and
middle of a colony of penguins and recording their natural calls
recording their natural calls
recording their natural calls Maureen sent me these Rothfeld
Maureen sent me these Rothfeld
Maureen sent me these Rothfeld recordings from nine colonies as
recordings from nine colonies as
recordings from nine colonies as pictured these colonies span a distance
pictured these colonies span a distance
pictured these colonies span a distance of 260 miles on the Antarctic Peninsula
of 260 miles on the Antarctic Peninsula
of 260 miles on the Antarctic Peninsula I separated them into three different
I separated them into three different
I separated them into three different regions based on geographic location and
regions based on geographic location and
regions based on geographic location and now they had the recordings from across
now they had the recordings from across
now they had the recordings from across Antarctica in my possession I found that
Antarctica in my possession I found that
Antarctica in my possession I found that the field recordings sounded a bit
the field recordings sounded a bit
the field recordings sounded a bit hectic
[Applause]
[Applause] this is what penguin colony sound like
this is what penguin colony sound like
this is what penguin colony sound like all the Penguins calling at once it
all the Penguins calling at once it
all the Penguins calling at once it seems impossible to distinguish a single
seems impossible to distinguish a single
seems impossible to distinguish a single call it’s like trying to pick out a
call it’s like trying to pick out a
call it’s like trying to pick out a single voice in any high school
single voice in any high school
single voice in any high school lunchroom I needed the clips to be a
lunchroom I needed the clips to be a
lunchroom I needed the clips to be a single calls so I could easily compare
single calls so I could easily compare
single calls so I could easily compare them and when you single in on one
them and when you single in on one
them and when you single in on one penguins call the vocalization sounds
penguins call the vocalization sounds
penguins call the vocalization sounds very unique music to your ears right now
very unique music to your ears right now
very unique music to your ears right now it was just a matter of comparing
it was just a matter of comparing
it was just a matter of comparing different clips like these at first I
different clips like these at first I
different clips like these at first I thought it would be as simple as telling
thought it would be as simple as telling
thought it would be as simple as telling the difference between someone from
the difference between someone from
the difference between someone from London and New York however the
London and New York however the
London and New York however the differences between these calls are so
differences between these calls are so
differences between these calls are so minut but they aren’t detectable by ear
minut but they aren’t detectable by ear
minut but they aren’t detectable by ear so instead I looked at the spectrogram
so instead I looked at the spectrogram
so instead I looked at the spectrogram or picture of these calls this is what a
or picture of these calls this is what a
or picture of these calls this is what a penguin call like the one you just heard
penguin call like the one you just heard
penguin call like the one you just heard looks like in order to find the amount
looks like in order to find the amount
looks like in order to find the amount of difference between the calls I
of difference between the calls I
of difference between the calls I analyze each syllable or section of
analyze each syllable or section of
analyze each syllable or section of these spectrograms
these spectrograms
these spectrograms for three variables loudness frequency
for three variables loudness frequency
for three variables loudness frequency and duration I recognize I had over 450
and duration I recognize I had over 450
and duration I recognize I had over 450 pieces of data to analyze for this
pieces of data to analyze for this
pieces of data to analyze for this amount of data
amount of data
amount of data I needed a customized computer program
I needed a customized computer program
I needed a customized computer program to ensure that the data I collected were
to ensure that the data I collected were
to ensure that the data I collected were reliable and statistically valid and
reliable and statistically valid and
reliable and statistically valid and since there’s no app for that I set out
since there’s no app for that I set out
since there’s no app for that I set out to write my own program the only problem
to write my own program the only problem
to write my own program the only problem was that I didn’t know a single thing
was that I didn’t know a single thing
was that I didn’t know a single thing about coding I decided to take an online
about coding I decided to take an online
about coding I decided to take an online course on how to write code in a
course on how to write code in a
course on how to write code in a statistical analysis software a month
statistical analysis software a month
statistical analysis software a month later I used my new program to compare
later I used my new program to compare
later I used my new program to compare calls between colonies and between
calls between colonies and between
calls between colonies and between regions in order to determine if call
regions in order to determine if call
regions in order to determine if call characteristics were different depending
characteristics were different depending
characteristics were different depending on location
on location
on location I found that regions farther apart have
I found that regions farther apart have
I found that regions farther apart have more difference in their calls than
more difference in their calls than
more difference in their calls than those closer together
those closer together
those closer together finally my big question was answered
finally my big question was answered
finally my big question was answered essentially I discovered that penguins
essentially I discovered that penguins
essentially I discovered that penguins in the three different regions have
in the three different regions have
in the three different regions have different dialects depending on where
different dialects depending on where
different dialects depending on where they live after completing this research
they live after completing this research
they live after completing this research I wanted to learn more about my penguin
I wanted to learn more about my penguin
I wanted to learn more about my penguin friends this summer I was accepted as an
friends this summer I was accepted as an
friends this summer I was accepted as an intern at Stony Brook University
intern at Stony Brook University
intern at Stony Brook University allowing me to work in a lab with my
allowing me to work in a lab with my
allowing me to work in a lab with my Antarctic mentor I was able to expand
Antarctic mentor I was able to expand
Antarctic mentor I was able to expand the scope of my research to include a
the scope of my research to include a
the scope of my research to include a more controlled setting Zoo populations
more controlled setting Zoo populations
more controlled setting Zoo populations comparing the vocals at New York’s
comparing the vocals at New York’s
comparing the vocals at New York’s Central Park Zoo Detroit Zoo in Kansas
Central Park Zoo Detroit Zoo in Kansas
Central Park Zoo Detroit Zoo in Kansas City Zoo I did more advanced analyses
City Zoo I did more advanced analyses
City Zoo I did more advanced analyses this time taking around 20 measurements
this time taking around 20 measurements
this time taking around 20 measurements for each call and again I found evidence
for each call and again I found evidence
for each call and again I found evidence of dialects between different
of dialects between different
of dialects between different populations this boosted my confidence
populations this boosted my confidence
populations this boosted my confidence as it supported my Antarctic research
as it supported my Antarctic research
as it supported my Antarctic research results
results
results I found that regions farther apart had
I found that regions farther apart had
I found that regions farther apart had more difference in their calls than
more difference in their calls than
more difference in their calls than those closer together before doing this
those closer together before doing this
those closer together before doing this research I was never able to wrap my
research I was never able to wrap my
research I was never able to wrap my head around climate change it always
head around climate change it always
head around climate change it always seemed too big to grasp and impossible
seemed too big to grasp and impossible
seemed too big to grasp and impossible to solve
penguins from different regions may not
penguins from different regions may not be able to easily communicate with one
be able to easily communicate with one
be able to easily communicate with one another which may impede their ability
another which may impede their ability
another which may impede their ability to raise young house was suspected in
to raise young house was suspected in
to raise young house was suspected in the Kansas City Zoo I found that Gentoo
the Kansas City Zoo I found that Gentoo
the Kansas City Zoo I found that Gentoo penguins have much more complex vocals
penguins have much more complex vocals
penguins have much more complex vocals than was previously believed these
than was previously believed these
than was previously believed these complex vocals and structures could be
complex vocals and structures could be
complex vocals and structures could be affected as Gentoo penguins expand their
affected as Gentoo penguins expand their
affected as Gentoo penguins expand their range survival of gentoos in the wild
range survival of gentoos in the wild
range survival of gentoos in the wild depend on their parents ability to
depend on their parents ability to
depend on their parents ability to communicate if climate change causes sea
communicate if climate change causes sea
communicate if climate change causes sea ice to change course and penguins swim
ice to change course and penguins swim
ice to change course and penguins swim around to search for food their
around to search for food their
around to search for food their population size could be impacted with
population size could be impacted with
population size could be impacted with Gentoo penguins being in the middle of
Gentoo penguins being in the middle of
Gentoo penguins being in the middle of the food chain this could cause a
the food chain this could cause a
the food chain this could cause a disruption of the entire Antarctic
disruption of the entire Antarctic
disruption of the entire Antarctic ecosystem and it signifies how climate
ecosystem and it signifies how climate
ecosystem and it signifies how climate change affects our whole world many
change affects our whole world many
change affects our whole world many people think we know everything about
people think we know everything about
people think we know everything about our world’s animals however in cases of
our world’s animals however in cases of
our world’s animals however in cases of animals that are hard to reach and study
animals that are hard to reach and study
animals that are hard to reach and study like penguins in Antarctica
like penguins in Antarctica
like penguins in Antarctica we know very little about their biology
we know very little about their biology
we know very little about their biology behavior in ecology when we have holes
behavior in ecology when we have holes
behavior in ecology when we have holes in our understanding of these things we
in our understanding of these things we
in our understanding of these things we can make poor conservation decisions
can make poor conservation decisions
can make poor conservation decisions that’s why it’s important to take a big
that’s why it’s important to take a big
that’s why it’s important to take a big problem like climate change and break it
problem like climate change and break it
problem like climate change and break it down into pieces if each researcher just
down into pieces if each researcher just
down into pieces if each researcher just took one piece of the puzzle we could
took one piece of the puzzle we could
took one piece of the puzzle we could truly make progress in conservation and
truly make progress in conservation and
truly make progress in conservation and stop or reverse climate change allowing
stop or reverse climate change allowing
stop or reverse climate change allowing these unseen and unheard impacts to have
these unseen and unheard impacts to have
these unseen and unheard impacts to have a voice and become known if climate
a voice and become known if climate
a voice and become known if climate change can affect penguins habitats
change can affect penguins habitats
change can affect penguins habitats imagine what other impacts that has that
imagine what other impacts that has that
imagine what other impacts that has that we won’t hear until it’s too late now I
we won’t hear until it’s too late now I
we won’t hear until it’s too late now I know climate change is a serious topic
know climate change is a serious topic
know climate change is a serious topic but when you’re working with penguins
but when you’re working with penguins
but when you’re working with penguins there’s always something to smile about
there’s always something to smile about
there’s always something to smile about so now so that you can all say you know
so now so that you can all say you know
so now so that you can all say you know how to speak penguin let’s learn how to
how to speak penguin let’s learn how to
how to speak penguin let’s learn how to make penguin calls together first let’s
make penguin calls together first let’s
make penguin calls together first let’s listen to that clip from earlier now
listen to that clip from earlier now
listen to that clip from earlier now everyone take a break from sitting
assume the penguin stance flap your
assume the penguin stance flap your flippers point your beak in the air and
flippers point your beak in the air and
flippers point your beak in the air and follow my lead great job thank you
”
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