Ruby Programming

well hello internet and welcome to my

well hello internet and welcome to my Ruby programming tutorial in this one

Ruby programming tutorial in this one

Ruby programming tutorial in this one tutorial I’m going to cover pretty much

tutorial I’m going to cover pretty much

tutorial I’m going to cover pretty much 95% of the Ruby programming language all

95% of the Ruby programming language all

95% of the Ruby programming language all of the basic syntax and Ruby is

of the basic syntax and Ruby is

of the basic syntax and Ruby is basically a dynamic interpreted

basically a dynamic interpreted

basically a dynamic interpreted object-oriented language in which

object-oriented language in which

object-oriented language in which everything is an object and all of those

everything is an object and all of those

everything is an object and all of those objects can be overwritten Ruby is one

objects can be overwritten Ruby is one

objects can be overwritten Ruby is one of the easiest languages to read and

of the easiest languages to read and

of the easiest languages to read and learn and with rails it just might be

learn and with rails it just might be

learn and with rails it just might be the best web development option period

the best web development option period

the best web development option period in the description underneath this video

in the description underneath this video

in the description underneath this video you will find easy links to all the

you will find easy links to all the

you will find easy links to all the individual pieces of the Ruby

individual pieces of the Ruby

individual pieces of the Ruby programming language that I cover as

programming language that I cover as

programming language that I cover as well as a link to all of the code that

well as a link to all of the code that

well as a link to all of the code that is heavily commented and easily

is heavily commented and easily

is heavily commented and easily transcribed well enough talking let’s

transcribed well enough talking let’s

transcribed well enough talking let’s start writing some code okay on the left

start writing some code okay on the left

start writing some code okay on the left side of the screen I have a basic text

side of the screen I have a basic text

side of the screen I have a basic text editor which is called sublime text I’m

editor which is called sublime text I’m

editor which is called sublime text I’m trying a different color option here so

trying a different color option here so

trying a different color option here so if you guys liked it please tell me in

if you guys liked it please tell me in

if you guys liked it please tell me in the comments section below and on the

the comments section below and on the

the comments section below and on the right side of the screen I have the

right side of the screen I have the

right side of the screen I have the terminal or command line if you were on

terminal or command line if you were on

terminal or command line if you were on Windows and if you want to install Ruby

Windows and if you want to install Ruby

Windows and if you want to install Ruby I’m not going to go through that it’s

I’m not going to go through that it’s

I’m not going to go through that it’s very easy just go to Ruby – lang org and

very easy just go to Ruby – lang org and

very easy just go to Ruby – lang org and then whatever and installation and here

then whatever and installation and here

then whatever and installation and here you’ll find all the information you need

you’ll find all the information you need

you’ll find all the information you need as well as easy installers depending

as well as easy installers depending

as well as easy installers depending upon what operating system you’re using

upon what operating system you’re using

upon what operating system you’re using all right so in this first part I’m just

all right so in this first part I’m just

all right so in this first part I’m just going to briefly cover a whole bunch of

going to briefly cover a whole bunch of

going to briefly cover a whole bunch of different things

different things

different things Wow if you want to put a comment in just

Wow if you want to put a comment in just

Wow if you want to put a comment in just put a hash symbol and that is a comment

put a hash symbol and that is a comment

put a hash symbol and that is a comment and I go over other different comments

and I go over other different comments

and I go over other different comments as well as we continue you want to print

as well as we continue you want to print

as well as we continue you want to print something to the screen very easy to do

something to the screen very easy to do

something to the screen very easy to do you could say something like enter a

you could say something like enter a

you could say something like enter a value like that and then variables are

value like that and then variables are

value like that and then variables are either going to start with lowercase

either going to start with lowercase

either going to start with lowercase letters or an underscore normally

letters or an underscore normally

letters or an underscore normally lowercase letters and of course after

lowercase letters and of course after

lowercase letters and of course after the underscore or lowercase letters

the underscore or lowercase letters

the underscore or lowercase letters you’re then going to be allowed to use

you’re then going to be allowed to use

you’re then going to be allowed to use numbers in your variable names let’s say

numbers in your variable names let’s say

numbers in your variable names let’s say I just go and create the normal way of

I just go and create the normal way of

I just go and create the normal way of creating variables is to use dashes

creating variables is to use dashes

creating variables is to use dashes between or underscores between all the

between or underscores between all the

between or underscores between all the different words in your variable names

different words in your variable names

different words in your variable names and if I want to get data from the user

and if I want to get data from the user

and if I want to get data from the user I just type in gets and then if I want

I just type in gets and then if I want

I just type in gets and then if I want to convert that from a string to an

to convert that from a string to an

to convert that from a string to an integer I would just put dot t– o–

integer I would just put dot t– o–

integer I would just put dot t– o– underscore i like then ask them for

underscore i like then ask them for

underscore i like then ask them for another value enter another value and

another value enter another value and

another value enter another value and then get that one as well using gits

then get that one as well using gits

then get that one as well using gits once again and it’s very important to

once again and it’s very important to

once again and it’s very important to convert

convert

convert to an integer then another way we can

to an integer then another way we can

to an integer then another way we can output data is using puts and the

output data is using puts and the

output data is using puts and the difference between print and puts is

difference between print and puts is

difference between print and puts is print will not put a new line after it

print will not put a new line after it

print will not put a new line after it prints out your string that on the

prints out your string that on the

prints out your string that on the screen while puts will puts a new line

screen while puts will puts a new line

screen while puts will puts a new line and let’s say that we wanted to say

and let’s say that we wanted to say

and let’s say that we wanted to say something like first number we want to

something like first number we want to

something like first number we want to convert this back to a string to do so

convert this back to a string to do so

convert this back to a string to do so just put two underscore s if you want to

just put two underscore s if you want to

just put two underscore s if you want to concatenate or combine strings you just

concatenate or combine strings you just

concatenate or combine strings you just put the plus sign and I could put

put the plus sign and I could put

put the plus sign and I could put something like plus like this and then

something like plus like this and then

something like plus like this and then continue on with second number two

continue on with second number two

continue on with second number two underscore s plus equal two and you can

underscore s plus equal two and you can

underscore s plus equal two and you can see I’m just continuing to add these

see I’m just continuing to add these

see I’m just continuing to add these together you can skip over to the next

together you can skip over to the next

together you can skip over to the next line and of course you do not need to

line and of course you do not need to

line and of course you do not need to put a semicolon at the end of every

put a semicolon at the end of every

put a semicolon at the end of every statement and then if I wanted to

statement and then if I wanted to

statement and then if I wanted to actually perform some arithmetic inside

actually perform some arithmetic inside

actually perform some arithmetic inside of here I can do so and then I would

of here I can do so and then I would

of here I can do so and then I would just convert that to a string and if we

just convert that to a string and if we

just convert that to a string and if we come over here and you can see the name

come over here and you can see the name

come over here and you can see the name of my file is Ruby or not Ruby and I’m

of my file is Ruby or not Ruby and I’m

of my file is Ruby or not Ruby and I’m just going to type in Ruby to execute it

just going to type in Ruby to execute it

just going to type in Ruby to execute it followed by the RB extension which is

followed by the RB extension which is

followed by the RB extension which is the extension for all Ruby files if I

the extension for all Ruby files if I

the extension for all Ruby files if I execute it you can see enter a value I

execute it you can see enter a value I

execute it you can see enter a value I can type in two and another value three

can type in two and another value three

can type in two and another value three and there you can see the answer pops up

and there you can see the answer pops up

and there you can see the answer pops up on the screen now there are five main

on the screen now there are five main

on the screen now there are five main rithmetic operators and we of course

rithmetic operators and we of course

rithmetic operators and we of course have addition subtraction multiplication

have addition subtraction multiplication

have addition subtraction multiplication division and modulus which returns the

division and modulus which returns the

division and modulus which returns the remainder of a division see over here if

remainder of a division see over here if

remainder of a division see over here if I enter those in you can see the answers

I enter those in you can see the answers

I enter those in you can see the answers that show up there on the screen now

that show up there on the screen now

that show up there on the screen now integers or fixed numbers can store

integers or fixed numbers can store

integers or fixed numbers can store extremely large numbers that do not have

extremely large numbers that do not have

extremely large numbers that do not have decimal places and you can pretty much

decimal places and you can pretty much

decimal places and you can pretty much trust an integer can hold well beyond

trust an integer can hold well beyond

trust an integer can hold well beyond the number that I displayed here on the

the number that I displayed here on the

the number that I displayed here on the screen so they are quite large and Ruby

screen so they are quite large and Ruby

screen so they are quite large and Ruby uses a different way of storing integers

uses a different way of storing integers

uses a different way of storing integers that allows you to basically be able to

that allows you to basically be able to

that allows you to basically be able to store numbers that are that large now

store numbers that are that large now

store numbers that are that large now let’s say I come in here and let’s

let’s say I come in here and let’s

let’s say I come in here and let’s create another integer just to show you

create another integer just to show you

create another integer just to show you an example of the accuracy of floats and

an example of the accuracy of floats and

an example of the accuracy of floats and this is a float let’s just say it’s one

this is a float let’s just say it’s one

this is a float let’s just say it’s one point zero zero zero and then let’s

point zero zero zero and then let’s

point zero zero zero and then let’s store another float inside of here and

store another float inside of here and

store another float inside of here and one thing to remember about floats is

one thing to remember about floats is

one thing to remember about floats is there must always be a number before the

there must always be a number before the

there must always be a number before the decimal place whenever you define them

decimal place whenever you define them

decimal place whenever you define them and then we could come in here and just

and then we could come in here and just

and then we could come in here and just go num1 and convert that to a string

go num1 and convert that to a string

go num1 and convert that to a string plus here let’s do some subtraction this

plus here let’s do some subtraction this

plus here let’s do some subtraction this time no I’m 99 again convert it into a

time no I’m 99 again convert it into a

time no I’m 99 again convert it into a string plus I’m 1 minus num 99 string

string plus I’m 1 minus num 99 string

string plus I’m 1 minus num 99 string say

say

say if we execute it you can see that it is

if we execute it you can see that it is

if we execute it you can see that it is quite accurate up until it gets to the

quite accurate up until it gets to the

quite accurate up until it gets to the very very end of this float where it has

very very end of this float where it has

very very end of this float where it has that nine basically with floats you can

that nine basically with floats you can

that nine basically with floats you can trust that 14 digital accuracy is a

trust that 14 digital accuracy is a

trust that 14 digital accuracy is a basic norm so let’s come in here and

basic norm so let’s come in here and

basic norm so let’s come in here and create a big float and there you go and

create a big float and there you go and

create a big float and there you go and then let’s perform a little bit of

then let’s perform a little bit of

then let’s perform a little bit of arithmetic here big float plus remember

arithmetic here big float plus remember

arithmetic here big float plus remember always put the zero there and you can

always put the zero there and you can

always put the zero there and you can see that while it will be able to store

see that while it will be able to store

see that while it will be able to store up to fourteen digits of accuracy if we

up to fourteen digits of accuracy if we

up to fourteen digits of accuracy if we try to perform a calculation like this

try to perform a calculation like this

try to perform a calculation like this that it is not so accurate in performing

that it is not so accurate in performing

that it is not so accurate in performing that calculation so just like every

that calculation so just like every

that calculation so just like every other programming language float

other programming language float

other programming language float arithmetic is a little bit off so you

arithmetic is a little bit off so you

arithmetic is a little bit off so you should be aware of that

should be aware of that

should be aware of that now I said before that every single

now I said before that every single

now I said before that every single thing inside of Ruby is an object and

thing inside of Ruby is an object and

thing inside of Ruby is an object and let’s just prove that if we come in here

let’s just prove that if we come in here

let’s just prove that if we come in here and type in one dot class which is going

and type in one dot class which is going

and type in one dot class which is going to return the class of whatever precedes

to return the class of whatever precedes

to return the class of whatever precedes it we could even put a float inside here

it we could even put a float inside here

it we could even put a float inside here dot class and of course we could come in

dot class and of course we could come in

dot class and of course we could come in and put a string inside of here dot

and put a string inside of here dot

and put a string inside of here dot class and what if we execute that you’re

class and what if we execute that you’re

class and what if we execute that you’re going to see that this comes back to fix

going to see that this comes back to fix

going to see that this comes back to fix number float and string will get more

number float and string will get more

number float and string will get more examples of exactly what a object is

examples of exactly what a object is

examples of exactly what a object is inside of Ruby basically everything now

inside of Ruby basically everything now

inside of Ruby basically everything now a constants going to start with an

a constants going to start with an

a constants going to start with an uppercase letter so we can put something

uppercase letter so we can put something

uppercase letter so we can put something like a constant like that and 3.14

like a constant like that and 3.14

like a constant like that and 3.14 however you have to be aware that while

however you have to be aware that while

however you have to be aware that while we will say this is a constant that

we will say this is a constant that

we will say this is a constant that doesn’t mean we can’t come in and also

doesn’t mean we can’t come in and also

doesn’t mean we can’t come in and also change the value what’s going to happen

change the value what’s going to happen

change the value what’s going to happen though whenever we run this and we try

though whenever we run this and we try

though whenever we run this and we try to change the value for the constant

to change the value for the constant

to change the value for the constant we’re going to get an error but it still

we’re going to get an error but it still

we’re going to get an error but it still will allow us to change it anyway as you

will allow us to change it anyway as you

will allow us to change it anyway as you can see right there there is your

can see right there there is your

can see right there there is your warning da-da-da-da-da

warning da-da-da-da-da

warning da-da-da-da-da however the constant value did indeed

however the constant value did indeed

however the constant value did indeed change and then just to show you one

change and then just to show you one

change and then just to show you one more advanced thing let’s say that we

more advanced thing let’s say that we

more advanced thing let’s say that we want to return a file object it’s quite

want to return a file object it’s quite

want to return a file object it’s quite easy to do go write handler and we would

easy to do go write handler and we would

easy to do go write handler and we would use the file object I’ll do a more

use the file object I’ll do a more

use the file object I’ll do a more advanced tutorial on this later on at

advanced tutorial on this later on at

advanced tutorial on this later on at the end of this tutorial but let’s say

the end of this tutorial but let’s say

the end of this tutorial but let’s say we have a file called your sum we want

we have a file called your sum we want

we have a file called your sum we want to write two and we’ll just give this

to write two and we’ll just give this

to write two and we’ll just give this the out extension and then say that we

the out extension and then say that we

the out extension and then say that we want to write to it that’s going to

want to write to it that’s going to

want to write to it that’s going to create the file by the way if it doesn’t

create the file by the way if it doesn’t

create the file by the way if it doesn’t already exist we could then very easily

already exist we could then very easily

already exist we could then very easily come in and put some text into that file

come in and put some text into that file

come in and put some text into that file let’s say we wanted to put random text

let’s say we wanted to put random text

let’s say we wanted to put random text and you could put variables you can put

and you could put variables you can put

and you could put variables you can put pretty much anything you want inside of

pretty much anything you want inside of

pretty much anything you want inside of there but you do need to convert it into

there but you do need to convert it into

there but you do need to convert it into a string we would then

a string we would then

a string we would then in here and close the file after we are

in here and close the file after we are

in here and close the file after we are done with it and then if we wanted to

done with it and then if we wanted to

done with it and then if we wanted to read data from the file data from file

read data from the file data from file

read data from the file data from file its equal to we would just use the file

its equal to we would just use the file

its equal to we would just use the file object again and say read and then say

object again and say read and then say

object again and say read and then say what you wanted to read from say it’s

what you wanted to read from say it’s

what you wanted to read from say it’s called your some thought out and then

called your some thought out and then

called your some thought out and then put the data on the screen we could do

put the data on the screen we could do

put the data on the screen we could do that just that easily and as you can see

that just that easily and as you can see

that just that easily and as you can see data from file is random text just that

data from file is random text just that

data from file is random text just that easily we’re creating a file wrote to it

easily we’re creating a file wrote to it

easily we’re creating a file wrote to it closed it reopened it read from it now

closed it reopened it read from it now

closed it reopened it read from it now putted the data on the screen and then

putted the data on the screen and then

putted the data on the screen and then finally if you wanted to also come in

finally if you wanted to also come in

finally if you wanted to also come in here and load an execute code another

here and load an execute code another

here and load an execute code another Ruby file let’s say we have one called

Ruby file let’s say we have one called

Ruby file let’s say we have one called Ruby or not

Ruby or not

Ruby or not Ruby dot RB and let’s say give that to

Ruby dot RB and let’s say give that to

Ruby dot RB and let’s say give that to as a value we could then come over here

as a value we could then come over here

as a value we could then come over here and create Ruby or not Ruby – and just

and create Ruby or not Ruby – and just

and create Ruby or not Ruby – and just say hello from Ruby or not Ruby – save

say hello from Ruby or not Ruby – save

say hello from Ruby or not Ruby – save that and then jump back over here and

that and then jump back over here and

that and then jump back over here and there that is file save and execute and

there that is file save and execute and

there that is file save and execute and you can see that that is how easy it is

you can see that that is how easy it is

you can see that that is how easy it is to execute code from other different

to execute code from other different

to execute code from other different files now let’s get into performing some

files now let’s get into performing some

files now let’s get into performing some conditional operations another thing to

conditional operations another thing to

conditional operations another thing to remember though first off is if you want

remember though first off is if you want

remember though first off is if you want to have a multi-line comment all you

to have a multi-line comment all you

to have a multi-line comment all you would do is equal begin multi-line

would do is equal begin multi-line

would do is equal begin multi-line comments and then equals end that is a

comments and then equals end that is a

comments and then equals end that is a weird way of doing a multi-line comment

weird way of doing a multi-line comment

weird way of doing a multi-line comment but that is how they are created in Ruby

but that is how they are created in Ruby

but that is how they are created in Ruby now let’s get into conditional

now let’s get into conditional

now let’s get into conditional operations let’s say we have a variable

operations let’s say we have a variable

operations let’s say we have a variable called age and let’s give it the value

called age and let’s give it the value

called age and let’s give it the value of 12 we could come in here now and use

of 12 we could come in here now and use

of 12 we could come in here now and use if statements to compare values so we

if statements to compare values so we

if statements to compare values so we could say something like if age is

could say something like if age is

could say something like if age is greater than or equal to five we can

greater than or equal to five we can

greater than or equal to five we can also use logical operators like and or

also use logical operators like and or

also use logical operators like and or or not and then we go age is less than

or not and then we go age is less than

or not and then we go age is less than or equal to six we could then come in

or equal to six we could then come in

or equal to six we could then come in here don’t need the curly braces you

here don’t need the curly braces you

here don’t need the curly braces you might be used to say something like

might be used to say something like

might be used to say something like you’re in kindergarten like that we

you’re in kindergarten like that we

you’re in kindergarten like that we could then come in and go else if age is

could then come in and go else if age is

could then come in and go else if age is greater than or equal to seven and age

greater than or equal to seven and age

greater than or equal to seven and age is less than or equal to thirteen and

is less than or equal to thirteen and

is less than or equal to thirteen and I’ll put some different data you are in

I’ll put some different data you are in

I’ll put some different data you are in middle school something else that’s

middle school something else that’s

middle school something else that’s important is we’re going to be able to

important is we’re going to be able to

important is we’re going to be able to put multiples different statements in

put multiples different statements in

put multiples different statements in here so we could say yay and then we

here so we could say yay and then we

here so we could say yay and then we could say something like else puts stay

could say something like else puts stay

could say something like else puts stay home it’s very important to end your if

home it’s very important to end your if

home it’s very important to end your if statement we

statement we

statement we the term end or the key word end if we

the term end or the key word end if we

the term end or the key word end if we execute that you’re in middle school

execute that you’re in middle school

execute that you’re in middle school yeah shows up here on our screen now

yeah shows up here on our screen now

yeah shows up here on our screen now it’s very important to know there are a

it’s very important to know there are a

it’s very important to know there are a couple different comparison operators so

couple different comparison operators so

couple different comparison operators so the kids Paras and operators are going

the kids Paras and operators are going

the kids Paras and operators are going to be equal to not equal to less than

to be equal to not equal to less than

to be equal to not equal to less than greater than less than or equal to as

greater than less than or equal to as

greater than less than or equal to as well as greater than or equal to and

well as greater than or equal to and

well as greater than or equal to and then your logical operators which you’re

then your logical operators which you’re

then your logical operators which you’re going to be able to use to combine and

going to be able to use to combine and

going to be able to use to combine and differentiate those different

differentiate those different

differentiate those different comparisons is going to include and or

comparisons is going to include and or

comparisons is going to include and or and not and you could also type and or

and not and you could also type and or

and not and you could also type and or or not inside of there if you decided

or not inside of there if you decided

or not inside of there if you decided that would be something you’d rather do

that would be something you’d rather do

that would be something you’d rather do and just to give you a demonstration of

and just to give you a demonstration of

and just to give you a demonstration of those let’s say we have true and false

those let’s say we have true and false

those let’s say we have true and false is equal to plus true and false to

is equal to plus true and false to

is equal to plus true and false to string and let’s do the same thing for

string and let’s do the same thing for

string and let’s do the same thing for your other logical operators so here is

your other logical operators so here is

your other logical operators so here is or and or and then not let’s just say

or and or and then not let’s just say

or and or and then not let’s just say not like that and not like that which is

not like that and not like that which is

not like that and not like that which is going to return the opposite and there

going to return the opposite and there

going to return the opposite and there you can see exactly how those logical

you can see exactly how those logical

you can see exactly how those logical operators are work another comparison

operators are work another comparison

operators are work another comparison operator you have available to you say

operator you have available to you say

operator you have available to you say we’d go puts and we wanted to do a

we’d go puts and we wanted to do a

we’d go puts and we wanted to do a comparison it’s going to provide

comparison it’s going to provide

comparison it’s going to provide different answers depending upon how the

different answers depending upon how the

different answers depending upon how the logic works out for that comparison we

logic works out for that comparison we

logic works out for that comparison we have this little guy right here and

have this little guy right here and

have this little guy right here and basically what it’s going to do is it’s

basically what it’s going to do is it’s

basically what it’s going to do is it’s going to return 0 if both of those

going to return 0 if both of those

going to return 0 if both of those values are equal 1 if the first is

values are equal 1 if the first is

values are equal 1 if the first is greater and negative 1 if the first is

greater and negative 1 if the first is

greater and negative 1 if the first is less than the other one if we want to

less than the other one if we want to

less than the other one if we want to perform this operation just to see how

perform this operation just to see how

perform this operation just to see how this works out then to string and there

this works out then to string and there

this works out then to string and there you can see it shot back negative 1 and

you can see it shot back negative 1 and

you can see it shot back negative 1 and the reason why is the first is less than

the reason why is the first is less than

the reason why is the first is less than the other one just going to give you a

the other one just going to give you a

the other one just going to give you a rundown of all the different ways to

rundown of all the different ways to

rundown of all the different ways to compare just for completion reasons

compare just for completion reasons

compare just for completion reasons unless is another comparison operator

unless is another comparison operator

unless is another comparison operator and it just shows unless age is greater

and it just shows unless age is greater

and it just shows unless age is greater than 4 puts you could say no school else

than 4 puts you could say no school else

than 4 puts you could say no school else let’s go to school and then once again

let’s go to school and then once again

let’s go to school and then once again you would put end and you can see go to

you would put end and you can see go to

you would put end and you can see go to school comes up here and the reason why

school comes up here and the reason why

school comes up here and the reason why is this is only going to execute this

is this is only going to execute this

is this is only going to execute this line right here if age is less than 4 so

line right here if age is less than 4 so

line right here if age is less than 4 so that’s how in less works there’s a bunch

that’s how in less works there’s a bunch

that’s how in less works there’s a bunch of different ways to do comparisons

of different ways to do comparisons

of different ways to do comparisons inside of Ruby you’re also going to be

inside of Ruby you’re also going to be

inside of Ruby you’re also going to be able to come in here

able to come in here

able to come in here and add conditions to the output so we

and add conditions to the output so we

and add conditions to the output so we could say you are young is going to

could say you are young is going to

could say you are young is going to execute if age is less than 30 and you

execute if age is less than 30 and you

execute if age is less than 30 and you can see that it did another way of

can see that it did another way of

can see that it did another way of comparing things is using the case

comparing things is using the case

comparing things is using the case statement so we can say something like

statement so we can say something like

statement so we can say something like print enter greeting go and get that

print enter greeting go and get that

print enter greeting go and get that greeting from the user equal to gets and

greeting from the user equal to gets and

greeting from the user equal to gets and then we could put Chomp on the end of

then we could put Chomp on the end of

then we could put Chomp on the end of here if we wanted to remove the newline

here if we wanted to remove the newline

here if we wanted to remove the newline that goes with the input because the

that goes with the input because the

that goes with the input because the person types the input and it hits

person types the input and it hits

person types the input and it hits newline or enter and that’s what Chomp

newline or enter and that’s what Chomp

newline or enter and that’s what Chomp does gets rid of that newline we could

does gets rid of that newline we could

does gets rid of that newline we could then create a case statement that says

then create a case statement that says

then create a case statement that says greeting and then say when what they

greeting and then say when what they

greeting and then say when what they type in is equal to French we could also

type in is equal to French we could also

type in is equal to French we could also come in here and put multiple different

come in here and put multiple different

come in here and put multiple different stipulations so they can use lowercase

stipulations so they can use lowercase

stipulations so they can use lowercase or uppercase well then we’re going to

or uppercase well then we’re going to

or uppercase well then we’re going to say Bonjour

say Bonjour

say Bonjour once again when they type in Spanish or

once again when they type in Spanish or

once again when they type in Spanish or lowercase Spanish you could say hola

lowercase Spanish you could say hola

lowercase Spanish you could say hola like that and make sure that is exit and

like that and make sure that is exit and

like that and make sure that is exit and not end exit there you go and then

not end exit there you go and then

not end exit there you go and then finally we could type in else and this

finally we could type in else and this

finally we could type in else and this would substitute as the default and

would substitute as the default and

would substitute as the default and we’ll just put English inside of here

we’ll just put English inside of here

we’ll just put English inside of here and then we could put puts hello and

and then we could put puts hello and

and then we could put puts hello and then the end is actually the ending for

then the end is actually the ending for

then the end is actually the ending for the case execute and we could just say

the case execute and we could just say

the case execute and we could just say nothing and it’s going to say hello and

nothing and it’s going to say hello and

nothing and it’s going to say hello and we could have come in here and say

we could have come in here and say

we could have come in here and say Spanish it’s going to go jolla and we

Spanish it’s going to go jolla and we

Spanish it’s going to go jolla and we could also come in here and get the

could also come in here and get the

could also come in here and get the English and remove that all together and

English and remove that all together and

English and remove that all together and you’re going to get exactly the same

you’re going to get exactly the same

you’re going to get exactly the same results Spanish there you go another

results Spanish there you go another

results Spanish there you go another conditional we can use is what is called

conditional we can use is what is called

conditional we can use is what is called the ternary operator and basically it is

the ternary operator and basically it is

the ternary operator and basically it is going to provide different input

going to provide different input

going to provide different input depending upon and conditions so we

depending upon and conditions so we

depending upon and conditions so we could say if the age is greater than or

could say if the age is greater than or

could say if the age is greater than or equal to 50 for example and then we put

equal to 50 for example and then we put

equal to 50 for example and then we put a question mark it is going to return

a question mark it is going to return

a question mark it is going to return old as the output or the assignment if

old as the output or the assignment if

old as the output or the assignment if the condition is true otherwise it’s

the condition is true otherwise it’s

the condition is true otherwise it’s going to return young if the condition

going to return young if the condition

going to return young if the condition is false and there you can see young

is false and there you can see young

is false and there you can see young shows up let’s get into looping this

shows up let’s get into looping this

shows up let’s get into looping this first loop we’re going to demonstrate

first loop we’re going to demonstrate

first loop we’re going to demonstrate we’re going to create a variable give it

we’re going to create a variable give it

we’re going to create a variable give it a value of 1 and then we’re just going

a value of 1 and then we’re just going

a value of 1 and then we’re just going to type in loop do we could then come in

to type in loop do we could then come in

to type in loop do we could then come in here and go

here and go

here and go x+ or equal to one which is going to be

x+ or equal to one which is going to be

x+ or equal to one which is going to be the shortcut for X is equal to X plus

the shortcut for X is equal to X plus

the shortcut for X is equal to X plus one same exact thing both of these guys

one same exact thing both of these guys

one same exact thing both of these guys right here and you can also put comments

right here and you can also put comments

right here and you can also put comments right there in the same statement of

right there in the same statement of

right there in the same statement of course and let’s say that we wanted to

course and let’s say that we wanted to

course and let’s say that we wanted to come in here and only print out on the

come in here and only print out on the

come in here and only print out on the screen even numbers we could then type

screen even numbers we could then type

screen even numbers we could then type in next unless X modulus 2 is equal to 0

in next unless X modulus 2 is equal to 0

in next unless X modulus 2 is equal to 0 and next what it’s going to do is jump

and next what it’s going to do is jump

and next what it’s going to do is jump back here to the top of the loop and

back here to the top of the loop and

back here to the top of the loop and continue iterating through the loop

continue iterating through the loop

continue iterating through the loop otherwise if we do have an even number

otherwise if we do have an even number

otherwise if we do have an even number let’s print that out on the screen and

let’s print that out on the screen and

let’s print that out on the screen and then let’s also use break which is going

then let’s also use break which is going

then let’s also use break which is going to throw us completely out of the loop

to throw us completely out of the loop

to throw us completely out of the loop if X is greater than or equal to 10 and

if X is greater than or equal to 10 and

if X is greater than or equal to 10 and that’s going to stop our looping and

that’s going to stop our looping and

that’s going to stop our looping and with the loop you’re going to also type

with the loop you’re going to also type

with the loop you’re going to also type in end you’re going to do that a lot of

in end you’re going to do that a lot of

in end you’re going to do that a lot of times if we execute that you’re going to

times if we execute that you’re going to

times if we execute that you’re going to see it prints out 2 4 6 8 and 10 so next

see it prints out 2 4 6 8 and 10 so next

see it prints out 2 4 6 8 and 10 so next if it gets down here it’s going to add a

if it gets down here it’s going to add a

if it gets down here it’s going to add a value of 1 to this which is going to be

value of 1 to this which is going to be

value of 1 to this which is going to be 2 and in that situation since 2 is an

2 and in that situation since 2 is an

2 and in that situation since 2 is an even number it’s going to print it out

even number it’s going to print it out

even number it’s going to print it out on the screen and then it’s going to

on the screen and then it’s going to

on the screen and then it’s going to continue it’s going to check is it

continue it’s going to check is it

continue it’s going to check is it greater than or equal to 10 no it’s

greater than or equal to 10 no it’s

greater than or equal to 10 no it’s going to jump back to the top of the

going to jump back to the top of the

going to jump back to the top of the loop it’s again going to add 1 this time

loop it’s again going to add 1 this time

loop it’s again going to add 1 this time we’re going to have 3 it’s going to say

we’re going to have 3 it’s going to say

we’re going to have 3 it’s going to say does this equal 0

does this equal 0

does this equal 0 well the modulus of 3 + 2 is going to

well the modulus of 3 + 2 is going to

well the modulus of 3 + 2 is going to kick back 1 so it’s going to say that

kick back 1 so it’s going to say that

kick back 1 so it’s going to say that that indeed is true so it’s going to

that indeed is true so it’s going to

that indeed is true so it’s going to execute next which is going to jump back

execute next which is going to jump back

execute next which is going to jump back up to the loop again it’s going to add 1

up to the loop again it’s going to add 1

up to the loop again it’s going to add 1 to it and you’re going to get a 4 and

to it and you’re going to get a 4 and

to it and you’re going to get a 4 and continue onward and onwards and then

continue onward and onwards and then

continue onward and onwards and then break of course like I said before

break of course like I said before

break of course like I said before whenever this condition is met and comes

whenever this condition is met and comes

whenever this condition is met and comes back with a true it’s going to continue

back with a true it’s going to continue

back with a true it’s going to continue execution after the loop and end the

execution after the loop and end the

execution after the loop and end the loop all together let’s go in here and

loop all together let’s go in here and

loop all together let’s go in here and create ourselves another variable to

create ourselves another variable to

create ourselves another variable to show you exactly how it while loops work

show you exactly how it while loops work

show you exactly how it while loops work inside of Ruby let’s give this value of

inside of Ruby let’s give this value of

inside of Ruby let’s give this value of 1 we could then come in and go while Y

1 we could then come in and go while Y

1 we could then come in and go while Y is less than or equal to 10 and then we

is less than or equal to 10 and then we

is less than or equal to 10 and then we could increment the value of Y by 1 we

could increment the value of Y by 1 we

could increment the value of Y by 1 we could then do exactly the same thing

could then do exactly the same thing

could then do exactly the same thing we’ll say next unless Y modulus 2 is

we’ll say next unless Y modulus 2 is

we’ll say next unless Y modulus 2 is equal to 0 print out on our screen again

equal to 0 print out on our screen again

equal to 0 print out on our screen again the value of y if it’s an even number

the value of y if it’s an even number

the value of y if it’s an even number and we could also put break inside of

and we could also put break inside of

and we could also put break inside of here and say if Y is greater than or

here and say if Y is greater than or

here and say if Y is greater than or equal to 10 we can kick ourselves out

equal to 10 we can kick ourselves out

equal to 10 we can kick ourselves out but the wild loops going to kick us out

but the wild loops going to kick us out

but the wild loops going to kick us out anyway because that’s already there so

anyway because that’s already there so

anyway because that’s already there so we can get rid of this all together and

we can get rid of this all together and

we can get rid of this all together and of course we’re going to

of course we’re going to

of course we’re going to while loop with end as well if we

while loop with end as well if we

while loop with end as well if we execute that you’re going to see 2 4 6 8

execute that you’re going to see 2 4 6 8

execute that you’re going to see 2 4 6 8 and 10 print I on the screen again told

and 10 print I on the screen again told

and 10 print I on the screen again told you there was a bunch of different ways

you there was a bunch of different ways

you there was a bunch of different ways to loop and use conditionals inside of

to loop and use conditionals inside of

to loop and use conditionals inside of here let’s come up and let’s create

here let’s come up and let’s create

here let’s come up and let’s create another variable and this time we’re

another variable and this time we’re

another variable and this time we’re going to cover the until loop which is

going to cover the until loop which is

going to cover the until loop which is just a different way of doing things

just a different way of doing things

just a different way of doing things basically it’s going to do stuff until a

basically it’s going to do stuff until a

basically it’s going to do stuff until a condition is met

condition is met

condition is met versus end when a condition is met like

versus end when a condition is met like

versus end when a condition is met like the while loop works and to use it you

the while loop works and to use it you

the while loop works and to use it you just go until a is greater than or equal

just go until a is greater than or equal

just go until a is greater than or equal to 10 and then we’re going to increment

to 10 and then we’re going to increment

to 10 and then we’re going to increment the value of a is equal to 1 and we’re

the value of a is equal to 1 and we’re

the value of a is equal to 1 and we’re going to come in here then we could also

going to come in here then we could also

going to come in here then we could also put next inside of here if we’d like so

put next inside of here if we’d like so

put next inside of here if we’d like so that we can print our awed and even

that we can print our awed and even

that we can print our awed and even numbers to is equal to 0 and then in

numbers to is equal to 0 and then in

numbers to is equal to 0 and then in that situation we could print out on the

that situation we could print out on the

that situation we could print out on the screen

screen

screen the value and again until ends whenever

the value and again until ends whenever

the value and again until ends whenever end is typed in or reached in execution

end is typed in or reached in execution

end is typed in or reached in execution there you can see is another way to

there you can see is another way to

there you can see is another way to print out even numbers between 2 and 10

print out even numbers between 2 and 10

print out even numbers between 2 and 10 it’s actually a couple different ways to

it’s actually a couple different ways to

it’s actually a couple different ways to use for loops all these are sort of

use for loops all these are sort of

use for loops all these are sort of considered for loops we could create

considered for loops we could create

considered for loops we could create here and array and I’ll get more into

here and array and I’ll get more into

here and array and I’ll get more into arrays later on it’s just basically a

arrays later on it’s just basically a

arrays later on it’s just basically a box that contains a bunch of different

box that contains a bunch of different

box that contains a bunch of different values in memory so there’s numbers we

values in memory so there’s numbers we

values in memory so there’s numbers we can come in and go for number in numbers

can come in and go for number in numbers

can come in and go for number in numbers and in this situation it’s going to be

and in this situation it’s going to be

and in this situation it’s going to be cycling through this numbers array and

cycling through this numbers array and

cycling through this numbers array and each one of them as we cycle through is

each one of them as we cycle through is

each one of them as we cycle through is temporarily going to be stored in a

temporarily going to be stored in a

temporarily going to be stored in a variable called number look at that now

variable called number look at that now

variable called number look at that now put them by going puts and if you want

put them by going puts and if you want

put them by going puts and if you want to have the value of a variable show up

to have the value of a variable show up

to have the value of a variable show up inside of a string you put the hash

inside of a string you put the hash

inside of a string you put the hash symbol right like that and we go number

symbol right like that and we go number

symbol right like that and we go number like this we could also throw a comm

like this we could also throw a comm

like this we could also throw a comm inside of there in a space if we’d like

inside of there in a space if we’d like

inside of there in a space if we’d like and this also ends with end and there

and this also ends with end and there

and this also ends with end and there you can see it cycles through all those

you can see it cycles through all those

you can see it cycles through all those and puts commas there on the screen

and puts commas there on the screen

and puts commas there on the screen we could also come in here and go print

we could also come in here and go print

we could also come in here and go print like this and that time you can see that

like this and that time you can see that

like this and that time you can see that there is no newline we could also come

there is no newline we could also come

there is no newline we could also come in here and define an array called

in here and define an array called

in here and define an array called groceries just to show that you can

groceries just to show that you can

groceries just to show that you can cycle through pretty much anything let’s

cycle through pretty much anything let’s

cycle through pretty much anything let’s say we have bananas sweet potatoes pasta

say we have bananas sweet potatoes pasta

say we have bananas sweet potatoes pasta and tomatoes there you go that’s our

and tomatoes there you go that’s our

and tomatoes there you go that’s our groceries array we could cycle through

groceries array we could cycle through

groceries array we could cycle through all of these by going groceries each do

all of these by going groceries each do

all of these by going groceries each do you put or food food in this situation

you put or food food in this situation

you put or food food in this situation is going to be the temporary holding

is going to be the temporary holding

is going to be the temporary holding cell for each item inside of our

cell for each item inside of our

cell for each item inside of our groceries array has its cycles through

groceries array has its cycles through

groceries array has its cycles through these there you go puts get some and

these there you go puts get some and

these there you go puts get some and then if we want to

then if we want to

then if we want to and put the value for food inside of

and put the value for food inside of

and put the value for food inside of there there we go

there there we go

there there we go and of course end this with end as well

and of course end this with end as well

and of course end this with end as well a whole bunch of different ways that

a whole bunch of different ways that

a whole bunch of different ways that iterating get some bananas sweet

iterating get some bananas sweet

iterating get some bananas sweet potatoes pasta and tomatoes I don’t

potatoes pasta and tomatoes I don’t

potatoes pasta and tomatoes I don’t prints out we could also cycle through

prints out we could also cycle through

prints out we could also cycle through numbers and this is very simple let’s

numbers and this is very simple let’s

numbers and this is very simple let’s just say we want to cycle through the

just say we want to cycle through the

just say we want to cycle through the number 0 through 5 this is called a

number 0 through 5 this is called a

number 0 through 5 this is called a range which we’ll cover more later on

range which we’ll cover more later on

range which we’ll cover more later on and then we can go each do again or is

and then we can go each do again or is

and then we can go each do again or is going to be the temporary value as we’re

going to be the temporary value as we’re

going to be the temporary value as we’re cycling through then we go puts hash

cycling through then we go puts hash

cycling through then we go puts hash symbol and then we could put I inside of

symbol and then we could put I inside of

symbol and then we could put I inside of here and let’s put another hash symbol

here and let’s put another hash symbol

here and let’s put another hash symbol here but this is going to actually be a

here but this is going to actually be a

here but this is going to actually be a hash and there that is and again that’s

hash and there that is and again that’s

hash and there that is and again that’s going to end with and execute and there

going to end with and execute and there

going to end with and execute and there you can see all those printed out so

you can see all those printed out so

you can see all those printed out so there’s pretty much every way we can

there’s pretty much every way we can

there’s pretty much every way we can both use conditionals as well as looping

both use conditionals as well as looping

both use conditionals as well as looping now let’s take a look at functions now

now let’s take a look at functions now

now let’s take a look at functions now functions are going to start off with de

functions are going to start off with de

functions are going to start off with de F and then you’re going to have your

F and then you’re going to have your

F and then you’re going to have your function name so it’s a add nums then

function name so it’s a add nums then

function name so it’s a add nums then you’re going to have parameters if any

you’re going to have parameters if any

you’re going to have parameters if any inside of here so we’ll say num1 and

inside of here so we’ll say num1 and

inside of here so we’ll say num1 and num2 and then you can either return a

num2 and then you can either return a

num2 and then you can either return a value or not return a value so I’m going

value or not return a value so I’m going

value or not return a value so I’m going to say num1 and i’m going to convert

to say num1 and i’m going to convert

to say num1 and i’m going to convert this into an integer and then num2 and

this into an integer and then num2 and

this into an integer and then num2 and convert that into an integer and then

convert that into an integer and then

convert that into an integer and then it’s going to return that value and

it’s going to return that value and

it’s going to return that value and functions also end with end we could

functions also end with end we could

functions also end with end we could then come in and go puts add nums and

then come in and go puts add nums and

then come in and go puts add nums and pass three and four into there and

pass three and four into there and

pass three and four into there and execute that you can see seven shows up

execute that you can see seven shows up

execute that you can see seven shows up on the screen now it’s very important to

on the screen now it’s very important to

on the screen now it’s very important to understand when you’re dealing with

understand when you’re dealing with

understand when you’re dealing with functions the variables are passed by

functions the variables are passed by

functions the variables are passed by value so their value can’t be changed

value so their value can’t be changed

value so their value can’t be changed inside of a function so that’s true even

inside of a function so that’s true even

inside of a function so that’s true even if you have the same name so let’s have

if you have the same name so let’s have

if you have the same name so let’s have X is equal to one and then we’ll create

X is equal to one and then we’ll create

X is equal to one and then we’ll create a function and change that and we will

a function and change that and we will

a function and change that and we will pass supposedly X inside of it then

pass supposedly X inside of it then

pass supposedly X inside of it then we’ll go and give X the value of four

we’ll go and give X the value of four

we’ll go and give X the value of four inside of the function we will then call

inside of the function we will then call

inside of the function we will then call change X and we will pass X but this is

change X and we will pass X but this is

change X and we will pass X but this is this X here we’re passing doesn’t have

this X here we’re passing doesn’t have

this X here we’re passing doesn’t have anything to do with that and you’re

anything to do with that and you’re

anything to do with that and you’re going to see here if we go puts X is

going to see here if we go puts X is

going to see here if we go puts X is equal to dot and then we’ll put the hash

equal to dot and then we’ll put the hash

equal to dot and then we’ll put the hash some one side of here and X

some one side of here and X

some one side of here and X and execute it it’s going to print out

and execute it it’s going to print out

and execute it it’s going to print out one so any value that changes inside of

one so any value that changes inside of

one so any value that changes inside of a function is not going to affect an

a function is not going to affect an

a function is not going to affect an outside value and this is very important

outside value and this is very important

outside value and this is very important to remember whenever you’re working with

to remember whenever you’re working with

to remember whenever you’re working with functions

functions

functions I’ll get more in functions later on but

I’ll get more in functions later on but

I’ll get more in functions later on but that’s the basic gist of how they work

that’s the basic gist of how they work

that’s the basic gist of how they work so now let’s take a look at exceptions

so now let’s take a look at exceptions

so now let’s take a look at exceptions now exceptions inside of Ruby a go by

now exceptions inside of Ruby a go by

now exceptions inside of Ruby a go by different names we’re going to be able

different names we’re going to be able

different names we’re going to be able to catch exceptions in Ruby using both

to catch exceptions in Ruby using both

to catch exceptions in Ruby using both begin and rescue so we’re going to say

begin and rescue so we’re going to say

begin and rescue so we’re going to say print enter a number and once again

print enter a number and once again

print enter a number and once again we’re going to get that value and store

we’re going to get that value and store

we’re going to get that value and store it in a variable called first num and

it in a variable called first num and

it in a variable called first num and we’ll use gifts and then convert it from

we’ll use gifts and then convert it from

we’ll use gifts and then convert it from a string into an integer and we’ll then

a string into an integer and we’ll then

a string into an integer and we’ll then say that we want to enter another number

say that we want to enter another number

say that we want to enter another number and we’ll store this in a variable

and we’ll store this in a variable

and we’ll store this in a variable called second num and we’ll use gets

called second num and we’ll use gets

called second num and we’ll use gets again now if we think we might have an

again now if we think we might have an

again now if we think we might have an error we’re going to put again and then

error we’re going to put again and then

error we’re going to put again and then we’re going to put some code inside of

we’re going to put some code inside of

we’re going to put some code inside of here that might throw an error so we’re

here that might throw an error so we’re

here that might throw an error so we’re going to say answer is equal to first

going to say answer is equal to first

going to say answer is equal to first num / 2nd num then after that we’re

num / 2nd num then after that we’re

num / 2nd num then after that we’re going to type in rescue which is going

going to type in rescue which is going

going to type in rescue which is going to be called if there’s an error and

to be called if there’s an error and

to be called if there’s an error and here we’re expecting the error to be a

here we’re expecting the error to be a

here we’re expecting the error to be a division by zero so we’re going to say

division by zero so we’re going to say

division by zero so we’re going to say you can’t divide by zero and then we’ll

you can’t divide by zero and then we’ll

you can’t divide by zero and then we’ll put an end which is actually going to

put an end which is actually going to

put an end which is actually going to end the begin and also we could come in

end the begin and also we could come in

end the begin and also we could come in here and throw exit now if we would come

here and throw exit now if we would come

here and throw exit now if we would come in and go puts first num / 2nd num is

in and go puts first num / 2nd num is

in and go puts first num / 2nd num is equal to and put answer inside of here

equal to and put answer inside of here

equal to and put answer inside of here and make sure you put a closing brace

and make sure you put a closing brace

and make sure you put a closing brace right there as well and execute it let’s

right there as well and execute it let’s

right there as well and execute it let’s split three inside here and then put

split three inside here and then put

split three inside here and then put zero and you’re going to see you can’t

zero and you’re going to see you can’t

zero and you’re going to see you can’t divide by zero shows up however if we

divide by zero shows up however if we

divide by zero shows up however if we would go and do something logical like 4

would go and do something logical like 4

would go and do something logical like 4 + 2 + 3 whatever it doesn’t matter you

+ 2 + 3 whatever it doesn’t matter you

+ 2 + 3 whatever it doesn’t matter you can see that it does indeed work you can

can see that it does indeed work you can

can see that it does indeed work you can also throw your own exceptions with rays

also throw your own exceptions with rays

also throw your own exceptions with rays so let’s just come in here and delete

so let’s just come in here and delete

so let’s just come in here and delete all this and create a function called

all this and create a function called

all this and create a function called check age and pass age inside of here

check age and pass age inside of here

check age and pass age inside of here and give a value of equal to 12 we could

and give a value of equal to 12 we could

and give a value of equal to 12 we could then say raise argument error and we

then say raise argument error and we

then say raise argument error and we could say enter a positive number is

could say enter a positive number is

could say enter a positive number is going to show up unless age is greater

going to show up unless age is greater

going to show up unless age is greater than 0 we’re going to end that function

than 0 we’re going to end that function

than 0 we’re going to end that function right there and then we’re going to also

right there and then we’re going to also

right there and then we’re going to also catch this potential error with rescue

catch this potential error with rescue

catch this potential error with rescue so we could say B

so we could say B

so we could say B again and then we go check age and let’s

again and then we go check age and let’s

again and then we go check age and let’s pass negative one inside of there let’s

pass negative one inside of there let’s

pass negative one inside of there let’s just ignore the age part there and then

just ignore the age part there and then

just ignore the age part there and then we’ll be able to come in here let’s

we’ll be able to come in here let’s

we’ll be able to come in here let’s indent that and say that we specifically

indent that and say that we specifically

indent that and say that we specifically want to catch an argument error and if

want to catch an argument error and if

want to catch an argument error and if it is triggered we’re going to print out

it is triggered we’re going to print out

it is triggered we’re going to print out that is an impossible age and then and

that is an impossible age and then and

that is an impossible age and then and that and you can see if it executes that

that and you can see if it executes that

that and you can see if it executes that is an impossible age prints out there’s

is an impossible age prints out there’s

is an impossible age prints out there’s a whole bunch of different ways to use

a whole bunch of different ways to use

a whole bunch of different ways to use exceptions inside of Ruby we’ve been

exceptions inside of Ruby we’ve been

exceptions inside of Ruby we’ve been doing a lot of things with strings here

doing a lot of things with strings here

doing a lot of things with strings here but let’s look specifically at some

but let’s look specifically at some

but let’s look specifically at some string functions and a whole bunch of

string functions and a whole bunch of

string functions and a whole bunch of other different things basically strings

other different things basically strings

other different things basically strings are just a series of characters either

are just a series of characters either

are just a series of characters either between double quotes or single quotes

between double quotes or single quotes

between double quotes or single quotes for the most part you’re going to use

for the most part you’re going to use

for the most part you’re going to use double quotes though so let’s just come

double quotes though so let’s just come

double quotes though so let’s just come in here and go puts add them and one

in here and go puts add them and one

in here and go puts add them and one thing it’s important that I uncover is

thing it’s important that I uncover is

thing it’s important that I uncover is if we put a hash symbol in here we’ll

if we put a hash symbol in here we’ll

if we put a hash symbol in here we’ll also be able to do things like perform

also be able to do things like perform

also be able to do things like perform addition inside of here a whole bunch of

addition inside of here a whole bunch of

addition inside of here a whole bunch of other different things not just variable

other different things not just variable

other different things not just variable names and then we could throw some back

names and then we could throw some back

names and then we could throw some back slashes inside of here and let’s look at

slashes inside of here and let’s look at

slashes inside of here and let’s look at the difference between if we would use

the difference between if we would use

the difference between if we would use double quotes versus single quotes here

double quotes versus single quotes here

double quotes versus single quotes here we can tell them put a single quote

we can tell them put a single quote

we can tell them put a single quote there and a single quote there execute

there and a single quote there execute

there and a single quote there execute that and you’re going to see here that

that and you’re going to see here that

that and you’re going to see here that the new lines indeed do work whenever

the new lines indeed do work whenever

the new lines indeed do work whenever you use double quotes as well as this

you use double quotes as well as this

you use double quotes as well as this interpolation which is right here that’s

interpolation which is right here that’s

interpolation which is right here that’s what that’s called if you want to know

what that’s called if you want to know

what that’s called if you want to know the technical term and whenever you use

the technical term and whenever you use

the technical term and whenever you use single quotes those do not work so

single quotes those do not work so

single quotes those do not work so something that’s important to remember

something that’s important to remember

something that’s important to remember and another reason why we barely ever

and another reason why we barely ever

and another reason why we barely ever use single quotes with strings a here

use single quotes with strings a here

use single quotes with strings a here doc is normally used whenever you want

doc is normally used whenever you want

doc is normally used whenever you want to use a multi-line string and you want

to use a multi-line string and you want

to use a multi-line string and you want to continue using all of the new lines

to continue using all of the new lines

to continue using all of the new lines and things so let’s just say multi-line

and things so let’s just say multi-line

and things so let’s just say multi-line string and how this would be created as

string and how this would be created as

string and how this would be created as you’d put these two carrot symbols here

you’d put these two carrot symbols here

you’d put these two carrot symbols here GOM and then you could go something like

GOM and then you could go something like

GOM and then you could go something like this

this

this is a very long string that contains

is a very long string that contains

is a very long string that contains interpolation like and then you put a

interpolation like and then you put a

interpolation like and then you put a hash symbol inside of there and say

hash symbol inside of there and say

hash symbol inside of there and say something like four plus five just to do

something like four plus five just to do

something like four plus five just to do that and then put some new lines inside

that and then put some new lines inside

that and then put some new lines inside of here just to prove that the new lines

of here just to prove that the new lines

of here just to prove that the new lines work and then you would end this

work and then you would end this

work and then you would end this multi-line string with the eom at the

multi-line string with the eom at the

multi-line string with the eom at the end you could then come in

end you could then come in

end you could then come in and print that out multi-line string and

and print that out multi-line string and

and print that out multi-line string and execute in there it is you can see all

execute in there it is you can see all

execute in there it is you can see all of those different lines and how they

of those different lines and how they

of those different lines and how they kept the new lines and everything all in

kept the new lines and everything all in

kept the new lines and everything all in order with that multi-line string let’s

order with that multi-line string let’s

order with that multi-line string let’s go and create a couple different strings

go and create a couple different strings

go and create a couple different strings here we can say first name is equal to

here we can say first name is equal to

here we can say first name is equal to Derrick and last name is equal to anise

Derrick and last name is equal to anise

Derrick and last name is equal to anise you can combine or concatenate strings

you can combine or concatenate strings

you can combine or concatenate strings by using a plus sign so we could go a

by using a plus sign so we could go a

by using a plus sign so we could go a full name is equal to and first name

full name is equal to and first name

full name is equal to and first name plus last name I could go in here and

plus last name I could go in here and

plus last name I could go in here and create another one say middle name is

create another one say middle name is

create another one say middle name is equal to just and you could also combine

equal to just and you could also combine

equal to just and you could also combine strings with interpolation so we could

strings with interpolation so we could

strings with interpolation so we could say full name is equal to hash symbol

say full name is equal to hash symbol

say full name is equal to hash symbol and first name and middle name and then

and first name and middle name and then

and first name and middle name and then last name there we are

last name there we are

last name there we are we could also come in here and check if

we could also come in here and check if

we could also come in here and check if a string contains a string and let’s

a string contains a string and let’s

a string contains a string and let’s just use puts here and we go full name

just use puts here and we go full name

just use puts here and we go full name and then we would say include with a

and then we would say include with a

and then we would say include with a question mark and what you’re looking

question mark and what you’re looking

question mark and what you’re looking for inside of that string maybe we got a

for inside of that string maybe we got a

for inside of that string maybe we got a little bit of an error let’s just throw

little bit of an error let’s just throw

little bit of an error let’s just throw new and underscore inside of there there

new and underscore inside of there there

new and underscore inside of there there we are there you can see true came back

we are there you can see true came back

we are there you can see true came back for that function and we could also get

for that function and we could also get

for that function and we could also get the number of characters that are inside

the number of characters that are inside

the number of characters that are inside of that string there’s 18 to all kinds

of that string there’s 18 to all kinds

of that string there’s 18 to all kinds of things let’s say that we wanted to

of things let’s say that we wanted to

of things let’s say that we wanted to count the number of vowels inside of

count the number of vowels inside of

count the number of vowels inside of here so just go Vale’s and then go full

here so just go Vale’s and then go full

here so just go Vale’s and then go full name dot count and everything you put

name dot count and everything you put

name dot count and everything you put inside of here is going to count where

inside of here is going to count where

inside of here is going to count where it’s going to find all of them so a e I

it’s going to find all of them so a e I

it’s going to find all of them so a e I owe you and let’s convert that to a

owe you and let’s convert that to a

owe you and let’s convert that to a string we could also do the same thing

string we could also do the same thing

string we could also do the same thing to find all the consonants so throw that

to find all the consonants so throw that

to find all the consonants so throw that there consonants and if we’re going to

there consonants and if we’re going to

there consonants and if we’re going to find the opposite of what we’re

find the opposite of what we’re

find the opposite of what we’re searching for so anything except what we

searching for so anything except what we

searching for so anything except what we have listed here we’re just going to put

have listed here we’re just going to put

have listed here we’re just going to put in a caret symbol like that we could

in a caret symbol like that we could

in a caret symbol like that we could check that a string starts with another

check that a string starts with another

check that a string starts with another string puts whole name start with and

string puts whole name start with and

string puts whole name start with and then we could throw in last name we

then we could throw in last name we

then we could throw in last name we could also come in and get the index

could also come in and get the index

could also come in and get the index inside of here or the character number

inside of here or the character number

inside of here or the character number inside of here for a match so we’ll go

inside of here for a match so we’ll go

inside of here for a match so we’ll go full name again and index and then what

full name again and index and then what

full name again and index and then what we’re searching for specifically worked

we’re searching for specifically worked

we’re searching for specifically worked out to a string and there you can see

out to a string and there you can see

out to a string and there you can see all those print it out for us there’s a

all those print it out for us there’s a

all those print it out for us there’s a ton of different functions inside of

ton of different functions inside of

ton of different functions inside of here

here

here we could also come in and check for

we could also come in and check for

we could also come in and check for equality let’s go and just delete this

equality let’s go and just delete this

equality let’s go and just delete this puts so if we want to check a equal to a

puts so if we want to check a equal to a

puts so if we want to check a equal to a then we can go a equal to a you can see

then we can go a equal to a you can see

then we can go a equal to a you can see that comes back is true we could also

that comes back is true we could also

that comes back is true we could also perform a check to see if something is

perform a check to see if something is

perform a check to see if something is the exactly the same object so it puts

the exactly the same object so it puts

the exactly the same object so it puts if we want it to use a double quote

if we want it to use a double quote

if we want it to use a double quote inside of here we’d have to back slash

inside of here we’d have to back slash

inside of here we’d have to back slash that double quote like that then we

that double quote like that then we

that double quote like that then we could put a and then let’s back clash

could put a and then let’s back clash

could put a and then let’s back clash the double quote that allows it to be

the double quote that allows it to be

the double quote that allows it to be contained inside a double quotes and

contained inside a double quotes and

contained inside a double quotes and then equal question mark back slash

then equal question mark back slash

then equal question mark back slash double quote a back slash double quote

double quote a back slash double quote

double quote a back slash double quote let’s concatenate that and then let’s

let’s concatenate that and then let’s

let’s concatenate that and then let’s actually do operation so we’ll go a and

actually do operation so we’ll go a and

actually do operation so we’ll go a and then equal a again and to string and

then equal a again and to string and

then equal a again and to string and there you can see that they show up is

there you can see that they show up is

there you can see that they show up is false however if we went in and typed in

false however if we went in and typed in

false however if we went in and typed in puts and say first name dot equal and

puts and say first name dot equal and

puts and say first name dot equal and then first name inside of there in that

then first name inside of there in that

then first name inside of there in that situations going back with a value of

situations going back with a value of

situations going back with a value of true because they are the same exact

true because they are the same exact

true because they are the same exact object we could also uppercase every

object we could also uppercase every

object we could also uppercase every single thing so just type in uppercase

single thing so just type in uppercase

single thing so just type in uppercase we could lowercase everything and then

we could lowercase everything and then

we could lowercase everything and then there’s also swap case you can see

there’s also swap case you can see

there’s also swap case you can see exactly what those do there you go let’s

exactly what those do there you go let’s

exactly what those do there you go let’s say that we then went into our full name

say that we then went into our full name

say that we then went into our full name and we just put in a whole bunch of

and we just put in a whole bunch of

and we just put in a whole bunch of spaces inside of here for no good reason

spaces inside of here for no good reason

spaces inside of here for no good reason except that we want to show exactly how

except that we want to show exactly how

except that we want to show exactly how to eliminate that whitespace so full

to eliminate that whitespace so full

to eliminate that whitespace so full name again we could then strip off all

name again we could then strip off all

name again we could then strip off all the left whitespace by going full name

the left whitespace by going full name

the left whitespace by going full name equal to full name dot L strip and we

equal to full name dot L strip and we

equal to full name dot L strip and we would be able to also delete any white

would be able to also delete any white

would be able to also delete any white space on the right by changing this to

space on the right by changing this to

space on the right by changing this to our strip or we could delete all the

our strip or we could delete all the

our strip or we could delete all the white space altogether by just making

white space altogether by just making

white space altogether by just making that strip and just to do a little bit

that strip and just to do a little bit

that strip and just to do a little bit more completions type of thing why don’t

more completions type of thing why don’t

more completions type of thing why don’t we cover formatting strings we could

we cover formatting strings we could

we cover formatting strings we could also go puts full name or justification

also go puts full name or justification

also go puts full name or justification and this is going to give us 20 spaces

and this is going to give us 20 spaces

and this is going to give us 20 spaces then full name plus everything else is

then full name plus everything else is

then full name plus everything else is going to come out to 20 spaces and let’s

going to come out to 20 spaces and let’s

going to come out to 20 spaces and let’s say any additional spaces we have of

say any additional spaces we have of

say any additional spaces we have of those 20 we want to put dots inside of

those 20 we want to put dots inside of

those 20 we want to put dots inside of there we could do that and that’s going

there we could do that and that’s going

there we could do that and that’s going to be right justified we’d also be able

to be right justified we’d also be able

to be right justified we’d also be able to do left justified as well as Center

to do left justified as well as Center

to do left justified as well as Center and it’s easier just to show you exactly

and it’s easier just to show you exactly

and it’s easier just to show you exactly what this looks like rather than trying

what this looks like rather than trying

what this looks like rather than trying to explain it and there you can say here

to explain it and there you can say here

to explain it and there you can say here we have right justified here we have

we have right justified here we have

we have right justified here we have left justified in here we have Center we

left justified in here we have Center we

left justified in here we have Center we could all

could all

could all so chop off the last character by just

so chop off the last character by just

so chop off the last character by just typing in chop and we could also come in

typing in chop and we could also come in

typing in chop and we could also come in and use chomp which we covered

and use chomp which we covered

and use chomp which we covered previously by default is going to

previously by default is going to

previously by default is going to eliminate a newline if it exists and if

eliminate a newline if it exists and if

eliminate a newline if it exists and if there is no new lines going to do

there is no new lines going to do

there is no new lines going to do nothing and if we want to delete the

nothing and if we want to delete the

nothing and if we want to delete the last two characters for example we would

last two characters for example we would

last two characters for example we would actually put whatever specifically one

actually put whatever specifically one

actually put whatever specifically one that eliminated and there you can see

that eliminated and there you can see

that eliminated and there you can see chop just cut off the last letter right

chop just cut off the last letter right

chop just cut off the last letter right there and chomp cut off both of the

there and chomp cut off both of the

there and chomp cut off both of the letters that we defined right there give

letters that we defined right there give

letters that we defined right there give ourselves a little bit more room here

ourselves a little bit more room here

ourselves a little bit more room here you could also have it delete specific

you could also have it delete specific

you could also have it delete specific characters that you’d like deleted so

characters that you’d like deleted so

characters that you’d like deleted so let’s just go full name delete and it’s

let’s just go full name delete and it’s

let’s just go full name delete and it’s going to delete every occurrence of a in

going to delete every occurrence of a in

going to delete every occurrence of a in that situation and we’d also be able to

that situation and we’d also be able to

that situation and we’d also be able to go and create an array from a string by

go and create an array from a string by

go and create an array from a string by just going full name and calling split

just going full name and calling split

just going full name and calling split and in this situation we’re just going

and in this situation we’re just going

and in this situation we’re just going to put two symbols there which basically

to put two symbols there which basically

to put two symbols there which basically means it’s going to just split every

means it’s going to just split every

means it’s going to just split every where there is a new character or you

where there is a new character or you

where there is a new character or you can split everywhere there is a space

can split everywhere there is a space

can split everywhere there is a space for example and let’s just copy this and

for example and let’s just copy this and

for example and let’s just copy this and the difference you’re going to see here

the difference you’re going to see here

the difference you’re going to see here in a moment here we’re going to put a

in a moment here we’re going to put a

in a moment here we’re going to put a space inside here you could also put a

space inside here you could also put a

space inside here you could also put a comments out there if you’d like if we

comments out there if you’d like if we

comments out there if you’d like if we execute this is the one with just going

execute this is the one with just going

execute this is the one with just going to show the each individual part of the

to show the each individual part of the

to show the each individual part of the string in separate parts of the array

string in separate parts of the array

string in separate parts of the array get more into arrays here in a second

get more into arrays here in a second

get more into arrays here in a second and then here you can see it’s split

and then here you can see it’s split

and then here you can see it’s split everything based off spaces and up here

everything based off spaces and up here

everything based off spaces and up here you can see that it eliminated all the

you can see that it eliminated all the

you can see that it eliminated all the A’s that we also covered and just to

A’s that we also covered and just to

A’s that we also covered and just to reiterate this a little bit you’re going

reiterate this a little bit you’re going

reiterate this a little bit you’re going to be able to perform string conversions

to be able to perform string conversions

to be able to perform string conversions if you want to convert a string into an

if you want to convert a string into an

if you want to convert a string into an integer

integer

integer you just put two underscore I going to

you just put two underscore I going to

you just put two underscore I going to convert it into a float to underscore F

convert it into a float to underscore F

convert it into a float to underscore F and if you wanted to convert it into a

and if you wanted to convert it into a

and if you wanted to convert it into a symbol which we’ll talk about a little

symbol which we’ll talk about a little

symbol which we’ll talk about a little bit later to underscore symbol and then

bit later to underscore symbol and then

bit later to underscore symbol and then finally if you’d like to see the most

finally if you’d like to see the most

finally if you’d like to see the most common backslash is you’re going to be

common backslash is you’re going to be

common backslash is you’re going to be able to use there they are okay so if

able to use there they are okay so if

able to use there they are okay so if everything is an object inside of a ruby

everything is an object inside of a ruby

everything is an object inside of a ruby we might as well talk about objects now

we might as well talk about objects now

we might as well talk about objects now in object oriented objects using classes

in object oriented objects using classes

in object oriented objects using classes and just like everyday objects every

and just like everyday objects every

and just like everyday objects every object is going to have attributes which

object is going to have attributes which

object is going to have attributes which we are going to call instance variables

we are going to call instance variables

we are going to call instance variables as well as capabilities which we are

as well as capabilities which we are

as well as capabilities which we are going to call methods now let’s say that

going to call methods now let’s say that

going to call methods now let’s say that we have a class called

we have a class called

we have a class called animal inside of it you can put

animal inside of it you can put

animal inside of it you can put and initialize function and this is

and initialize function and this is

and initialize function and this is going to be called anytime a new animal

going to be called anytime a new animal

going to be called anytime a new animal object is going to be created and this

object is going to be created and this

object is going to be created and this is where you would normally put default

is where you would normally put default

is where you would normally put default values here we’re just going to say

values here we’re just going to say

values here we’re just going to say creating a new animal and and that of

creating a new animal and and that of

creating a new animal and and that of course I’m going to show you really easy

course I’m going to show you really easy

course I’m going to show you really easy ways to create setters and getters

ways to create setters and getters

ways to create setters and getters inside a ruby but for now I’m just going

inside a ruby but for now I’m just going

inside a ruby but for now I’m just going to create a setter and getter let’s say

to create a setter and getter let’s say

to create a setter and getter let’s say it gets passed a new name if you wanted

it gets passed a new name if you wanted

it gets passed a new name if you wanted to set an instance variable inside of

to set an instance variable inside of

to set an instance variable inside of Ruby you would put the @ symbol and then

Ruby you would put the @ symbol and then

Ruby you would put the @ symbol and then name don’t need to do anything else with

name don’t need to do anything else with

name don’t need to do anything else with it and this is going to assign that

it and this is going to assign that

it and this is going to assign that value like that and of course we’re

value like that and of course we’re

value like that and of course we’re going to want to put end there as well

going to want to put end there as well

going to want to put end there as well we could then define a getter and you

we could then define a getter and you

we could then define a getter and you just put @ name and that’s going to

just put @ name and that’s going to

just put @ name and that’s going to automatically return that and put end

automatically return that and put end

automatically return that and put end another way you could come in here and

another way you could come in here and

another way you could come in here and get a value is def name and then just

get a value is def name and then just

get a value is def name and then just put name inside there like that and

put name inside there like that and

put name inside there like that and another way you could provide a setter

another way you could provide a setter

another way you could provide a setter is go def name equal to new underscore

is go def name equal to new underscore

is go def name equal to new underscore name and one of the reasons we use

name and one of the reasons we use

name and one of the reasons we use getters and setters is to make sure that

getters and setters is to make sure that

getters and setters is to make sure that bad data never gets in so let’s say we

bad data never gets in so let’s say we

bad data never gets in so let’s say we want to make sure that the name that is

want to make sure that the name that is

want to make sure that the name that is passed in is not a numeric number we

passed in is not a numeric number we

passed in is not a numeric number we want to make sure we’re using characters

want to make sure we’re using characters

want to make sure we’re using characters here we can just go numeric like that

here we can just go numeric like that

here we can just go numeric like that and if it is a numeric we’re going to

and if it is a numeric we’re going to

and if it is a numeric we’re going to say name can’t be a number something

say name can’t be a number something

say name can’t be a number something like that else we’re then going to

like that else we’re then going to

like that else we’re then going to assign the value that was passed in

assign the value that was passed in

assign the value that was passed in there to our name instance variable and

there to our name instance variable and

there to our name instance variable and here we will end the if and here we will

here we will end the if and here we will

here we will end the if and here we will end the setter method and then finally

end the setter method and then finally

end the setter method and then finally we’re going to end our class so that’s

we’re going to end our class so that’s

we’re going to end our class so that’s how that all structures out now after

how that all structures out now after

how that all structures out now after we’ve created this class we’ll be able

we’ve created this class we’ll be able

we’ve created this class we’ll be able to come in here and create a animal

to come in here and create a animal

to come in here and create a animal object so let’s say we want to create an

object so let’s say we want to create an

object so let’s say we want to create an object called cat we would just call

object called cat we would just call

object called cat we would just call animal and new and that’s going to

animal and new and that’s going to

animal and new and that’s going to create that animal object we could then

create that animal object we could then

create that animal object we could then go cat set name and pass in a name for

go cat set name and pass in a name for

go cat set name and pass in a name for it we could then get the name of it cat

it we could then get the name of it cat

it we could then get the name of it cat get name the alternative way of getting

get name the alternative way of getting

get name the alternative way of getting name will just be cat and then just

name will just be cat and then just

name will just be cat and then just typing a name which is normally what you

typing a name which is normally what you

typing a name which is normally what you would use like I said I’m going to show

would use like I said I’m going to show

would use like I said I’m going to show you a shortcut for generating getters

you a shortcut for generating getters

you a shortcut for generating getters and setters in a second and in an

and setters in a second and in an

and setters in a second and in an alternative way of actually setting the

alternative way of actually setting the

alternative way of actually setting the name just be this and then let’s say we

name just be this and then let’s say we

name just be this and then let’s say we want to type in this new name puts cat

want to type in this new name puts cat

want to type in this new name puts cat name again and there you can see

name again and there you can see

name again and there you can see creating a new animal and that’s the

creating a new animal and that’s the

creating a new animal and that’s the initialize function it’s going to be

initialize function it’s going to be

initialize function it’s going to be called every single time

called every single time

called every single time new animals created and you can see all

new animals created and you can see all

new animals created and you can see all the different ways that we are using to

the different ways that we are using to

the different ways that we are using to set the name and get the name and

set the name and get the name and

set the name and get the name and exactly how they work pretty much

exactly how they work pretty much

exactly how they work pretty much exactly the same when I go and create

exactly the same when I go and create

exactly the same when I go and create the new and improved dog class and here

the new and improved dog class and here

the new and improved dog class and here I’ll show you the shortcut for creating

I’ll show you the shortcut for creating

I’ll show you the shortcut for creating all your getter functions you’re never

all your getter functions you’re never

all your getter functions you’re never going to type this in though because I’m

going to type this in though because I’m

going to type this in though because I’m going to show you a way to generate them

going to show you a way to generate them

going to show you a way to generate them all named in this situation is a symbol

all named in this situation is a symbol

all named in this situation is a symbol which like I said we’ll talk about a

which like I said we’ll talk about a

which like I said we’ll talk about a little bit later on and let’s say you

little bit later on and let’s say you

little bit later on and let’s say you wanted to also have a weight instance

wanted to also have a weight instance

wanted to also have a weight instance variable inside of here those are going

variable inside of here those are going

variable inside of here those are going to create all of your getter functions

to create all of your getter functions

to create all of your getter functions automatically if you wanted to create

automatically if you wanted to create

automatically if you wanted to create all of your setter functions you just

all of your setter functions you just

all of your setter functions you just again list all these different instance

again list all these different instance

again list all these different instance variables you want to have and there you

variables you want to have and there you

variables you want to have and there you go or you could create all your getters

go or you could create all your getters

go or you could create all your getters and setters with one statement by just

and setters with one statement by just

and setters with one statement by just typing attr accessor which is normally

typing attr accessor which is normally

typing attr accessor which is normally what you’re going to do and then type in

what you’re going to do and then type in

what you’re going to do and then type in your instance variables again and wait

your instance variables again and wait

your instance variables again and wait there you go now we could come in here

there you go now we could come in here

there you go now we could come in here and define another function called bark

and define another function called bark

and define another function called bark which is just going to return a generic

which is just going to return a generic

which is just going to return a generic bark and close that and then close your

bark and close that and then close your

bark and close that and then close your class now we could create a dog dog

class now we could create a dog dog

class now we could create a dog dog object like that do that up so we can

object like that do that up so we can

object like that do that up so we can see it all at one place could then go

see it all at one place could then go

see it all at one place could then go Rover name just to prove that we have

Rover name just to prove that we have

Rover name just to prove that we have our getters and setters

our getters and setters

our getters and setters just call him Rover output Rover on the

just call him Rover output Rover on the

just call him Rover output Rover on the screen with Rover name and there you can

screen with Rover name and there you can

screen with Rover name and there you can say Rover prints out on the screen just

say Rover prints out on the screen just

say Rover prints out on the screen just like we set it now whenever we inherit

like we set it now whenever we inherit

like we set it now whenever we inherit from another class you get all of the

from another class you get all of the

from another class you get all of the methods as well as instance variables

methods as well as instance variables

methods as well as instance variables automatically so let’s go and create

automatically so let’s go and create

automatically so let’s go and create another class and we’ll call this German

another class and we’ll call this German

another class and we’ll call this German Shepherd and how you inherit from dog in

Shepherd and how you inherit from dog in

Shepherd and how you inherit from dog in this situation is just putting that

this situation is just putting that

this situation is just putting that carrot symbol in there with dog and of

carrot symbol in there with dog and of

carrot symbol in there with dog and of course you would be able to come in here

course you would be able to come in here

course you would be able to come in here and inherit everything but also

and inherit everything but also

and inherit everything but also overwrite so let’s say we went have loud

overwrite so let’s say we went have loud

overwrite so let’s say we went have loud bark print out instead of generic bark

bark print out instead of generic bark

bark print out instead of generic bark here you can do that and it close off

here you can do that and it close off

here you can do that and it close off your class everything automatically goes

your class everything automatically goes

your class everything automatically goes through let’s say we create a German

through let’s say we create a German

through let’s say we create a German Shepherd called max German Shepherd

Shepherd called max German Shepherd

Shepherd called max German Shepherd there he is again type new and you’ll be

there he is again type new and you’ll be

there he is again type new and you’ll be able to come in here and define name

able to come in here and define name

able to come in here and define name even though you didn’t define it inside

even though you didn’t define it inside

even though you didn’t define it inside of the German Shepherd class because it

of the German Shepherd class because it

of the German Shepherd class because it was inherited and when we talk about

was inherited and when we talk about

was inherited and when we talk about printf printf is going to be able to do

printf printf is going to be able to do

printf printf is going to be able to do some formatted printing for us so let’s

some formatted printing for us so let’s

some formatted printing for us so let’s say we want our strings inside here

say we want our strings inside here

say we want our strings inside here strings is going to be a percentage sign

strings is going to be a percentage sign

strings is going to be a percentage sign and s now we can go goes percentage sign

and s now we can go goes percentage sign

and s now we can go goes percentage sign s and then we

s and then we

s and then we want to throw a new line inside of there

want to throw a new line inside of there

want to throw a new line inside of there we would then be able to go max name and

we would then be able to go max name and

we would then be able to go max name and Max bark and if we execute it you can

Max bark and if we execute it you can

Max bark and if we execute it you can see everything works out now let’s talk

see everything works out now let’s talk

see everything works out now let’s talk about modules modules are made up of

about modules modules are made up of

about modules modules are made up of methods and instance variables just like

methods and instance variables just like

methods and instance variables just like classes but they can’t be instantiated

classes but they can’t be instantiated

classes but they can’t be instantiated which means you can’t turn them into an

which means you can’t turn them into an

which means you can’t turn them into an object we can use most common reason

object we can use most common reason

object we can use most common reason you’re going to use these is the to add

you’re going to use these is the to add

you’re going to use these is the to add functionality to a class because we’re

functionality to a class because we’re

functionality to a class because we’re only going to be able to inherit one

only going to be able to inherit one

only going to be able to inherit one class when we’re creating a class but we

class when we’re creating a class but we

class when we’re creating a class but we will be able to inherit multiple modules

will be able to inherit multiple modules

will be able to inherit multiple modules let’s start off by creating a couple

let’s start off by creating a couple

let’s start off by creating a couple modules here we’re going to create one

modules here we’re going to create one

modules here we’re going to create one called human and how we create a module

called human and how we create a module

called human and how we create a module is just go module and I’m going to call

is just go module and I’m going to call

is just go module and I’m going to call this human remember if we want to

this human remember if we want to

this human remember if we want to automatically have our getters and

automatically have our getters and

automatically have our getters and setters set up for us access err

setters set up for us access err

setters set up for us access err there we go and then let’s say we have

there we go and then let’s say we have

there we go and then let’s say we have name height and weight there we go we

name height and weight there we go we

name height and weight there we go we could then define a function inside of

could then define a function inside of

could then define a function inside of it and if we wanted to output a specific

it and if we wanted to output a specific

it and if we wanted to output a specific name for our specific object we’d use

name for our specific object we’d use

name for our specific object we’d use self just like you use this and many

self just like you use this and many

self just like you use this and many other programming languages and then we

other programming languages and then we

other programming languages and then we could just have the name show up there

could just have the name show up there

could just have the name show up there and runs close that off and just like

and runs close that off and just like

and runs close that off and just like everything else to close off the module

everything else to close off the module

everything else to close off the module we put an end there and I’m going to

we put an end there and I’m going to

we put an end there and I’m going to call this human RB is the name save it

call this human RB is the name save it

call this human RB is the name save it and let’s go and create another one this

and let’s go and create another one this

and let’s go and create another one this module is going to be called smart then

module is going to be called smart then

module is going to be called smart then we’ll put a function called act smart

we’ll put a function called act smart

we’ll put a function called act smart inside of it and whenever that’s called

inside of it and whenever that’s called

inside of it and whenever that’s called it’s going to return e equals mc-squared

it’s going to return e equals mc-squared

it’s going to return e equals mc-squared for example and we’ll close that off and

for example and we’ll close that off and

for example and we’ll close that off and we’ll close off our module and we’re

we’ll close off our module and we’re

we’ll close off our module and we’re just going to call this smart RB save it

just going to call this smart RB save it

just going to call this smart RB save it I’ll jump back over into our regular

I’ll jump back over into our regular

I’ll jump back over into our regular class we’ve been using here or regular

class we’ve been using here or regular

class we’ve been using here or regular file now if we want to allow access to

file now if we want to allow access to

file now if we want to allow access to those modules we’re going to have to go

those modules we’re going to have to go

those modules we’re going to have to go require relative at the top of our file

require relative at the top of our file

require relative at the top of our file here and then type in what we want and

here and then type in what we want and

here and then type in what we want and has to be in the same directory of

has to be in the same directory of

has to be in the same directory of course relative again and we’re also

course relative again and we’re also

course relative again and we’re also going to put smart inside of here we

going to put smart inside of here we

going to put smart inside of here we could then create another module just

could then create another module just

could then create another module just create a whole bunch of modules and this

create a whole bunch of modules and this

create a whole bunch of modules and this one’s going to have a function called

one’s going to have a function called

one’s going to have a function called make sound and whatever it’s called it

make sound and whatever it’s called it

make sound and whatever it’s called it is just going to print out girl on the

is just going to print out girl on the

is just going to print out girl on the screen and that and that this is just a

screen and that and that this is just a

screen and that and that this is just a show you can have modules in different

show you can have modules in different

show you can have modules in different places but you normally want them in

places but you normally want them in

places but you normally want them in separate files it’s just easier to work

separate files it’s just easier to work

separate files it’s just easier to work with

with

with we would then be able to create a dog

we would then be able to create a dog

we would then be able to create a dog class inside of here and if we want to

class inside of here and if we want to

class inside of here and if we want to include that module we just go include

include that module we just go include

include that module we just go include animal and end and you’ll see here we

animal and end and you’ll see here we

animal and end and you’ll see here we can go Rover is equal to create a new

can go Rover is equal to create a new

can go Rover is equal to create a new dog object like that and then Rover and

dog object like that and then Rover and

dog object like that and then Rover and we could say make sound and there you

we could say make sound and there you

we could say make sound and there you can see ger prints out on the screen we

can see ger prints out on the screen we

can see ger prints out on the screen we could also create a class called

could also create a class called

could also create a class called scientist and we could include our human

scientist and we could include our human

scientist and we could include our human module inside of here just by going

module inside of here just by going

module inside of here just by going include human we could also include our

include human we could also include our

include human we could also include our smart module inside of here and if you

smart module inside of here and if you

smart module inside of here and if you want your module to supersede so that if

want your module to supersede so that if

want your module to supersede so that if a function is in both this class as well

a function is in both this class as well

a function is in both this class as well as the module you are taking it from you

as the module you are taking it from you

as the module you are taking it from you would use prepend instead of include and

would use prepend instead of include and

would use prepend instead of include and we’ll go smart here then what we’re

we’ll go smart here then what we’re

we’ll go smart here then what we’re going to do is we’re going to define a

going to do is we’re going to define a

going to do is we’re going to define a function called act smart but remember

function called act smart but remember

function called act smart but remember our function in smart is going to

our function in smart is going to

our function in smart is going to supersede this one even though we

supersede this one even though we

supersede this one even though we created it inside of here because we

created it inside of here because we

created it inside of here because we used prepend instead of include and in

used prepend instead of include and in

used prepend instead of include and in this one we’ll put a different version

this one we’ll put a different version

this one we’ll put a different version MC let’s say squared like that just you

MC let’s say squared like that just you

MC let’s say squared like that just you can see it and then we’ll close off our

can see it and then we’ll close off our

can see it and then we’ll close off our class again now you can see if we create

class again now you can see if we create

class again now you can see if we create Einstein is equal to scientist dot new

Einstein is equal to scientist dot new

Einstein is equal to scientist dot new and we go and create a name Forum and

and we go and create a name Forum and

and we go and create a name Forum and make that name is equal to Albert like

make that name is equal to Albert like

make that name is equal to Albert like that we can print that out

that we can print that out

that we can print that out Einstein just like that and we could

Einstein just like that and we could

Einstein just like that and we could also go Einstein call the run function

also go Einstein call the run function

also go Einstein call the run function inside of the human just to show that

inside of the human just to show that

inside of the human just to show that that works and then go Einstein name

that works and then go Einstein name

that works and then go Einstein name says Einstein dot act smart

says Einstein dot act smart

says Einstein dot act smart save that and execute you can see right

save that and execute you can see right

save that and execute you can see right here equals mc-squared shows up instead

here equals mc-squared shows up instead

here equals mc-squared shows up instead of this and the reason why is we use

of this and the reason why is we use

of this and the reason why is we use prepend right there and if you look up

prepend right there and if you look up

prepend right there and if you look up here you can see the version that

here you can see the version that

here you can see the version that actually prints out on the screen that’s

actually prints out on the screen that’s

actually prints out on the screen that’s a way of using modules and classes and

a way of using modules and classes and

a way of using modules and classes and objects and all a bunch of other

objects and all a bunch of other

objects and all a bunch of other different things something else that no

different things something else that no

different things something else that no doubt will come up people think about is

doubt will come up people think about is

doubt will come up people think about is polymorphism and works a little bit

polymorphism and works a little bit

polymorphism and works a little bit different inside of Ruby let’s say we

different inside of Ruby let’s say we

different inside of Ruby let’s say we have a class called bird and it has a

have a class called bird and it has a

have a class called bird and it has a tweet method tweet what we would do here

tweet method tweet what we would do here

tweet method tweet what we would do here here is so that you know statically

here is so that you know statically

here is so that you know statically typed languages use something called

typed languages use something called

typed languages use something called duck typing to achieve a version of

duck typing to achieve a version of

duck typing to achieve a version of polymorphism and the reason why they do

polymorphism and the reason why they do

polymorphism and the reason why they do that is languages like Ruby pay less

that is languages like Ruby pay less

that is languages like Ruby pay less attention to the class type versus the

attention to the class type versus the

attention to the class type versus the methods that can actually be called from

methods that can actually be called from

methods that can actually be called from an object so let’s say we have bird and

an object so let’s say we have bird and

an object so let’s say we have bird and tweet just like we said what we would do

tweet just like we said what we would do

tweet just like we said what we would do here is have bird type and we would call

here is have bird type and we would call

here is have bird type and we would call tweet on that so the actual object

tweet on that so the actual object

tweet on that so the actual object that’s being passed in here we would

that’s being passed in here we would

that’s being passed in here we would then call it specific version of tweet

then call it specific version of tweet

then call it specific version of tweet you’re going to see here in a second

you’re going to see here in a second

you’re going to see here in a second what that looks like so we’ll go end and

what that looks like so we’ll go end and

what that looks like so we’ll go end and end this class as well then we’re going

end this class as well then we’re going

end this class as well then we’re going to create something else another object

to create something else another object

to create something else another object called Cardinal or another class anyway

called Cardinal or another class anyway

called Cardinal or another class anyway it’s going to inherit from bird and then

it’s going to inherit from bird and then

it’s going to inherit from bird and then we’re going to put tweet inside of it as

we’re going to put tweet inside of it as

we’re going to put tweet inside of it as well in this situation we’re going to go

well in this situation we’re going to go

well in this situation we’re going to go and print tweet out on the screen when

and print tweet out on the screen when

and print tweet out on the screen when that’s called and then let’s create

that’s called and then let’s create

that’s called and then let’s create another one not a class called parrot

another one not a class called parrot

another one not a class called parrot also going to inherit from the bird

also going to inherit from the bird

also going to inherit from the bird class it’s also going to have its own

class it’s also going to have its own

class it’s also going to have its own version of tweet make sure that’s

version of tweet make sure that’s

version of tweet make sure that’s lowercase puts and whenever it’s called

lowercase puts and whenever it’s called

lowercase puts and whenever it’s called it’s going to squawk there we are now we

it’s going to squawk there we are now we

it’s going to squawk there we are now we can create a generic bird which is going

can create a generic bird which is going

can create a generic bird which is going to be of bird type and what we’ll be

to be of bird type and what we’ll be

to be of bird type and what we’ll be able to do to simulate the polymorphism

able to do to simulate the polymorphism

able to do to simulate the polymorphism is called tweet and then pass in a

is called tweet and then pass in a

is called tweet and then pass in a cardinal in this situation and new you

cardinal in this situation and new you

cardinal in this situation and new you know you can go and create it create the

know you can go and create it create the

know you can go and create it create the Cardinal object outside of here of

Cardinal object outside of here of

Cardinal object outside of here of course and then we’ll go to eat and then

course and then we’ll go to eat and then

course and then we’ll go to eat and then in this situation we’ll call parrot no

in this situation we’ll call parrot no

in this situation we’ll call parrot no and if we execute that you’re going to

and if we execute that you’re going to

and if we execute that you’re going to see the tweet tweet prints out for our

see the tweet tweet prints out for our

see the tweet tweet prints out for our Cardinal which we have right here while

Cardinal which we have right here while

Cardinal which we have right here while squawk prints out for the parrot right

squawk prints out for the parrot right

squawk prints out for the parrot right there

there

there so there’s an example of duck typing and

so there’s an example of duck typing and

so there’s an example of duck typing and polymorphism inside of Ruby now I’m just

polymorphism inside of Ruby now I’m just

polymorphism inside of Ruby now I’m just going to briefly cover symbols now

going to briefly cover symbols now

going to briefly cover symbols now symbols inside of Ruby are basically

symbols inside of Ruby are basically

symbols inside of Ruby are basically strings that cannot be changed and

strings that cannot be changed and

strings that cannot be changed and you’re normally going to use them to

you’re normally going to use them to

you’re normally going to use them to either conserve memory or to speed

either conserve memory or to speed

either conserve memory or to speed string comparison and you would usually

string comparison and you would usually

string comparison and you would usually use a symbol versus a string whenever

use a symbol versus a string whenever

use a symbol versus a string whenever you need a string that’s value doesn’t

you need a string that’s value doesn’t

you need a string that’s value doesn’t need to change as well as you need a

need to change as well as you need a

need to change as well as you need a string in which you do not need access

string in which you do not need access

string in which you do not need access to string methods they’re very commonly

to string methods they’re very commonly

to string methods they’re very commonly used in hashes for keys and so forth

used in hashes for keys and so forth

used in hashes for keys and so forth again we’re going to get into hashes in

again we’re going to get into hashes in

again we’re going to get into hashes in a second symbol basically looks like

a second symbol basically looks like

a second symbol basically looks like this and its value is whatever it is

this and its value is whatever it is

this and its value is whatever it is right there

right there

right there let’s just go and print it out on the

let’s just go and print it out on the

let’s just go and print it out on the screen just so you can sort of see this

screen just so you can sort of see this

screen just so you can sort of see this so let’s go puts and dark and then let’s

so let’s go puts and dark and then let’s

so let’s go puts and dark and then let’s bring a couple of these guys in here

bring a couple of these guys in here

bring a couple of these guys in here five those and also let’s convert it to

five those and also let’s convert it to

five those and also let’s convert it to a string just to see what it looks like

a string just to see what it looks like

a string just to see what it looks like and if we come over here and execute

and if we come over here and execute

and if we come over here and execute you’re going to see Derek Derek

you’re going to see Derek Derek

you’re going to see Derek Derek symbol which is the class type shows up

symbol which is the class type shows up

symbol which is the class type shows up there as well as a unique object ID and

there as well as a unique object ID and

there as well as a unique object ID and like I said we’re going to get more into

like I said we’re going to get more into

like I said we’re going to get more into those as time goes by but you may also

those as time goes by but you may also

those as time goes by but you may also remember a symbol here which you use

remember a symbol here which you use

remember a symbol here which you use previously in which we automatically

previously in which we automatically

previously in which we automatically generated our getters and setters inside

generated our getters and setters inside

generated our getters and setters inside of our function look like that remember

of our function look like that remember

of our function look like that remember type in weight as well symbols are used

type in weight as well symbols are used

type in weight as well symbols are used a lot inside of Ruby and like I said

a lot inside of Ruby and like I said

a lot inside of Ruby and like I said before they’re very often used as keys

before they’re very often used as keys

before they’re very often used as keys inside of hashes since we mentioned

inside of hashes since we mentioned

inside of hashes since we mentioned hashes won’t we talk about something

hashes won’t we talk about something

hashes won’t we talk about something that’s very similar first called an

that’s very similar first called an

that’s very similar first called an array well we have already seen a raise

array well we have already seen a raise

array well we have already seen a raise let’s go and create a couple arrays here

let’s go and create a couple arrays here

let’s go and create a couple arrays here a couple different ways you can create

a couple different ways you can create

a couple different ways you can create an array you could call array new like

an array you could call array new like

an array you could call array new like that you could create an it different

that you could create an it different

that you could create an it different array by going array dot new and then

array by going array dot new and then

array by going array dot new and then saying that we want five spaces in our

saying that we want five spaces in our

saying that we want five spaces in our array or five little slots where we can

array or five little slots where we can

array or five little slots where we can put stuff in that situation the default

put stuff in that situation the default

put stuff in that situation the default value is going to be nil which means

value is going to be nil which means

value is going to be nil which means pretty much not a value and we create an

pretty much not a value and we create an

pretty much not a value and we create an array also by going array new and saying

array also by going array new and saying

array also by going array new and saying that we want five spaces set aside and

that we want five spaces set aside and

that we want five spaces set aside and the default value in this situation

the default value in this situation

the default value in this situation would be empty and we could also go

would be empty and we could also go

would be empty and we could also go create an array by actually passing

create an array by actually passing

create an array by actually passing values and you can store anything in an

values and you can store anything in an

values and you can store anything in an array you can store one you can put a

array you can store one you can put a

array you can store one you can put a string inside of there if you’d like

string inside of there if you’d like

string inside of there if you’d like there’s three or you could put float

there’s three or you could put float

there’s three or you could put float inside of there it’s not going to bother

inside of there it’s not going to bother

inside of there it’s not going to bother anything and let’s say we want to come

anything and let’s say we want to come

anything and let’s say we want to come in here and print these out on the

in here and print these out on the

in here and print these out on the screen just to see what they look like

screen just to see what they look like

screen just to see what they look like there you go there’s empty empty empty

there you go there’s empty empty empty

there you go there’s empty empty empty this is actually where we have nil which

this is actually where we have nil which

this is actually where we have nil which is not a value and here we have empty

is not a value and here we have empty

is not a value and here we have empty and here you can see that we printed out

and here you can see that we printed out

and here you can see that we printed out all the different values that we stored

all the different values that we stored

all the different values that we stored in our forth array now with arrays they

in our forth array now with arrays they

in our forth array now with arrays they are going to start off storing things in

are going to start off storing things in

are going to start off storing things in an index of zero which is very common so

an index of zero which is very common so

an index of zero which is very common so if we just typed in two here you can see

if we just typed in two here you can see

if we just typed in two here you can see the three shows up but that’s zero one

the three shows up but that’s zero one

the three shows up but that’s zero one two that’s how we’re going to get all

two that’s how we’re going to get all

two that’s how we’re going to get all those different values inside of our

those different values inside of our

those different values inside of our array we would also be able to come in

array we would also be able to come in

array we would also be able to come in and

and

and earn to values starting at the second

earn to values starting at the second

earn to values starting at the second index for example by just putting two

index for example by just putting two

index for example by just putting two and two right there and I’m going to put

and two right there and I’m going to put

and two right there and I’m going to put joint inside of here so we’ll join all

joint inside of here so we’ll join all

joint inside of here so we’ll join all of our results together and separate

of our results together and separate

of our results together and separate them with a comma and a space and there

them with a comma and a space and there

them with a comma and a space and there you can see that’s how that worked out

you can see that’s how that worked out

you can see that’s how that worked out we could also come and return values by

we could also come and return values by

we could also come and return values by doing values underscore at and then

doing values underscore at and then

doing values underscore at and then inside of here we could list we want the

inside of here we could list we want the

inside of here we could list we want the zero index the one index in the three

zero index the one index in the three

zero index the one index in the three for example and once again we’re going

for example and once again we’re going

for example and once again we’re going to join those together with a common

to join those together with a common

to join those together with a common space and put a dot inside of there

space and put a dot inside of there

space and put a dot inside of there because that is a method execute and

because that is a method execute and

because that is a method execute and there you can see it returned those

there you can see it returned those

there you can see it returned those nicely for us we would also be able to

nicely for us we would also be able to

nicely for us we would also be able to come in here and add a value to the

come in here and add a value to the

come in here and add a value to the beginning of our array by using on shift

beginning of our array by using on shift

beginning of our array by using on shift and then whatever value we want to put

and then whatever value we want to put

and then whatever value we want to put in there let’s say we want to put zero

in there let’s say we want to put zero

in there let’s say we want to put zero inside of there we could also go and

inside of there we could also go and

inside of there we could also go and remove the first item in an array by

remove the first item in an array by

remove the first item in an array by going shift and then there’s not going

going shift and then there’s not going

going shift and then there’s not going to be anything because it’s just

to be anything because it’s just

to be anything because it’s just removing an item we could add one

removing an item we could add one

removing an item we could add one hundred and two hundred for example to

hundred and two hundred for example to

hundred and two hundred for example to the end of array by just going push and

the end of array by just going push and

the end of array by just going push and play around with these on your own to

play around with these on your own to

play around with these on your own to see exactly how they work and that’s

see exactly how they work and that’s

see exactly how they work and that’s going to add two values to the end while

going to add two values to the end while

going to add two values to the end while if we would go in and type in pop that’s

if we would go in and type in pop that’s

if we would go in and type in pop that’s going to remove one item from the end of

going to remove one item from the end of

going to remove one item from the end of our array we could also come in here and

our array we could also come in here and

our array we could also come in here and concatenate or join two arrays we could

concatenate or join two arrays we could

concatenate or join two arrays we could create a brand new right here if we’d

create a brand new right here if we’d

create a brand new right here if we’d like so we’d say we wanted to put 10 20

like so we’d say we wanted to put 10 20

like so we’d say we wanted to put 10 20 and 30 that’s going to add that to the

and 30 that’s going to add that to the

and 30 that’s going to add that to the very end of our array and there’s a

very end of our array and there’s a

very end of our array and there’s a whole bunch of different methods we

whole bunch of different methods we

whole bunch of different methods we could use if we wanted to get the size

could use if we wanted to get the size

could use if we wanted to get the size rate for and type in size put our braces

rate for and type in size put our braces

rate for and type in size put our braces there and let’s say we want to convert

there and let’s say we want to convert

there and let’s say we want to convert that to a string there you go ray size

that to a string there you go ray size

that to a string there you go ray size is equal to eight we could also check

is equal to eight we could also check

is equal to eight we could also check that an array contain the value so it

that an array contain the value so it

that an array contain the value so it contains 100 for example and here

contains 100 for example and here

contains 100 for example and here instead of size we’re going to put

instead of size we’re going to put

instead of size we’re going to put include and question mark and then

include and question mark and then

include and question mark and then whatever you’re searching for 100 for

whatever you’re searching for 100 for

whatever you’re searching for 100 for example we could check how many of those

example we could check how many of those

example we could check how many of those matches we have so how many 100s for

matches we have so how many 100s for

matches we have so how many 100s for example and then take the size out of

example and then take the size out of

example and then take the size out of here and instead put count inside of

here and instead put count inside of

here and instead put count inside of there and specifically what we’re

there and specifically what we’re

there and specifically what we’re looking for

looking for

looking for and we could also check to see if the

and we could also check to see if the

and we could also check to see if the array is empty by just going that and

array is empty by just going that and

array is empty by just going that and then we’re going to type in empty

then we’re going to type in empty

then we’re going to type in empty question mark 4.2 a string and there you

question mark 4.2 a string and there you

question mark 4.2 a string and there you can see all those come back we could

can see all those come back we could

can see all those come back we could worse just like I showed you with join

worse just like I showed you with join

worse just like I showed you with join before convert our array into a string

before convert our array into a string

before convert our array into a string puts array for dot join and then however

puts array for dot join and then however

puts array for dot join and then however you want those combined into your string

you want those combined into your string

you want those combined into your string P is pretty cool because it’s going to

P is pretty cool because it’s going to

P is pretty cool because it’s going to allow us to print out the entire array

allow us to print out the entire array

allow us to print out the entire array on the screen in just one way which is

on the screen in just one way which is

on the screen in just one way which is kind of neat and we could also print out

kind of neat and we could also print out

kind of neat and we could also print out our whole entire array in a loop

our whole entire array in a loop

our whole entire array in a loop situation by putting each inside of

situation by putting each inside of

situation by putting each inside of there and we saw this before at symbol

there and we saw this before at symbol

there and we saw this before at symbol let’s say we want each of these

let’s say we want each of these

let’s say we want each of these individual values in our array to

individual values in our array to

individual values in our array to temporarily be stored in a variable

temporarily be stored in a variable

temporarily be stored in a variable called value and then we could go puts

called value and then we could go puts

called value and then we could go puts and value as it’s suiting through there

and value as it’s suiting through there

and value as it’s suiting through there and then end that and if we execute all

and then end that and if we execute all

and then end that and if we execute all those things show up right there on our

those things show up right there on our

those things show up right there on our screen so pretty cool so that’s pretty

screen so pretty cool so that’s pretty

screen so pretty cool so that’s pretty much everything you want to know about

much everything you want to know about

much everything you want to know about using arrays while we look at a close

using arrays while we look at a close

using arrays while we look at a close cousin to array called hashes and a hash

cousin to array called hashes and a hash

cousin to array called hashes and a hash is just a collection of key value pairs

is just a collection of key value pairs

is just a collection of key value pairs so let’s go and create ourselves a

so let’s go and create ourselves a

so let’s go and create ourselves a number hash for example we would use

number hash for example we would use

number hash for example we would use curly braces in this situation and first

curly braces in this situation and first

curly braces in this situation and first you’re going to have your key instead of

you’re going to have your key instead of

you’re going to have your key instead of indexes you have keys and then you’re

indexes you have keys and then you’re

indexes you have keys and then you’re going to put that little symbol right

going to put that little symbol right

going to put that little symbol right there and then whatever you want the

there and then whatever you want the

there and then whatever you want the value to be associated with that and

value to be associated with that and

value to be associated with that and then you can put a comma and then let’s

then you can put a comma and then let’s

then you can put a comma and then let’s go and say we want another one to be

go and say we want another one to be

go and say we want another one to be called golden put that little symbol

called golden put that little symbol

called golden put that little symbol there 1.618 and then let’s say we want

there 1.618 and then let’s say we want

there 1.618 and then let’s say we want another one to be e little symbol 2.718

another one to be e little symbol 2.718

another one to be e little symbol 2.718 and that is how you create a hash inside

and that is how you create a hash inside

and that is how you create a hash inside of Ruby now let’s go and use them

of Ruby now let’s go and use them

of Ruby now let’s go and use them we could go puts to get the actual value

we could go puts to get the actual value

we could go puts to get the actual value number hash and let’s just pass in well

number hash and let’s just pass in well

number hash and let’s just pass in well make sure you put square brackets here

make sure you put square brackets here

make sure you put square brackets here square brackets and whatever the key is

square brackets and whatever the key is

square brackets and whatever the key is and that’s going to print that out on

and that’s going to print that out on

and that’s going to print that out on the screen for you so we’re just using

the screen for you so we’re just using

the screen for you so we’re just using keys instead of indexes which are

keys instead of indexes which are

keys instead of indexes which are sometimes easier to use say we want to

sometimes easier to use say we want to

sometimes easier to use say we want to create a superhero type of hash and of

create a superhero type of hash and of

create a superhero type of hash and of course you could have these all be on

course you could have these all be on

course you could have these all be on separate lines just so they show up

separate lines just so they show up

separate lines just so they show up easier on your screen and go like that

easier on your screen and go like that

easier on your screen and go like that do whatever you want and of course

do whatever you want and of course

do whatever you want and of course you’re going to be able to call

you’re going to be able to call

you’re going to be able to call superheroes again and pass in Clark Kent

superheroes again and pass in Clark Kent

superheroes again and pass in Clark Kent for example make sure you have the key

for example make sure you have the key

for example make sure you have the key exactly the same though and there that

exactly the same though and there that

exactly the same though and there that shows up a Superman you’ll be able to

shows up a Superman you’ll be able to

shows up a Superman you’ll be able to come in and add an individual new key

come in and add an individual new key

come in and add an individual new key and value to your hash by just going

and value to your hash by just going

and value to your hash by just going superheroes and then defining whatever

superheroes and then defining whatever

superheroes and then defining whatever you want the key to be right like that

you want the key to be right like that

you want the key to be right like that automatically going in and adding in a

automatically going in and adding in a

automatically going in and adding in a new value for that key there it is it’s

new value for that key there it is it’s

new value for that key there it is it’s in there now something else is you could

in there now something else is you could

in there now something else is you could add a default key value which is very

add a default key value which is very

add a default key value which is very useful so that if the user goes and

useful so that if the user goes and

useful so that if the user goes and looks for something that doesn’t exist

looks for something that doesn’t exist

looks for something that doesn’t exist inside of your hash it’s going to print

inside of your hash it’s going to print

inside of your hash it’s going to print out something useful like no such key if

out something useful like no such key if

out something useful like no such key if it can’t find anything which is like I

it can’t find anything which is like I

it can’t find anything which is like I said pretty useful so you go in here and

said pretty useful so you go in here and

said pretty useful so you go in here and say I want to get whatever is in sample

say I want to get whatever is in sample

say I want to get whatever is in sample hash with the key dog it doesn’t exist

hash with the key dog it doesn’t exist

hash with the key dog it doesn’t exist and you see no such key comes up we

and you see no such key comes up we

and you see no such key comes up we could then come in and create some super

could then come in and create some super

could then come in and create some super heroines hashes right like this you

heroines hashes right like this you

heroines hashes right like this you could then combine these with update by

could then combine these with update by

could then combine these with update by just putting in super heroines instead

just putting in super heroines instead

just putting in super heroines instead and whenever you’re using update this is

and whenever you’re using update this is

and whenever you’re using update this is considered a destructive merge which

considered a destructive merge which

considered a destructive merge which means if there’s any duplicates they’re

means if there’s any duplicates they’re

means if there’s any duplicates they’re going to be eliminated you could instead

going to be eliminated you could instead

going to be eliminated you could instead use merge which would be a non

use merge which would be a non

use merge which would be a non destructive which would keep all the

destructive which would keep all the

destructive which would keep all the keys and values even if they matched

keys and values even if they matched

keys and values even if they matched normally you’re going to use update

normally you’re going to use update

normally you’re going to use update because you wouldn’t want any

because you wouldn’t want any

because you wouldn’t want any duplication inside your hash I’ll just

duplication inside your hash I’ll just

duplication inside your hash I’ll just cost confusion now if you want to go

cost confusion now if you want to go

cost confusion now if you want to go through exactly how to print all of

through exactly how to print all of

through exactly how to print all of these out we would just go superheroes

these out we would just go superheroes

these out we would just go superheroes and we would use each again do you could

and we would use each again do you could

and we would use each again do you could get the keys and values by just putting

get the keys and values by just putting

get the keys and values by just putting in key and value and then close that and

in key and value and then close that and

in key and value and then close that and then we’ll go puts and then we go key

then we’ll go puts and then we go key

then we’ll go puts and then we go key and we need to convert that to a string

and we need to convert that to a string

and we need to convert that to a string plus put some separation between these

plus put some separation between these

plus put some separation between these and a value and end execute you can see

and a value and end execute you can see

and a value and end execute you can see all of them print it out real nice

all of them print it out real nice

all of them print it out real nice and of course there’s a whole bunch of

and of course there’s a whole bunch of

and of course there’s a whole bunch of different functions available for hashes

different functions available for hashes

different functions available for hashes as well we could come in here and check

as well we could come in here and check

as well we could come in here and check that our superheroes hash has the key of

that our superheroes hash has the key of

that our superheroes hash has the key of Lisa Morel like this also be able to

Lisa Morel like this also be able to

Lisa Morel like this also be able to come in and check if we have a value by

come in and check if we have a value by

come in and check if we have a value by passing in a value so there’s Batman and

passing in a value so there’s Batman and

passing in a value so there’s Batman and you can see right there’s Batman this is

you can see right there’s Batman this is

you can see right there’s Batman this is the key that’s the value and of course

the key that’s the value and of course

the key that’s the value and of course we could check if it’s empty as well as

we could check if it’s empty as well as

we could check if it’s empty as well as whatever the size is for it if we

whatever the size is for it if we

whatever the size is for it if we execute that you can see all those come

execute that you can see all those come

execute that you can see all those come out there and the only other thing I

out there and the only other thing I

out there and the only other thing I could think of is how would you delete a

could think of is how would you delete a

could think of is how would you delete a key you would go in here and go

key you would go in here and go

key you would go in here and go superheroes and delete and you could

superheroes and delete and you could

superheroes and delete and you could pass in whatever would be a matching key

pass in whatever would be a matching key

pass in whatever would be a matching key and that’s going to delete that for you

and that’s going to delete that for you

and that’s going to delete that for you if we wanted to double check that that

if we wanted to double check that that

if we wanted to double check that that actually was deleted

actually was deleted

actually was deleted in here see if the actual value for the

in here see if the actual value for the

in here see if the actual value for the size changed and yes you can say five

size changed and yes you can say five

size changed and yes you can say five and four so those are all the main

and four so those are all the main

and four so those are all the main things you’d ever want to know about

things you’d ever want to know about

things you’d ever want to know about using hashes inside of Ruby so why don’t

using hashes inside of Ruby so why don’t

using hashes inside of Ruby so why don’t we go and check out enumerables now a

we go and check out enumerables now a

we go and check out enumerables now a class that includes the enumerable

class that includes the enumerable

class that includes the enumerable module is going to gain collection

module is going to gain collection

module is going to gain collection capabilities sort of like we saw with

capabilities sort of like we saw with

capabilities sort of like we saw with arrays and hashes now let’s just come in

arrays and hashes now let’s just come in

arrays and hashes now let’s just come in here and create one let’s call it menu

here and create one let’s call it menu

here and create one let’s call it menu and let’s say include enumerable just

and let’s say include enumerable just

and let’s say include enumerable just like this one requirement however is if

like this one requirement however is if

like this one requirement however is if you’re going to inherit this you’re

you’re going to inherit this you’re

you’re going to inherit this you’re going to have to provide a function that

going to have to provide a function that

going to have to provide a function that is called each now we’re going to put

is called each now we’re going to put

is called each now we’re going to put inside of here all the different things

inside of here all the different things

inside of here all the different things that we’re going to have in this

that we’re going to have in this

that we’re going to have in this enumerable so if we have a menu we’re

enumerable so if we have a menu we’re

enumerable so if we have a menu we’re going to have pizza and you’re going to

going to have pizza and you’re going to

going to have pizza and you’re going to find all these different options by

find all these different options by

find all these different options by putting yield inside of here for each of

putting yield inside of here for each of

putting yield inside of here for each of the possible options and salad and water

the possible options and salad and water

the possible options and salad and water and bread is keeping it simple courses

and bread is keeping it simple courses

and bread is keeping it simple courses is going to end with end and then the

is going to end with end and then the

is going to end with end and then the class will end with end will then be

class will end with end will then be

class will end with end will then be able to go and you options and create a

able to go and you options and create a

able to go and you options and create a new menu just by using new just like

new menu just by using new just like

new menu just by using new just like we’re used to we can in cycle through

we’re used to we can in cycle through

we’re used to we can in cycle through all those by going menu options and

all those by going menu options and

all those by going menu options and guess what each do again just like we’ve

guess what each do again just like we’ve

guess what each do again just like we’ve seen many times temporarily held in item

seen many times temporarily held in item

seen many times temporarily held in item and we could put puts and we could have

and we could put puts and we could have

and we could put puts and we could have an automated sort of waitress here would

an automated sort of waitress here would

an automated sort of waitress here would you like and then put in an item and put

you like and then put in an item and put

you like and then put in an item and put end there we go and ask would you like

end there we go and ask would you like

end there we go and ask would you like all the different things on our menu we

all the different things on our menu we

all the different things on our menu we could then check to see if we have a

could then check to see if we have a

could then check to see if we have a pizza for example so menu options go

pizza for example so menu options go

pizza for example so menu options go find then inside of here well make sure

find then inside of here well make sure

find then inside of here well make sure you use curly brackets in a situation it

you use curly brackets in a situation it

you use curly brackets in a situation it would say item and we would check if any

would say item and we would check if any

would say item and we would check if any of these items is equal to pizza and if

of these items is equal to pizza and if

of these items is equal to pizza and if it does find a match it’s going to print

it does find a match it’s going to print

it does find a match it’s going to print that out we do all kinds of weird things

that out we do all kinds of weird things

that out we do all kinds of weird things let’s say that we wanted return items

let’s say that we wanted return items

let’s say that we wanted return items that are 5 letters in length we could

that are 5 letters in length we could

that are 5 letters in length we could come in here and say select and this is

come in here and say select and this is

come in here and say select and this is going to cycle through all these

going to cycle through all these

going to cycle through all these different options so we could say so

different options so we could say so

different options so we could say so item item size less than or equal to 5

item item size less than or equal to 5

item item size less than or equal to 5 likewise we could use reject instead of

likewise we could use reject instead of

likewise we could use reject instead of select reject and it’s going to reject

select reject and it’s going to reject

select reject and it’s going to reject anything that meets those options we

anything that meets those options we

anything that meets those options we could also come in and print out the

could also come in and print out the

could also come in and print out the first item we have we could also come in

first item we have we could also come in

first item we have we could also come in and print out the first two by using

and print out the first two by using

and print out the first two by using take like this we could return

take like this we could return

take like this we could return everything except for the first two by

everything except for the first two by

everything except for the first two by using drop it’s not going to affect the

using drop it’s not going to affect the

using drop it’s not going to affect the enumerable in any way just going to show

enumerable in any way just going to show

enumerable in any way just going to show those and onwards and onwards we could

those and onwards and onwards we could

those and onwards and onwards we could also menu options get the minimum item

also menu options get the minimum item

also menu options get the minimum item we could also get the maximum item and

we could also get the maximum item and

we could also get the maximum item and that’s going to pend upon alphabet order

that’s going to pend upon alphabet order

that’s going to pend upon alphabet order or whether you have numbers or letters

or whether you have numbers or letters

or whether you have numbers or letters or whatever we’re also going to have

or whatever we’re also going to have

or whatever we’re also going to have sorting options and we could even return

sorting options and we could even return

sorting options and we could even return every single option in reverse order if

every single option in reverse order if

every single option in reverse order if we’d like so go reverse each just to be

we’d like so go reverse each just to be

we’d like so go reverse each just to be kind of silly here there we go execute

kind of silly here there we go execute

kind of silly here there we go execute and you can see everything prints out

and you can see everything prints out

and you can see everything prints out there on the screen so there is pretty

there on the screen so there is pretty

there on the screen so there is pretty much everything you want to know about

much everything you want to know about

much everything you want to know about enumerables and we’re pretty much done I

enumerables and we’re pretty much done I

enumerables and we’re pretty much done I figure why don’t we just cover the file

figure why don’t we just cover the file

figure why don’t we just cover the file object because it’s very useful as you

object because it’s very useful as you

object because it’s very useful as you saw before if you want to create a new

saw before if you want to create a new

saw before if you want to create a new file that you want to write to use the

file that you want to write to use the

file that you want to write to use the file object followed by new and then you

file object followed by new and then you

file object followed by new and then you would provide a name that you would like

would provide a name that you would like

would provide a name that you would like to have assigned to this new file you

to have assigned to this new file you

to have assigned to this new file you create I want to be able to write to it

create I want to be able to write to it

create I want to be able to write to it just put a W inside of there and there

just put a W inside of there and there

just put a W inside of there and there you go you have a file you can write to

you go you have a file you can write to

you go you have a file you can write to if it’s not created it will be created

if it’s not created it will be created

if it’s not created it will be created then you can just use puts to

then you can just use puts to

then you can just use puts to automatically go in and throw some

automatically go in and throw some

automatically go in and throw some information into your newly created file

information into your newly created file

information into your newly created file let’s just throw in three authors after

let’s just throw in three authors after

let’s just throw in three authors after you open it and put things in the file

you open it and put things in the file

you open it and put things in the file you would of course want to close it you

you would of course want to close it you

you would of course want to close it you want it to output everything that is an

want it to output everything that is an

want it to output everything that is an assigned to this file object you would

assigned to this file object you would

assigned to this file object you would just use read and then pass in the file

just use read and then pass in the file

just use read and then pass in the file that you wanted to pull information out

that you wanted to pull information out

that you wanted to pull information out from just check to make sure all that

from just check to make sure all that

from just check to make sure all that works and yes indeed it does if you want

works and yes indeed it does if you want

works and yes indeed it does if you want to open a file for appending just use

to open a file for appending just use

to open a file for appending just use the file object again followed by new

the file object again followed by new

the file object again followed by new and authors out and then in this

and authors out and then in this

and authors out and then in this situation instead of a double if you

situation instead of a double if you

situation instead of a double if you want to append to the end of the file

want to append to the end of the file

want to append to the end of the file you would put an A inside of there then

you would put an A inside of there then

you would put an A inside of there then come in and throw in a new author that

come in and throw in a new author that

come in and throw in a new author that you may have forgotten Danielle Steel

you may have forgotten Danielle Steel

you may have forgotten Danielle Steel for example and of course close that

for example and of course close that

for example and of course close that file again then if you wanted to read

file again then if you wanted to read

file again then if you wanted to read from this file again just to make sure

from this file again just to make sure

from this file again just to make sure that it updated you can see that

that it updated you can see that

that it updated you can see that Danielle Steel is now there this didn’t

Danielle Steel is now there this didn’t

Danielle Steel is now there this didn’t copy this multiple different times just

copy this multiple different times just

copy this multiple different times just shows that way because we have this

shows that way because we have this

shows that way because we have this other read here then let’s go and create

other read here then let’s go and create

other read here then let’s go and create another file equal to file well make

another file equal to file well make

another file equal to file well make sure that’s uppercase no and let’s call

sure that’s uppercase no and let’s call

sure that’s uppercase no and let’s call this one off

this one off

this one off there’s info out and it’s a new file

there’s info out and it’s a new file

there’s info out and it’s a new file that hasn’t been created let’s make it

that hasn’t been created let’s make it

that hasn’t been created let’s make it writable and in this situation we’re

writable and in this situation we’re

writable and in this situation we’re going to put a whole bunch of

going to put a whole bunch of

going to put a whole bunch of information in here so we’re going to

information in here so we’re going to

information in here so we’re going to have the author’s name their language

have the author’s name their language

have the author’s name their language the type of poetry or types of books

the type of poetry or types of books

the type of poetry or types of books they wrote and the number of items sold

they wrote and the number of items sold

they wrote and the number of items sold on our screen close our file and then

on our screen close our file and then

on our screen close our file and then let’s say we want to cycle through the

let’s say we want to cycle through the

let’s say we want to cycle through the data to write out sentences based off

data to write out sentences based off

data to write out sentences based off the data that’s stored inside of there

the data that’s stored inside of there

the data that’s stored inside of there well you go file open and then we could

well you go file open and then we could

well you go file open and then we could type in author info like this out there

type in author info like this out there

type in author info like this out there is the name of our file do we’re gonna

is the name of our file do we’re gonna

is the name of our file do we’re gonna be able to use do again and we could say

be able to use do again and we could say

be able to use do again and we could say each one of those lines is going to be a

each one of those lines is going to be a

each one of those lines is going to be a record and then we could go record each

record and then we could go record each

record and then we could go record each do we could have each line of that

do we could have each line of that

do we could have each line of that document go inside of the item here we

document go inside of the item here we

document go inside of the item here we could then split each line into four

could then split each line into four

could then split each line into four parts based off of commas so we’ll say

parts based off of commas so we’ll say

parts based off of commas so we’ll say name will be the first one lying will be

name will be the first one lying will be

name will be the first one lying will be the next one specialty will be the next

the next one specialty will be the next

the next one specialty will be the next one and sales will be the next one is

one and sales will be the next one is

one and sales will be the next one is equal to item this item represents the

equal to item this item represents the

equal to item this item represents the whole entire line and we can say chomp

whole entire line and we can say chomp

whole entire line and we can say chomp which means all that information is

which means all that information is

which means all that information is going to be split based off of commas

going to be split based off of commas

going to be split based off of commas and then after we split all that stuff

and then after we split all that stuff

and then after we split all that stuff we could go put and make some neat

we could go put and make some neat

we could go put and make some neat things let’s say name was a and we could

things let’s say name was a and we could

things let’s say name was a and we could say what type of book make sure you have

say what type of book make sure you have

say what type of book make sure you have the curly brace clothes there was a and

the curly brace clothes there was a and

the curly brace clothes there was a and we type in language author that

we type in language author that

we type in language author that specialized in and whatever their

specialized in and whatever their

specialized in and whatever their specialty was and then say something

specialty was and then say something

specialty was and then say something like they sold over and whatever the

like they sold over and whatever the

like they sold over and whatever the sales were for their books and then

sales were for their books and then

sales were for their books and then books and then after that we want to

books and then after that we want to

books and then after that we want to close this off and then close this off

close this off and then close this off

close this off and then close this off and if we save that and jump over here

and if we save that and jump over here

and if we save that and jump over here you’re gonna see when Shakespeare was an

you’re gonna see when Shakespeare was an

you’re gonna see when Shakespeare was an English author specialized in plays and

English author specialized in plays and

English author specialized in plays and poetry they sold over 4 billion books so

poetry they sold over 4 billion books so

poetry they sold over 4 billion books so there you go guys there is a heck of a

there you go guys there is a heck of a

there you go guys there is a heck of a lot of information about Ruby please

lot of information about Ruby please

lot of information about Ruby please leave your questions and comments below

leave your questions and comments below

leave your questions and comments below otherwise till next time