we’re finding that we have just touched the beginnings of the discoveries of
the beginnings of the discoveries of
the beginnings of the discoveries of human origins
human origins
human origins we have probably almost doubled the
we have probably almost doubled the
we have probably almost doubled the number of known skeletons from the
number of known skeletons from the
number of known skeletons from the entirety of the early hominid record
entirety of the early hominid record
entirety of the early hominid record this little remarkable hole in the
this little remarkable hole in the
this little remarkable hole in the ground had delivered to us this
ground had delivered to us this
ground had delivered to us this extraordinary wealth like no other site
extraordinary wealth like no other site
extraordinary wealth like no other site in history
in history
in history I stand here representing one of the
I stand here representing one of the
I stand here representing one of the largest paleontological or
largest paleontological or
largest paleontological or archaeological projects in history this
archaeological projects in history this
archaeological projects in history this project is only three years old and yet
project is only three years old and yet
project is only three years old and yet it involves more than 80 scientists from
it involves more than 80 scientists from
it involves more than 80 scientists from around the world in fact every continent
around the world in fact every continent
around the world in fact every continent except Antarctica and I’m looking for
except Antarctica and I’m looking for
except Antarctica and I’m looking for someone down there to do some research
someone down there to do some research
someone down there to do some research this discovery and I’m was in part
this discovery and I’m was in part
this discovery and I’m was in part largely due to the organization you sit
largely due to the organization you sit
largely due to the organization you sit in tonight and funny enough was due in
in tonight and funny enough was due in
in tonight and funny enough was due in fact in part to what was perceived at
fact in part to what was perceived at
fact in part to what was perceived at the time as a failed expedition in 1997
the time as a failed expedition in 1997
the time as a failed expedition in 1997 1998 1999 I actually took a National
1998 1999 I actually took a National
1998 1999 I actually took a National Geographic grant to utilize a new
Geographic grant to utilize a new
Geographic grant to utilize a new technology to utilize a technology that
technology to utilize a technology that
technology to utilize a technology that been developed called handheld GPS that
been developed called handheld GPS that
been developed called handheld GPS that we had just become aware of and it just
we had just become aware of and it just
we had just become aware of and it just become a commercially available I bought
become a commercially available I bought
become a commercially available I bought one of the most expensive GPS as you
one of the most expensive GPS as you
one of the most expensive GPS as you could get that could bring you to the
could get that could bring you to the
could get that could bring you to the remarkable accuracy of 15 meters on
remarkable accuracy of 15 meters on
remarkable accuracy of 15 meters on planet Earth or so it said on the box I
planet Earth or so it said on the box I
planet Earth or so it said on the box I also at that time with a very large
also at that time with a very large
also at that time with a very large National Geographic grant bought
National Geographic grant bought
National Geographic grant bought something that was absolutely remarkable
something that was absolutely remarkable
something that was absolutely remarkable I bought digital satellite images from
I bought digital satellite images from
I bought digital satellite images from NASA that they had just made available
NASA that they had just made available
NASA that they had just made available they had the ability of getting you down
they had the ability of getting you down
they had the ability of getting you down to 30 meter pixels on planet earth for
to 30 meter pixels on planet earth for
to 30 meter pixels on planet earth for ten thousand US dollars a sheet
ten thousand US dollars a sheet
ten thousand US dollars a sheet I bought two of them and with those in
I bought two of them and with those in
I bought two of them and with those in hand I decided to go back out and
hand I decided to go back out and
hand I decided to go back out and explore southern Africa and so I was
explore southern Africa and so I was
explore southern Africa and so I was going to GPS coordinate the fossil sites
going to GPS coordinate the fossil sites
going to GPS coordinate the fossil sites of southern Afghanistan I’d technology
of southern Afghanistan I’d technology
of southern Afghanistan I’d technology and off I went and over a period of
and off I went and over a period of
and off I went and over a period of three years I concentrated my
three years I concentrated my
three years I concentrated my explorations around southern Africa but
explorations around southern Africa but
explorations around southern Africa but in the end specifically around an area
in the end specifically around an area
in the end specifically around an area called the Cradle of Humankind just
called the Cradle of Humankind just
called the Cradle of Humankind just outside of Johannesburg now this area is
outside of Johannesburg now this area is
outside of Johannesburg now this area is one of the most explored areas on planet
one of the most explored areas on planet
one of the most explored areas on planet Earth for early human fossils it was the
Earth for early human fossils it was the
Earth for early human fossils it was the first area explored in Africa in from
first area explored in Africa in from
first area explored in Africa in from 1935 onward luminaries like dart and
1935 onward luminaries like dart and
1935 onward luminaries like dart and Broome and even Frank Peabody was out
Broome and even Frank Peabody was out
Broome and even Frank Peabody was out there Philip Tobias Bob Wright everybody
there Philip Tobias Bob Wright everybody
there Philip Tobias Bob Wright everybody in our field has explored this dolomitic
in our field has explored this dolomitic
in our field has explored this dolomitic region and rightfully so it’s become one
region and rightfully so it’s become one
region and rightfully so it’s become one of the richest sources of human ancestor
of the richest sources of human ancestor
of the richest sources of human ancestor fossils and we knew it very well at the
fossils and we knew it very well at the
fossils and we knew it very well at the time I began that exploration project we
time I began that exploration project we
time I began that exploration project we knew of about a hundred cave sites and
knew of about a hundred cave sites and
knew of about a hundred cave sites and about sixteen fossil-bearing sites in
about sixteen fossil-bearing sites in
about sixteen fossil-bearing sites in the area and we pretty much thought we
the area and we pretty much thought we
the area and we pretty much thought we had it figured out by the end of that
had it figured out by the end of that
had it figured out by the end of that three-year period I had found four new
three-year period I had found four new
three-year period I had found four new fossil sites and about 25 or 30 new cave
fossil sites and about 25 or 30 new cave
fossil sites and about 25 or 30 new cave sites that no scientists had put a pin
sites that no scientists had put a pin
sites that no scientists had put a pin on and I thought that was remarkable so
on and I thought that was remarkable so
on and I thought that was remarkable so to my colleagues and so over the next
to my colleagues and so over the next
to my colleagues and so over the next decade or so I began to dig with
decade or so I began to dig with
decade or so I began to dig with colleagues some of those new sites and
colleagues some of those new sites and
colleagues some of those new sites and we found remarkably little in those
we found remarkably little in those
we found remarkably little in those sites the objects that were after I have
sites the objects that were after I have
sites the objects that were after I have to remind you these early human ancestor
to remind you these early human ancestor
to remind you these early human ancestor fossils are probably some of the rarest
fossils are probably some of the rarest
fossils are probably some of the rarest sought after objects on planet Earth
sought after objects on planet Earth
sought after objects on planet Earth I sit in a field that is probably
I sit in a field that is probably
I sit in a field that is probably populated by more scientists than the
populated by more scientists than the
populated by more scientists than the fossils they study I sit in a field that
fossils they study I sit in a field that
fossils they study I sit in a field that for the vast majority of people who call
for the vast majority of people who call
for the vast majority of people who call themselves paleoanthropologists or
themselves paleoanthropologists or
themselves paleoanthropologists or physical anthropologists who work on
physical anthropologists who work on
physical anthropologists who work on early humans they will go through their
early humans they will go through their
early humans they will go through their entire careers and never find a single
entire careers and never find a single
entire careers and never find a single piece of one of these in the wild so
piece of one of these in the wild so
piece of one of these in the wild so it’s an extraordinary difficult field
it’s an extraordinary difficult field
it’s an extraordinary difficult field and the perceived rarity of these things
and the perceived rarity of these things
and the perceived rarity of these things makes even tiny fragments valuable I
makes even tiny fragments valuable I
makes even tiny fragments valuable I found myself in December of 2007
found myself in December of 2007
found myself in December of 2007 as the last single human being on planet
as the last single human being on planet
as the last single human being on planet earth to discover Google Earth and in
earth to discover Google Earth and in
earth to discover Google Earth and in doing that I was staggered there I was
doing that I was staggered there I was
doing that I was staggered there I was sitting at home over our summer vacation
sitting at home over our summer vacation
sitting at home over our summer vacation in South Africa and I did what every
in South Africa and I did what every
in South Africa and I did what every single one of you did when you found
single one of you did when you found
single one of you did when you found Google Earth before that date remember
Google Earth before that date remember
Google Earth before that date remember what you did you look at their own home
what you did you look at their own home
what you did you look at their own home right to see if you’re lying naked by
right to see if you’re lying naked by
right to see if you’re lying naked by the swimming pool I wasn’t and then the
the swimming pool I wasn’t and then the
the swimming pool I wasn’t and then the second thing you do is you start looking
second thing you do is you start looking
second thing you do is you start looking at places that are familiar to you and
at places that are familiar to you and
at places that are familiar to you and somewhat where along that journey you
somewhat where along that journey you
somewhat where along that journey you find that when you type in a longitude
find that when you type in a longitude
find that when you type in a longitude and latitude or a GPS coordinate
and latitude or a GPS coordinate
and latitude or a GPS coordinate it flies in in that really cool way that
it flies in in that really cool way that
it flies in in that really cool way that Google Earth does and I had these very
Google Earth does and I had these very
Google Earth does and I had these very expensive hardly explored numbers from
expensive hardly explored numbers from
expensive hardly explored numbers from the late-1990s petition and I eagerly
the late-1990s petition and I eagerly
the late-1990s petition and I eagerly typed the first one in and it zoomed
typed the first one in and it zoomed
typed the first one in and it zoomed into nothing I typed the second one in
into nothing I typed the second one in
into nothing I typed the second one in it was wrong and on and on I didn’t have
it was wrong and on and on I didn’t have
it was wrong and on and on I didn’t have the caves mapped it didn’t take me long
the caves mapped it didn’t take me long
the caves mapped it didn’t take me long to Google why because in the late 1990s
to Google why because in the late 1990s
to Google why because in the late 1990s the United States government owned those
the United States government owned those
the United States government owned those GPS satellites and they had put in
GPS satellites and they had put in
GPS satellites and they had put in deliberate error so that they couldn’t
deliberate error so that they couldn’t
deliberate error so that they couldn’t be used for military purposes and other
be used for military purposes and other
be used for military purposes and other things and with my highly accurate 15
things and with my highly accurate 15
things and with my highly accurate 15 meter resolution combined with that
meter resolution combined with that
meter resolution combined with that deliberate error my numbers were all
deliberate error my numbers were all
deliberate error my numbers were all wrong fifty meters one hundred and fifty
wrong fifty meters one hundred and fifty
wrong fifty meters one hundred and fifty two hundred and fifty meters off it was
two hundred and fifty meters off it was
two hundred and fifty meters off it was a disaster but I could play move the
a disaster but I could play move the
a disaster but I could play move the dots because on Google Earth they had a
dots because on Google Earth they had a
dots because on Google Earth they had a five meter resolution in the Cradle of
five meter resolution in the Cradle of
five meter resolution in the Cradle of Humankind area and I could move those
Humankind area and I could move those
Humankind area and I could move those dots on to the cave sites I could see
dots on to the cave sites I could see
dots on to the cave sites I could see the cave site I had intended to map and
the cave site I had intended to map and
the cave site I had intended to map and so over January and into February I
so over January and into February I
so over January and into February I spent my time moving all these dots on
spent my time moving all these dots on
spent my time moving all these dots on to the right place and as I did that I
to the right place and as I did that I
to the right place and as I did that I began to see patterns in distribution I
began to see patterns in distribution I
began to see patterns in distribution I began to see lines
began to see lines
began to see lines I saw areas where I thought the fossil
I saw areas where I thought the fossil
I saw areas where I thought the fossil sites were in deliberate association
sites were in deliberate association
sites were in deliberate association and then I began to see what I thought
and then I began to see what I thought
and then I began to see what I thought were other caves if that’s a cave this
were other caves if that’s a cave this
were other caves if that’s a cave this is a cave I knew their wording because
is a cave I knew their wording because
is a cave I knew their wording because I’d explored this area
I’d explored this area
I’d explored this area everybody’s explored this area but in
everybody’s explored this area but in
everybody’s explored this area but in March of 2008 it’s so intrigued me I
March of 2008 it’s so intrigued me I
March of 2008 it’s so intrigued me I took my laptop out and a 3G card so I
took my laptop out and a 3G card so I
took my laptop out and a 3G card so I could get onto Google Earth and I
could get onto Google Earth and I
could get onto Google Earth and I printed out a target area onto an a4
printed out a target area onto an a4
printed out a target area onto an a4 page with little dots map to put I
page with little dots map to put I
page with little dots map to put I thought look like caves and I went as
thought look like caves and I went as
thought look like caves and I went as far away from where I had spent the last
far away from where I had spent the last
far away from where I had spent the last 17 years working this side of GLaDOS
17 years working this side of GLaDOS
17 years working this side of GLaDOS ville in the middle of this area because
ville in the middle of this area because
ville in the middle of this area because I knew that area better than anyone I
I knew that area better than anyone I
I knew that area better than anyone I knew there was nothing there I started
knew there was nothing there I started
knew there was nothing there I started in the city limits of Krueger store and
in the city limits of Krueger store and
in the city limits of Krueger store and on the first day out I found 21 new
on the first day out I found 21 new
on the first day out I found 21 new fossil site by July I’d found over 600
fossil site by July I’d found over 600
fossil site by July I’d found over 600 previously unidentified cave sites and
previously unidentified cave sites and
previously unidentified cave sites and 40 previously unidentified fossil sites
40 previously unidentified fossil sites
40 previously unidentified fossil sites literally we went from say 20 fossil
literally we went from say 20 fossil
literally we went from say 20 fossil sites to 60 in a matter of a couple
sites to 60 in a matter of a couple
sites to 60 in a matter of a couple months on the 1st of August
months on the 1st of August
months on the 1st of August I dropped a colleague of mine Paul
I dropped a colleague of mine Paul
I dropped a colleague of mine Paul Dirk’s off at a series of caves right in
Dirk’s off at a series of caves right in
Dirk’s off at a series of caves right in the middle of the property that the site
the middle of the property that the site
the middle of the property that the site of Gladys Vail is on right next to where
of Gladys Vail is on right next to where
of Gladys Vail is on right next to where I’d spent the last 17 years to map that
I’d spent the last 17 years to map that
I’d spent the last 17 years to map that cave
cave
cave my dog tau and I drove down a road
my dog tau and I drove down a road
my dog tau and I drove down a road that’s coming up in a valley that you’ll
that’s coming up in a valley that you’ll
that’s coming up in a valley that you’ll see in just a moment into an area where
see in just a moment into an area where
see in just a moment into an area where I knew I was not going to find anything
I knew I was not going to find anything
I knew I was not going to find anything and the reason I knew I wasn’t going to
and the reason I knew I wasn’t going to
and the reason I knew I wasn’t going to find anything is because I had found one
find anything is because I had found one
find anything is because I had found one of those 4 fossil sites in this valley
of those 4 fossil sites in this valley
of those 4 fossil sites in this valley in that very expensive National
in that very expensive National
in that very expensive National Geographic expedition I had been there
Geographic expedition I had been there
Geographic expedition I had been there before but I saw these little blips
before but I saw these little blips
before but I saw these little blips those little clusters of trees being
those little clusters of trees being
those little clusters of trees being marked and they looked like targets to
marked and they looked like targets to
marked and they looked like targets to me and in particular that little cluster
me and in particular that little cluster
me and in particular that little cluster of greenish dots you see there looked
of greenish dots you see there looked
of greenish dots you see there looked like what cave should look like and so
like what cave should look like and so
like what cave should look like and so tau and I stopped the car on that dirt
tau and I stopped the car on that dirt
tau and I stopped the car on that dirt road right next to that red star 50
road right next to that red star 50
road right next to that red star 50 metres from the road and I immediately
metres from the road and I immediately
metres from the road and I immediately saw a lime trackway what a lime trackway
saw a lime trackway what a lime trackway
saw a lime trackway what a lime trackway is is little
is is little
is is little tiny strip of cleared area I had been on
tiny strip of cleared area I had been on
tiny strip of cleared area I had been on that road maybe 300 times in the last 17
that road maybe 300 times in the last 17
that road maybe 300 times in the last 17 years and I’d never seen that track and
years and I’d never seen that track and
years and I’d never seen that track and when I saw it I knew I was about to make
when I saw it I knew I was about to make
when I saw it I knew I was about to make a discovery because the miners who had
a discovery because the miners who had
a discovery because the miners who had mine these limestone caves to get lime
mine these limestone caves to get lime
mine these limestone caves to get lime to build Johannesburg in the late 19th
to build Johannesburg in the late 19th
to build Johannesburg in the late 19th and early 20th century would build those
and early 20th century would build those
and early 20th century would build those track ways leading up to fossil-bearing
track ways leading up to fossil-bearing
track ways leading up to fossil-bearing cave sites and so tau and I walked up
cave sites and so tau and I walked up
cave sites and so tau and I walked up that road we came to an old game fence
that road we came to an old game fence
that road we came to an old game fence which you can see it running right in
which you can see it running right in
which you can see it running right in here but the property is being expanded
here but the property is being expanded
here but the property is being expanded and it was deteriorating and animals had
and it was deteriorating and animals had
and it was deteriorating and animals had broken through in just the right place
broken through in just the right place
broken through in just the right place so that we could slip through this game
so that we could slip through this game
so that we could slip through this game fence and we walked into this and I was
fence and we walked into this and I was
fence and we walked into this and I was staggered because I knew as soon as I
staggered because I knew as soon as I
staggered because I knew as soon as I approached what you’re looking at right
approached what you’re looking at right
approached what you’re looking at right there this cluster of trees that there
there this cluster of trees that there
there this cluster of trees that there was a cave site there those trees grow
was a cave site there those trees grow
was a cave site there those trees grow in the disturbed area of these denuded
in the disturbed area of these denuded
in the disturbed area of these denuded trees white stink woods wild olives it’s
trees white stink woods wild olives it’s
trees white stink woods wild olives it’s the signal marker when I walked into
the signal marker when I walked into
the signal marker when I walked into that I was truly staggered in this next
that I was truly staggered in this next
that I was truly staggered in this next slide don’t gasp yes I know it’s
slide don’t gasp yes I know it’s
slide don’t gasp yes I know it’s exciting isn’t it there was a little
exciting isn’t it there was a little
exciting isn’t it there was a little hole in the ground two and a half meters
hole in the ground two and a half meters
hole in the ground two and a half meters wide two meters deep and that is highly
wide two meters deep and that is highly
wide two meters deep and that is highly unusual that cluster of trees I saw was
unusual that cluster of trees I saw was
unusual that cluster of trees I saw was probably about 30 meters long and about
probably about 30 meters long and about
probably about 30 meters long and about 25 meters wide that would be the extent
25 meters wide that would be the extent
25 meters wide that would be the extent of the cave and the miners knew that and
of the cave and the miners knew that and
of the cave and the miners knew that and when they found sites as they had found
when they found sites as they had found
when they found sites as they had found this one they would put blasts in and
this one they would put blasts in and
this one they would put blasts in and they had done that here using dynamite
they had done that here using dynamite
they had done that here using dynamite they put three blasts in here and they
they put three blasts in here and they
they put three blasts in here and they blew up a couple of dozen rocks onto the
blew up a couple of dozen rocks onto the
blew up a couple of dozen rocks onto the surface and then they had left this site
surface and then they had left this site
surface and then they had left this site I had almost never seen a cave that
I had almost never seen a cave that
I had almost never seen a cave that miners had bothered to blast and leave
miners had bothered to blast and leave
miners had bothered to blast and leave and they’d left this one I was on a
and they’d left this one I was on a
and they’d left this one I was on a mapping expedition so I took some notes
mapping expedition so I took some notes
mapping expedition so I took some notes in the very first rock I turned over had
in the very first rock I turned over had
in the very first rock I turned over had an antelope humerus in it a huge bone of
an antelope humerus in it a huge bone of
an antelope humerus in it a huge bone of an antelope sitting right on the surface
an antelope sitting right on the surface
an antelope sitting right on the surface I was one kilometer
I was one kilometer
I was one kilometer from where I’ve spent the last 17 years
from where I’ve spent the last 17 years
from where I’ve spent the last 17 years digging a hill and a half away and I had
digging a hill and a half away and I had
digging a hill and a half away and I had never seen this side no scientist had
never seen this side no scientist had
never seen this side no scientist had been there no scientist had ever marked
been there no scientist had ever marked
been there no scientist had ever marked it in when we scientists find a site
it in when we scientists find a site
it in when we scientists find a site like this we leave tells we pile up
like this we leave tells we pile up
like this we leave tells we pile up little rocks and you can tell we’ve been
little rocks and you can tell we’ve been
little rocks and you can tell we’ve been there no one had been there
there no one had been there
there no one had been there despite this area probably being outside
despite this area probably being outside
despite this area probably being outside of the sterk Fenton Valley the most
of the sterk Fenton Valley the most
of the sterk Fenton Valley the most explored area within the most explored
explored area within the most explored
explored area within the most explored area on planet earth for early hominids
area on planet earth for early hominids
area on planet earth for early hominids I studied with stun me but I was on a
I studied with stun me but I was on a
I studied with stun me but I was on a exploration mission so I took accurate
exploration mission so I took accurate
exploration mission so I took accurate GPS coordinates and this very bad photo
GPS coordinates and this very bad photo
GPS coordinates and this very bad photo and I walked up the hill and found 46
and I walked up the hill and found 46
and I walked up the hill and found 46 previously unidentified caves 46 right
previously unidentified caves 46 right
previously unidentified caves 46 right next to where I’d spent almost last two
next to where I’d spent almost last two
next to where I’d spent almost last two decades that surprised me I went back to
decades that surprised me I went back to
decades that surprised me I went back to the lab and something I didn’t tell you
the lab and something I didn’t tell you
the lab and something I didn’t tell you something terrible had happened the week
something terrible had happened the week
something terrible had happened the week before this a young man who was going to
before this a young man who was going to
before this a young man who was going to come over and take over the directorship
come over and take over the directorship
come over and take over the directorship of our Institute and transform us into
of our Institute and transform us into
of our Institute and transform us into this modern technological lab to create
this modern technological lab to create
this modern technological lab to create this new generation have been killed in
this new generation have been killed in
this new generation have been killed in a motorcycle accident and we had already
a motorcycle accident and we had already
a motorcycle accident and we had already hired staff and everything to work under
hired staff and everything to work under
hired staff and everything to work under them one of them was a young man named
them one of them was a young man named
them one of them was a young man named Joe kiviak Kenyon postdoctoral student
Joe kiviak Kenyon postdoctoral student
Joe kiviak Kenyon postdoctoral student and he came into my office three or four
and he came into my office three or four
and he came into my office three or four days later and said Lee would you take
days later and said Lee would you take
days later and said Lee would you take over my postdoctoral supervision and I
over my postdoctoral supervision and I
over my postdoctoral supervision and I said no you’re a lab guy I’m not a lab
said no you’re a lab guy I’m not a lab
said no you’re a lab guy I’m not a lab guy I can’t teach you this stuff but
guy I can’t teach you this stuff but
guy I can’t teach you this stuff but I’ve just found this site and if you’re
I’ve just found this site and if you’re
I’ve just found this site and if you’re willing to learn to be a field guy I’ll
willing to learn to be a field guy I’ll
willing to learn to be a field guy I’ll take you out there and let’s see what
take you out there and let’s see what
take you out there and let’s see what this thing has could it is bugging me so
this thing has could it is bugging me so
this thing has could it is bugging me so on the 15th of August Joe myself I dog
on the 15th of August Joe myself I dog
on the 15th of August Joe myself I dog cow and my nine-year-old son Matthew we
cow and my nine-year-old son Matthew we
cow and my nine-year-old son Matthew we went back to this site to see what it
went back to this site to see what it
went back to this site to see what it had to offer and we walked up that
had to offer and we walked up that
had to offer and we walked up that little lime track way through the fence
little lime track way through the fence
little lime track way through the fence got to the edge of this pit and I was
got to the edge of this pit and I was
got to the edge of this pit and I was telling them the story of that how I
telling them the story of that how I
telling them the story of that how I discovered the site and we got to the
discovered the site and we got to the
discovered the site and we got to the edge and I said okay go find fossils if
edge and I said okay go find fossils if
edge and I said okay go find fossils if you find anything call me I’ll identify
you find anything call me I’ll identify
you find anything call me I’ll identify it let’s see what this place has to
it let’s see what this place has to
it let’s see what this place has to offer
offer
offer and with that Matthew and Tao
and with that Matthew and Tao
and with that Matthew and Tao are gone off the site into the high
are gone off the site into the high
are gone off the site into the high grass I think we’re going to chase
grass I think we’re going to chase
grass I think we’re going to chase giraffe or something and I’ll see them
giraffe or something and I’ll see them
giraffe or something and I’ll see them at lunch time and I was standing next to
at lunch time and I was standing next to
at lunch time and I was standing next to Jobe saying you know I think they left
Jobe saying you know I think they left
Jobe saying you know I think they left this alone because they probably did
this alone because they probably did
this alone because they probably did what I did they found the site first and
what I did they found the site first and
what I did they found the site first and then as they started drilling these
then as they started drilling these
then as they started drilling these holes for the dynamite the foreman
holes for the dynamite the foreman
holes for the dynamite the foreman probably walked up the hill found all
probably walked up the hill found all
probably walked up the hill found all these easy-to-get caves and they had
these easy-to-get caves and they had
these easy-to-get caves and they had then gone and destroyed every one of
then gone and destroyed every one of
then gone and destroyed every one of those 46 caves and as I said that
those 46 caves and as I said that
those 46 caves and as I said that Matthew said dad I found fossil and I
Matthew said dad I found fossil and I
Matthew said dad I found fossil and I almost didn’t go look because I knew
almost didn’t go look because I knew
almost didn’t go look because I knew what he had found he’d found an antelope
what he had found he’d found an antelope
what he had found he’d found an antelope fossil because that’s all we bloody will
fossil because that’s all we bloody will
fossil because that’s all we bloody will ever find for every single early hominid
ever find for every single early hominid
ever find for every single early hominid we find we find about 250,000 and tulo
we find we find about 250,000 and tulo
we find we find about 250,000 and tulo fossils but he’s my nine-year-old son
fossils but he’s my nine-year-old son
fossils but he’s my nine-year-old son and just like all you have to encourage
and just like all you have to encourage
and just like all you have to encourage fossil hunting so I started walking
fossil hunting so I started walking
fossil hunting so I started walking towards him in five meters away from him
towards him in five meters away from him
towards him in five meters away from him I saw this and I knew that both his and
I saw this and I knew that both his and
I saw this and I knew that both his and my life were going to change forever and
my life were going to change forever and
my life were going to change forever and instead of me telling you this story let
instead of me telling you this story let
instead of me telling you this story let me actually let an expert tell you
me actually let an expert tell you
me actually let an expert tell you actually what happened I’m Matthew
actually what happened I’m Matthew
actually what happened I’m Matthew Berger and 12 years old and this is the
Berger and 12 years old and this is the
Berger and 12 years old and this is the lightning structure you I found one the
lightning structure you I found one the
lightning structure you I found one the coolest things in the world what
coolest things in the world what
coolest things in the world what happened was my dad had found the site
happened was my dad had found the site
happened was my dad had found the site two weeks before and he had said that he
two weeks before and he had said that he
two weeks before and he had said that he had found some antelope fossils at it so
had found some antelope fossils at it so
had found some antelope fossils at it so he wanted to take me out to see if I
he wanted to take me out to see if I
he wanted to take me out to see if I could find anything so two weeks later
could find anything so two weeks later
could find anything so two weeks later we came out with myself my dog Tao and
we came out with myself my dog Tao and
we came out with myself my dog Tao and his colleague job Kitty and we came to
his colleague job Kitty and we came to
his colleague job Kitty and we came to the site and he said go look for fossils
the site and he said go look for fossils
the site and he said go look for fossils so I ran off down a path trying to
so I ran off down a path trying to
so I ran off down a path trying to trying to catch my dog Tao and Anna and
trying to catch my dog Tao and Anna and
trying to catch my dog Tao and Anna and as I was running I tripped over log in
as I was running I tripped over log in
as I was running I tripped over log in the middle of the path and as I was
the middle of the path and as I was
the middle of the path and as I was tripping I saw a fossil sticking out of
tripping I saw a fossil sticking out of
tripping I saw a fossil sticking out of rock right next to this tree and when I
rock right next to this tree and when I
rock right next to this tree and when I got up to the Sall the dirt off myself I
got up to the Sall the dirt off myself I
got up to the Sall the dirt off myself I picked up the rock and there was the
picked up the rock and there was the
picked up the rock and there was the clavicle of a hominid sticking up but at
clavicle of a hominid sticking up but at
clavicle of a hominid sticking up but at first I didn’t know
first I didn’t know
first I didn’t know the clavicle I thought was a antelope
the clavicle I thought was a antelope
the clavicle I thought was a antelope fossil so I called my dad of and about
fossil so I called my dad of and about
fossil so I called my dad of and about five meters away he started swearing and
five meters away he started swearing and
five meters away he started swearing and I was like what did I do and he’s like
I was like what did I do and he’s like
I was like what did I do and he’s like nothing nothing you found a hominid and
nothing nothing you found a hominid and
nothing nothing you found a hominid and I was pretty shocked I wasn’t as shocked
I was pretty shocked I wasn’t as shocked
I was pretty shocked I wasn’t as shocked as I would be when it actually got
as I would be when it actually got
as I would be when it actually got released because I’d never knew it was
released because I’d never knew it was
released because I’d never knew it was gonna be that big I just thought it was
gonna be that big I just thought it was
gonna be that big I just thought it was going to be just another fossil find
what was sticking out of the edge of
what was sticking out of the edge of that rock was this remarkable bone and
that rock was this remarkable bone and
that rock was this remarkable bone and how I knew it was a clavicle from five
how I knew it was a clavicle from five
how I knew it was a clavicle from five meters away although I doubt the
meters away although I doubt the
meters away although I doubt the veracity of the cursing that Matthew
veracity of the cursing that Matthew
veracity of the cursing that Matthew mentioned is that very few animals have
mentioned is that very few animals have
mentioned is that very few animals have clavicles in Africa bats have them this
clavicles in Africa bats have them this
clavicles in Africa bats have them this was too big because bats fly moles have
was too big because bats fly moles have
was too big because bats fly moles have them because they dig this was too big
them because they dig this was too big
them because they dig this was too big and primates had them and amongst
and primates had them and amongst
and primates had them and amongst primates the only one with an S shaped
primates the only one with an S shaped
primates the only one with an S shaped or sigmoid shaped clavicle are hominids
or sigmoid shaped clavicle are hominids
or sigmoid shaped clavicle are hominids and I happen to be one of the only
and I happen to be one of the only
and I happen to be one of the only world’s experts on hominid clavicles I
world’s experts on hominid clavicles I
world’s experts on hominid clavicles I did my PhD on them all sort of six or
did my PhD on them all sort of six or
did my PhD on them all sort of six or seven partial fragments that have ever
seven partial fragments that have ever
seven partial fragments that have ever been discovered I did my PhD on the
been discovered I did my PhD on the
been discovered I did my PhD on the clavicle the proximal humerus and the
clavicle the proximal humerus and the
clavicle the proximal humerus and the scapula of which there had never been a
scapula of which there had never been a
scapula of which there had never been a complete one of any of those bones ever
complete one of any of those bones ever
complete one of any of those bones ever found in fact there never been for two
found in fact there never been for two
found in fact there never been for two of those bones anything but fragments
of those bones anything but fragments
of those bones anything but fragments and I was looking at one and I did what
and I was looking at one and I did what
and I was looking at one and I did what anyone would do I didn’t believe it I
anyone would do I didn’t believe it I
anyone would do I didn’t believe it I looked at it and as I turned it over to
looked at it and as I turned it over to
looked at it and as I turned it over to get it in better light thinking this has
get it in better light thinking this has
get it in better light thinking this has got to be something else sitting on the
got to be something else sitting on the
got to be something else sitting on the back was sticking out the jaw and canine
back was sticking out the jaw and canine
back was sticking out the jaw and canine of a hominid as well as other bones
of a hominid as well as other bones
of a hominid as well as other bones indicating the upper part of a skeleton
indicating the upper part of a skeleton
indicating the upper part of a skeleton was sitting in that tiny block remember
was sitting in that tiny block remember
was sitting in that tiny block remember how rare I told you these things were
how rare I told you these things were
how rare I told you these things were there maybe 3,000 or so they’ve ever
there maybe 3,000 or so they’ve ever
there maybe 3,000 or so they’ve ever been discovered the vast majority of
been discovered the vast majority of
been discovered the vast majority of hominid fossils we discover isolated
hominid fossils we discover isolated
hominid fossils we discover isolated teeth something in excess of 90% for
teeth something in excess of 90% for
teeth something in excess of 90% for almost every bone below
almost every bone below
almost every bone below the neck except for maybe a couple
the neck except for maybe a couple
the neck except for maybe a couple finger bones and some of the denser
finger bones and some of the denser
finger bones and some of the denser bones we have never found a complete
bones we have never found a complete
bones we have never found a complete bone in any early hominid everything’s
bone in any early hominid everything’s
bone in any early hominid everything’s fragmentary for really rare things those
fragmentary for really rare things those
fragmentary for really rare things those things like mandibles and skulls that
things like mandibles and skulls that
things like mandibles and skulls that bless the pages of National Geographic
bless the pages of National Geographic
bless the pages of National Geographic occasionally there are literally only a
occasionally there are literally only a
occasionally there are literally only a few dozen that have ever been found
few dozen that have ever been found
few dozen that have ever been found anywhere in Africa and when you get to
anywhere in Africa and when you get to
anywhere in Africa and when you get to the truly rare things what we
the truly rare things what we
the truly rare things what we paleoanthropologists generously call
paleoanthropologists generously call
paleoanthropologists generously call partial skeletons and that means any
partial skeletons and that means any
partial skeletons and that means any single piece of the cranial remains
single piece of the cranial remains
single piece of the cranial remains teeth or head associated with any single
teeth or head associated with any single
teeth or head associated with any single piece of the body of one individual
piece of the body of one individual
piece of the body of one individual there had at that time been about seven
there had at that time been about seven
there had at that time been about seven or so found of which probably about four
or so found of which probably about four
or so found of which probably about four or five you would know the names of Lucy
or five you would know the names of Lucy
or five you would know the names of Lucy Littlefoot Turkana boy – kike child then
Littlefoot Turkana boy – kike child then
Littlefoot Turkana boy – kike child then they start getting really scrappy after
they start getting really scrappy after
they start getting really scrappy after that and I was probably holding one and
that and I was probably holding one and
that and I was probably holding one and I was stunned because what are the odds
I was stunned because what are the odds
I was stunned because what are the odds that the jaw and a clavicle in these
that the jaw and a clavicle in these
that the jaw and a clavicle in these upper limb elements I could see sticking
upper limb elements I could see sticking
upper limb elements I could see sticking out were not one individual I actually
out were not one individual I actually
out were not one individual I actually called the South African heritage
called the South African heritage
called the South African heritage Resource Agency because of course
Resource Agency because of course
Resource Agency because of course there’s cellphone coverage at the site
there’s cellphone coverage at the site
there’s cellphone coverage at the site and got permission to take that rock out
and got permission to take that rock out
and got permission to take that rock out but now of course we could not touch the
but now of course we could not touch the
but now of course we could not touch the site it comes under an entirely
site it comes under an entirely
site it comes under an entirely different permitting structure and
different permitting structure and
different permitting structure and that’s frustrating I take that rock back
that’s frustrating I take that rock back
that’s frustrating I take that rock back and we begin preparing it out and within
and we begin preparing it out and within
and we begin preparing it out and within a couple of days we realize that yes
a couple of days we realize that yes
a couple of days we realize that yes indeed there was a partial skeleton
indeed there was a partial skeleton
indeed there was a partial skeleton inside of that rock there was a jaw
inside of that rock there was a jaw
inside of that rock there was a jaw coming out of a child the m3 was not
coming out of a child the m3 was not
coming out of a child the m3 was not erupted but the m2 was there were these
erupted but the m2 was there were these
erupted but the m2 was there were these upper limb bones and the growth centers
upper limb bones and the growth centers
upper limb bones and the growth centers were not fused as would befit a teenage
were not fused as would befit a teenage
were not fused as would befit a teenage child and it was in clear association
child and it was in clear association
child and it was in clear association even from the first minute and there was
even from the first minute and there was
even from the first minute and there was much rejoicing at our Institute on
much rejoicing at our Institute on
much rejoicing at our Institute on September 3rd I was told that I would
September 3rd I was told that I would
September 3rd I was told that I would receive the permit and back out we went
receive the permit and back out we went
receive the permit and back out we went to the site on September 4th everybody
to the site on September 4th everybody
to the site on September 4th everybody who was a paleoanthropologist a physical
who was a paleoanthropologist a physical
who was a paleoanthropologist a physical anthropologist and archaeologist
anthropologist and archaeologist
anthropologist and archaeologist biological anthropologist or who like
biological anthropologist or who like
biological anthropologist or who like dogs went back out to that site from
dogs went back out to that site from
dogs went back out to that site from vets 14 of us professionals
vets 14 of us professionals
vets 14 of us professionals because we don’t find these things as I
because we don’t find these things as I
because we don’t find these things as I told you and everyone in our group I
told you and everyone in our group I
told you and everyone in our group I think was thinking if a nine-year-old
think was thinking if a nine-year-old
think was thinking if a nine-year-old can do it in a minute and a half we got
can do it in a minute and a half we got
can do it in a minute and a half we got back out to the site early in the
back out to the site early in the
back out to the site early in the morning and three and a half hours later
morning and three and a half hours later
morning and three and a half hours later we had not found a single piece that you
we had not found a single piece that you
we had not found a single piece that you could identify as an early hominid in
could identify as an early hominid in
could identify as an early hominid in this tiny little hole with that little
this tiny little hole with that little
this tiny little hole with that little block coming from right back there we
block coming from right back there we
block coming from right back there we couldn’t even connect the dots and we
couldn’t even connect the dots and we
couldn’t even connect the dots and we were devastated we couldn’t find a
were devastated we couldn’t find a
were devastated we couldn’t find a single thing that you would positively
single thing that you would positively
single thing that you would positively identify as a probable early human and
identify as a probable early human and
identify as a probable early human and like all good South Africans do in
like all good South Africans do in
like all good South Africans do in moments of tragedy we broke 40 and
moments of tragedy we broke 40 and
moments of tragedy we broke 40 and everyone went over and sat just to the
everyone went over and sat just to the
everyone went over and sat just to the left of this picture and I walked back
left of this picture and I walked back
left of this picture and I walked back to this pit a pit that we had all been
to this pit a pit that we had all been
to this pit a pit that we had all been in and out of trying to fit that block
in and out of trying to fit that block
in and out of trying to fit that block back in and exploring countless times
back in and exploring countless times
back in and exploring countless times and I was standing there trying to
and I was standing there trying to
and I was standing there trying to visualize that moment maybe a hundred
visualize that moment maybe a hundred
visualize that moment maybe a hundred years ago a blast just gone off the
years ago a blast just gone off the
years ago a blast just gone off the miners go down they start throwing rocks
miners go down they start throwing rocks
miners go down they start throwing rocks at how would a rocket from here to there
at how would a rocket from here to there
at how would a rocket from here to there and I began to have that ugly feeling
and I began to have that ugly feeling
and I began to have that ugly feeling that maybe that rock hadn’t come from
that maybe that rock hadn’t come from
that maybe that rock hadn’t come from here maybe it come from one of those
here maybe it come from one of those
here maybe it come from one of those other 46 caves they’ve been destroyed
other 46 caves they’ve been destroyed
other 46 caves they’ve been destroyed and we would never know its context and
and we would never know its context and
and we would never know its context and I was trying to visualize those miners
I was trying to visualize those miners
I was trying to visualize those miners and see them and as I did the Sun had
and see them and as I did the Sun had
and see them and as I did the Sun had got up just enough to light the back of
got up just enough to light the back of
got up just enough to light the back of this wall and I saw sticking out of the
this wall and I saw sticking out of the
this wall and I saw sticking out of the wall the proximal humerus of a hominid
wall the proximal humerus of a hominid
wall the proximal humerus of a hominid two and a half centimeters out of the
two and a half centimeters out of the
two and a half centimeters out of the rock remember I’m one of the world’s
rock remember I’m one of the world’s
rock remember I’m one of the world’s experts on them I know what they look
experts on them I know what they look
experts on them I know what they look like I didn’t say anything though I
like I didn’t say anything though I
like I didn’t say anything though I climbed down into the hole as I got
climbed down into the hole as I got
climbed down into the hole as I got within about a metre and a half of it I
within about a metre and a half of it I
within about a metre and a half of it I realized to my astonishment that
realized to my astonishment that
realized to my astonishment that attached to the humerus was a scapula
attached to the humerus was a scapula
attached to the humerus was a scapula remember I did my PhD on them
remember I did my PhD on them
remember I did my PhD on them and I knew that I had found the skeleton
and I knew that I had found the skeleton
and I knew that I had found the skeleton mandible clavicle proximal humerus
mandible clavicle proximal humerus
mandible clavicle proximal humerus scapula it’s got to be this child I
scapula it’s got to be this child I
scapula it’s got to be this child I still didn’t say anything now I put my
still didn’t say anything now I put my
still didn’t say anything now I put my hand on the rock and two hominid teeth
hand on the rock and two hominid teeth
hand on the rock and two hominid teeth fell out of the dirt on the surface into
fell out of the dirt on the surface into
fell out of the dirt on the surface into my hand and then I said something and
my hand and then I said something and
my hand and then I said something and everyone came down in and we were
everyone came down in and we were
everyone came down in and we were astonished and I said be careful these
astonished and I said be careful these
astonished and I said be careful these things are falling out of the wall and
things are falling out of the wall and
things are falling out of the wall and as I said that an archaeologist reached
as I said that an archaeologist reached
as I said that an archaeologist reached down to lift a rock and I said stop
down to lift a rock and I said stop
down to lift a rock and I said stop because sticking out of the back of it
because sticking out of the back of it
because sticking out of the back of it was the proximal femur the thigh bone of
was the proximal femur the thigh bone of
was the proximal femur the thigh bone of that juvenile hominid I couldn’t believe
that juvenile hominid I couldn’t believe
that juvenile hominid I couldn’t believe it it would be something that never
it it would be something that never
it it would be something that never crossed my mind I promise you yet it
crossed my mind I promise you yet it
crossed my mind I promise you yet it should have when I was holding those two
should have when I was holding those two
should have when I was holding those two worn teeth that this was not that
worn teeth that this was not that
worn teeth that this was not that child’s skeleton this was a second
child’s skeleton this was a second
child’s skeleton this was a second skeleton because never in history had
skeleton because never in history had
skeleton because never in history had two skeletons been found together in an
two skeletons been found together in an
two skeletons been found together in an early hominid deposit it would take
early hominid deposit it would take
early hominid deposit it would take another month and a half and us taking
another month and a half and us taking
another month and a half and us taking that block out this this large block
that block out this this large block
that block out this this large block right here out and beginning to prepare
right here out and beginning to prepare
right here out and beginning to prepare it and within minutes I then knew that
it and within minutes I then knew that
it and within minutes I then knew that we indeed did have a second skeleton
we indeed did have a second skeleton
we indeed did have a second skeleton because it was an adult
because it was an adult
because it was an adult it’s a PUC’s refused we would later find
it’s a PUC’s refused we would later find
it’s a PUC’s refused we would later find the little child right above there just
the little child right above there just
the little child right above there just a few centimeters above what turn out to
a few centimeters above what turn out to
a few centimeters above what turn out to be a female skeleton this little
be a female skeleton this little
be a female skeleton this little remarkable hole in the ground had
remarkable hole in the ground had
remarkable hole in the ground had delivered to us this extraordinary
delivered to us this extraordinary
delivered to us this extraordinary wealth in the last three years like no
wealth in the last three years like no
wealth in the last three years like no other sight in history not only has it
other sight in history not only has it
other sight in history not only has it yielded the two most complete early
yielded the two most complete early
yielded the two most complete early hominid skeletons ever discovered
hominid skeletons ever discovered
hominid skeletons ever discovered without excavating it’s also yielded
without excavating it’s also yielded
without excavating it’s also yielded other individuals last April we
other individuals last April we
other individuals last April we announced a new species of early hominid
announced a new species of early hominid
announced a new species of early hominid from this site Australopithecus sediba
from this site Australopithecus sediba
from this site Australopithecus sediba means fountain our wellspring in the
means fountain our wellspring in the
means fountain our wellspring in the suti language and of course my
suti language and of course my
suti language and of course my colleagues always forced me to show this
colleagues always forced me to show this
colleagues always forced me to show this image because it was of course on the
image because it was of course on the
image because it was of course on the cover of the Durham
cover of the Durham
cover of the Durham science and for scientists that’s like
science and for scientists that’s like
science and for scientists that’s like maybe a rock star being on the cover of
maybe a rock star being on the cover of
maybe a rock star being on the cover of Rolling Stone magazine and so we’re very
Rolling Stone magazine and so we’re very
Rolling Stone magazine and so we’re very proud of that three weeks ago we were
proud of that three weeks ago we were
proud of that three weeks ago we were again on the cover of science announcing
again on the cover of science announcing
again on the cover of science announcing new morphologies and interpretations and
new morphologies and interpretations and
new morphologies and interpretations and things like this which I’ll talk about
things like this which I’ll talk about
things like this which I’ll talk about in a moment we were talking about the
in a moment we were talking about the
in a moment we were talking about the remarkable remarkable morphology
remarkable remarkable morphology
remarkable remarkable morphology unexpected morphology of
unexpected morphology of
unexpected morphology of Australopithecus sediba it is not what
Australopithecus sediba it is not what
Australopithecus sediba it is not what we had predicted it has these long
we had predicted it has these long
we had predicted it has these long ape-like arms here is the arm of a
ape-like arms here is the arm of a
ape-like arms here is the arm of a chimpanzee this is the female’s arm and
chimpanzee this is the female’s arm and
chimpanzee this is the female’s arm and by the way every one of those bones is
by the way every one of those bones is
by the way every one of those bones is the only complete undamaged bone of its
the only complete undamaged bone of its
the only complete undamaged bone of its kind ever found in the entirety of the
kind ever found in the entirety of the
kind ever found in the entirety of the early hominid record the radius the ulna
early hominid record the radius the ulna
early hominid record the radius the ulna and the humerus that is a human a pygmy
and the humerus that is a human a pygmy
and the humerus that is a human a pygmy of approximately the same size you can
of approximately the same size you can
of approximately the same size you can see how odd those arms are and when we
see how odd those arms are and when we
see how odd those arms are and when we saw that we said it must be a climber
saw that we said it must be a climber
saw that we said it must be a climber and we predicted what the hand would
and we predicted what the hand would
and we predicted what the hand would look like
look like
look like it must be long and curved with a
it must be long and curved with a
it must be long and curved with a shortened thumb just like all the early
shortened thumb just like all the early
shortened thumb just like all the early Australia but the scenes are and it was
Australia but the scenes are and it was
Australia but the scenes are and it was not it was human life it’s the most
not it was human life it’s the most
not it was human life it’s the most human-like hand that has ever been
human-like hand that has ever been
human-like hand that has ever been discovered in the early hominid record
discovered in the early hominid record
discovered in the early hominid record it has a long thumb like a human in fact
it has a long thumb like a human in fact
it has a long thumb like a human in fact almost superhuman
almost superhuman
almost superhuman it’s got shortened fingers and it lacks
it’s got shortened fingers and it lacks
it’s got shortened fingers and it lacks curvature in those fingers it is more
curvature in those fingers it is more
curvature in those fingers it is more advanced than the Homo habilis hand for
advanced than the Homo habilis hand for
advanced than the Homo habilis hand for which handyman and the first ancient
which handyman and the first ancient
which handyman and the first ancient member of the genus Homo was named which
member of the genus Homo was named which
member of the genus Homo was named which just happens to be about 300,000 years
just happens to be about 300,000 years
just happens to be about 300,000 years younger than this it should not be on
younger than this it should not be on
younger than this it should not be on the end of that ape-like arm but there
the end of that ape-like arm but there
the end of that ape-like arm but there it is if we’d found it separately we
it is if we’d found it separately we
it is if we’d found it separately we wouldn’t have put those two things
wouldn’t have put those two things
wouldn’t have put those two things together that hand is almost iconic this
together that hand is almost iconic this
together that hand is almost iconic this is Archbishop Desmond Tutu for those of
is Archbishop Desmond Tutu for those of
is Archbishop Desmond Tutu for those of you who don’t recognize holding that
you who don’t recognize holding that
you who don’t recognize holding that remarkable thing and it is a clear
remarkable thing and it is a clear
remarkable thing and it is a clear identifier of a unique
identifier of a unique
identifier of a unique aspect of human morphology something
aspect of human morphology something
aspect of human morphology something that is only really found in Homo
that is only really found in Homo
that is only really found in Homo sapiens and Neanderthals and we presume
sapiens and Neanderthals and we presume
sapiens and Neanderthals and we presume in Homo erectus although we’ve never
in Homo erectus although we’ve never
in Homo erectus although we’ve never found a hand in those just three weeks
found a hand in those just three weeks
found a hand in those just three weeks ago we began publishing more this is
ago we began publishing more this is
ago we began publishing more this is what those skeletons look like in April
what those skeletons look like in April
what those skeletons look like in April of last year and they may look pretty
of last year and they may look pretty
of last year and they may look pretty scrappy to you but they both
scrappy to you but they both
scrappy to you but they both individually even at that stage where
individually even at that stage where
individually even at that stage where the most complete early hominid
the most complete early hominid
the most complete early hominid skeletons ever found they were more
skeletons ever found they were more
skeletons ever found they were more complete than Lucy this is what they
complete than Lucy this is what they
complete than Lucy this is what they look like now they are works in progress
look like now they are works in progress
look like now they are works in progress there is absolutely no reason to suspect
there is absolutely no reason to suspect
there is absolutely no reason to suspect that we will not find these skeletons in
that we will not find these skeletons in
that we will not find these skeletons in their entirety we have not explored this
their entirety we have not explored this
their entirety we have not explored this planet we have not understood what we
planet we have not understood what we
planet we have not understood what we were walking on we must take the
were walking on we must take the
were walking on we must take the technology of the 21st century we must
technology of the 21st century we must
technology of the 21st century we must take this lethargy of the idea that we
take this lethargy of the idea that we
take this lethargy of the idea that we have found all the cool stuff and we
have found all the cool stuff and we
have found all the cool stuff and we must prepare everyone in this world for
must prepare everyone in this world for
must prepare everyone in this world for discovery we must teach the children
discovery we must teach the children
discovery we must teach the children that there’s more out there because
that there’s more out there because
that there’s more out there because there is
”
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