that world of political geography is not going away at the same time we are
going away at the same time we are
going away at the same time we are engaging in this topographical
engaging in this topographical
engaging in this topographical engineering these very robust
engineering these very robust
engineering these very robust engineering systems by which we modify
engineering systems by which we modify
engineering systems by which we modify the planet to suit what we wanted to do
the planet to suit what we wanted to do
the planet to suit what we wanted to do what our various economic and political
what our various economic and political
what our various economic and political activities are this is a very different
activities are this is a very different
activities are this is a very different way of thinking about how we map and
way of thinking about how we map and
way of thinking about how we map and what we map and what matters most on the
what we map and what matters most on the
what we map and what matters most on the map connect Dogra ‘they connect dog Rafi
map connect Dogra ‘they connect dog Rafi
map connect Dogra ‘they connect dog Rafi I’ve already heard it pronounced a
I’ve already heard it pronounced a
I’ve already heard it pronounced a thousand which way is but of course what
thousand which way is but of course what
thousand which way is but of course what I’m talking about is the fusion of
I’m talking about is the fusion of
I’m talking about is the fusion of connectivity and of geography and all of
connectivity and of geography and all of
connectivity and of geography and all of that connectivity revolution as I call
that connectivity revolution as I call
that connectivity revolution as I call it falls into three particular
it falls into three particular
it falls into three particular categories that I liken to three systems
categories that I liken to three systems
categories that I liken to three systems in the human body and what we have here
in the human body and what we have here
in the human body and what we have here is the world’s highways and railways oil
is the world’s highways and railways oil
is the world’s highways and railways oil and gas pipelines electricity grids
and gas pipelines electricity grids
and gas pipelines electricity grids internet cables all of this
internet cables all of this
internet cables all of this infrastructure that is massively
infrastructure that is massively
infrastructure that is massively exponentially accelerated our ability to
exponentially accelerated our ability to
exponentially accelerated our ability to move people and goods and resources and
move people and goods and resources and
move people and goods and resources and knowledge and technology and ideas
knowledge and technology and ideas
knowledge and technology and ideas around the world and that revolution is
around the world and that revolution is
around the world and that revolution is in by many measurements or metrics
in by many measurements or metrics
in by many measurements or metrics really just getting underway they said
really just getting underway they said
really just getting underway they said we’re just in the early phases of this
we’re just in the early phases of this
we’re just in the early phases of this incredible build-out of global
incredible build-out of global
incredible build-out of global infrastructure by some estimates will
infrastructure by some estimates will
infrastructure by some estimates will start will spend not just the four
start will spend not just the four
start will spend not just the four trillion dollars per year on
trillion dollars per year on
trillion dollars per year on infrastructure that we spend today but
infrastructure that we spend today but
infrastructure that we spend today but rising to seven or eight trillion
rising to seven or eight trillion
rising to seven or eight trillion dollars in the coming years meanwhile
dollars in the coming years meanwhile
dollars in the coming years meanwhile military spending worldwide though it’s
military spending worldwide though it’s
military spending worldwide though it’s rising in in quite a few geographies as
rising in in quite a few geographies as
rising in in quite a few geographies as an aggregate is relatively steady at
an aggregate is relatively steady at
an aggregate is relatively steady at around two trillion dollars so what
around two trillion dollars so what
around two trillion dollars so what happens when we build out all of this
happens when we build out all of this
happens when we build out all of this infrastructure as this as these
infrastructure as this as these
infrastructure as this as these infrastructure sort of envelop and wrap
infrastructure sort of envelop and wrap
infrastructure sort of envelop and wrap around the world I believe that we we
around the world I believe that we we
around the world I believe that we we evolved beyond one of the most ancient
evolved beyond one of the most ancient
evolved beyond one of the most ancient adages and phrases that we all know
adages and phrases that we all know
adages and phrases that we all know geography is destiny instead we think of
geography is destiny instead we think of
geography is destiny instead we think of the arc of history as really taking us
the arc of history as really taking us
the arc of history as really taking us in a certain direction in that direction
in a certain direction in that direction
in a certain direction in that direction is more and more and more connectivity
is more and more and more connectivity
is more and more and more connectivity there’s a term in this for for academia
there’s a term in this for for academia
there’s a term in this for for academia extra statecraft in which that
extra statecraft in which that
extra statecraft in which that infrastructure is so
infrastructure is so
infrastructure is so real where are so many borders are
real where are so many borders are
real where are so many borders are considered artificial that it has an
considered artificial that it has an
considered artificial that it has an authority a gravity if you will and when
authority a gravity if you will and when
authority a gravity if you will and when countries build infrastructure like a
countries build infrastructure like a
countries build infrastructure like a highway or a railway or an electricity
highway or a railway or an electricity
highway or a railway or an electricity grid something really basic you know
grid something really basic you know
grid something really basic you know that they share with each other it winds
that they share with each other it winds
that they share with each other it winds up being something that is almost a you
up being something that is almost a you
up being something that is almost a you know irrevocable bond
know irrevocable bond
know irrevocable bond it’s obviously positive some and the
it’s obviously positive some and the
it’s obviously positive some and the more of those that you have the less one
more of those that you have the less one
more of those that you have the less one thinks about not sovereignty as guiding
thinks about not sovereignty as guiding
thinks about not sovereignty as guiding their relations but this connectivity
their relations but this connectivity
their relations but this connectivity really shaping how they relate to each
really shaping how they relate to each
really shaping how they relate to each other and so that’s the shift that’s
other and so that’s the shift that’s
other and so that’s the shift that’s happening now from political geography
happening now from political geography
happening now from political geography being the most paramount feature of the
being the most paramount feature of the
being the most paramount feature of the map which is again the borders to the
map which is again the borders to the
map which is again the borders to the functional geography which is the
functional geography which is the
functional geography which is the infrastructures and the supply chains
infrastructures and the supply chains
infrastructures and the supply chains gradually what I believe what happens is
gradually what I believe what happens is
gradually what I believe what happens is what I call the global network
what I call the global network
what I call the global network civilization that eventually emerges
civilization that eventually emerges
civilization that eventually emerges from all of this infrastructure within
from all of this infrastructure within
from all of this infrastructure within that you still have empires you still
that you still have empires you still
that you still have empires you still have nations you have city-states you
have nations you have city-states you
have nations you have city-states you have all of these various actors but it
have all of these various actors but it
have all of these various actors but it all adds up to a of you know coexisting
all adds up to a of you know coexisting
all adds up to a of you know coexisting civilization the surgery growth triangle
civilization the surgery growth triangle
civilization the surgery growth triangle singapore malaysia and indonesia are
singapore malaysia and indonesia are
singapore malaysia and indonesia are trying to optimize their space and what
trying to optimize their space and what
trying to optimize their space and what you have here is a case where you have a
you have here is a case where you have a
you have here is a case where you have a country singapore which has very almost
country singapore which has very almost
country singapore which has very almost no land but a lot of capital country
no land but a lot of capital country
no land but a lot of capital country like Malaysia that has quite a bit of
like Malaysia that has quite a bit of
like Malaysia that has quite a bit of land and labor and some capital in
land and labor and some capital in
land and labor and some capital in Indonesia which has a lot of land and a
Indonesia which has a lot of land and a
Indonesia which has a lot of land and a lot of labour and very little capital so
lot of labour and very little capital so
lot of labour and very little capital so you take these three countries that are
you take these three countries that are
you take these three countries that are all very close to each other and they
all very close to each other and they
all very close to each other and they said starting in the 1970s 1980s let’s
said starting in the 1970s 1980s let’s
said starting in the 1970s 1980s let’s start to take Singaporean money and
start to take Singaporean money and
start to take Singaporean money and Malaysian and Indonesian land and
Malaysian and Indonesian land and
Malaysian and Indonesian land and Indonesian labor and put it on some
Indonesian labor and put it on some
Indonesian labor and put it on some islands that nominally belong to
islands that nominally belong to
islands that nominally belong to Indonesia and let’s start building ships
Indonesia and let’s start building ships
Indonesia and let’s start building ships that are owned by Singaporean companies
that are owned by Singaporean companies
that are owned by Singaporean companies but let’s optimize our geography let’s
but let’s optimize our geography let’s
but let’s optimize our geography let’s treat it like we are connected by one
treat it like we are connected by one
treat it like we are connected by one supply chain and that’s what they
supply chain and that’s what they
supply chain and that’s what they started to do and you wouldn’t know that
started to do and you wouldn’t know that
started to do and you wouldn’t know that there’s one set of rules in one place
there’s one set of rules in one place
there’s one set of rules in one place and another because now people can
and another because now people can
and another because now people can increasingly move seamlessly around them
increasingly move seamlessly around them
increasingly move seamlessly around them and that’s how places one by one
and that’s how places one by one
and that’s how places one by one gradually their neighbors shift
gradually their neighbors shift
gradually their neighbors shift transition from political geography to
transition from political geography to
transition from political geography to functional geography
functional geography
functional geography but the supply chains are in fact the
but the supply chains are in fact the
but the supply chains are in fact the original world-wide-web
original world-wide-web
original world-wide-web and they are that system of transactions
and they are that system of transactions
and they are that system of transactions that gets any one thing to one one thing
that gets any one thing to one one thing
that gets any one thing to one one thing from one place to any other place and in
from one place to any other place and in
from one place to any other place and in many cases in the global supply chain
many cases in the global supply chain
many cases in the global supply chain today we no longer really know where
today we no longer really know where
today we no longer really know where something is made and so I believe that
something is made and so I believe that
something is made and so I believe that you know the labels on everything from
you know the labels on everything from
you know the labels on everything from clothing to computers and so on should
clothing to computers and so on should
clothing to computers and so on should really be made everywhere if you look at
really be made everywhere if you look at
really be made everywhere if you look at where the design is done the
where the design is done the
where the design is done the manufacturing is done the the production
manufacturing is done the the production
manufacturing is done the the production the marketing the distribution the
the marketing the distribution the
the marketing the distribution the insurance the repair of any given
insurance the repair of any given
insurance the repair of any given product it involves you know companies
product it involves you know companies
product it involves you know companies and subcontractors and so forth from all
and subcontractors and so forth from all
and subcontractors and so forth from all over the world there’s all there’s very
over the world there’s all there’s very
over the world there’s all there’s very little that is made exactly where where
little that is made exactly where where
little that is made exactly where where where the label says it is in fact and
where the label says it is in fact and
where the label says it is in fact and that’s what happens when we get to the
that’s what happens when we get to the
that’s what happens when we get to the supply chain world so you can see it in
supply chain world so you can see it in
supply chain world so you can see it in the fact that trade now reaches every
the fact that trade now reaches every
the fact that trade now reaches every corner of the planet you can see it in
corner of the planet you can see it in
corner of the planet you can see it in the ways in which people in the
the ways in which people in the
the ways in which people in the financial industry are affected by the
financial industry are affected by the
financial industry are affected by the financial crisis of 2008 collapse of
financial crisis of 2008 collapse of
financial crisis of 2008 collapse of manufacturing as a result of the
manufacturing as a result of the
manufacturing as a result of the financial crisis automobile workers and
financial crisis automobile workers and
financial crisis automobile workers and manufacturing workers around the world
manufacturing workers around the world
manufacturing workers around the world you know simultaneously lose their jobs
you know simultaneously lose their jobs
you know simultaneously lose their jobs you may not have noticed it because that
you may not have noticed it because that
you may not have noticed it because that may not be your circuit but people who
may not be your circuit but people who
may not be your circuit but people who work in that industry all over the world
work in that industry all over the world
work in that industry all over the world simultaneously affected such as the
simultaneously affected such as the
simultaneously affected such as the nature of that connectivity among
nature of that connectivity among
nature of that connectivity among explosion it is a very human thing
explosion it is a very human thing
explosion it is a very human thing because each and every one of us belongs
because each and every one of us belongs
because each and every one of us belongs to some kind of circuit and we move we
to some kind of circuit and we move we
to some kind of circuit and we move we gravitate towards the supply chain
gravitate towards the supply chain
gravitate towards the supply chain towards these circuits we want to be
towards these circuits we want to be
towards these circuits we want to be part of them and when the supply chain
part of them and when the supply chain
part of them and when the supply chain and when infrastructure doesn’t come to
and when infrastructure doesn’t come to
and when infrastructure doesn’t come to you you go to it right and and that is
you you go to it right and and that is
you you go to it right and and that is that is why so many people today why
that is why so many people today why
that is why so many people today why that’s why there’s more migrants than
that’s why there’s more migrants than
that’s why there’s more migrants than ever in history today people are on the
ever in history today people are on the
ever in history today people are on the move one of the ways in which you know
move one of the ways in which you know
move one of the ways in which you know economists or others would measure the
economists or others would measure the
economists or others would measure the extent of globalization is they would
extent of globalization is they would
extent of globalization is they would say well x and y number of people have
say well x and y number of people have
say well x and y number of people have crossed borders any given year that’s
crossed borders any given year that’s
crossed borders any given year that’s not the correct way to measure
not the correct way to measure
not the correct way to measure globalization in my view it’s how many
globalization in my view it’s how many
globalization in my view it’s how many people are connected and to get
people are connected and to get
people are connected and to get connected you don’t have to move across
connected you don’t have to move across
connected you don’t have to move across an international boundary most people
an international boundary most people
an international boundary most people will never leave the country they were
will never leave the country they were
will never leave the country they were born in but you if you move to a city
born in but you if you move to a city
born in but you if you move to a city you have access to services you may work
you have access to services you may work
you have access to services you may work in
in
in in a factory of a foreign company you’re
in a factory of a foreign company you’re
in a factory of a foreign company you’re connected Center to supply chains you’ll
connected Center to supply chains you’ll
connected Center to supply chains you’ll have a mobile phone all of these things
have a mobile phone all of these things
have a mobile phone all of these things connect you to the world even though
connect you to the world even though
connect you to the world even though you’ve never left the country so to me
you’ve never left the country so to me
you’ve never left the country so to me the rate of urbanization is the greatest
the rate of urbanization is the greatest
the rate of urbanization is the greatest measurement of the extent to which
measurement of the extent to which
measurement of the extent to which mankind is getting connected and of
mankind is getting connected and of
mankind is getting connected and of course we live in a rapidly rapidly
course we live in a rapidly rapidly
course we live in a rapidly rapidly urbanizing world now most of the world’s
urbanizing world now most of the world’s
urbanizing world now most of the world’s population does live in in cities
population does live in in cities
population does live in in cities already part of this global network
already part of this global network
already part of this global network civilization part of this move from
civilization part of this move from
civilization part of this move from political to functional geography is
political to functional geography is
political to functional geography is that perhaps not surprisingly cities can
that perhaps not surprisingly cities can
that perhaps not surprisingly cities can be seen as more important in many ways
be seen as more important in many ways
be seen as more important in many ways than countries so what is on this map is
than countries so what is on this map is
than countries so what is on this map is every human being in the world you have
every human being in the world you have
every human being in the world you have the entire world’s population here and
the entire world’s population here and
the entire world’s population here and you have you know the population density
you have you know the population density
you have you know the population density as well and you have these ovals showing
as well and you have these ovals showing
as well and you have these ovals showing you the kind of outlines of where the
you the kind of outlines of where the
you the kind of outlines of where the largest most you know most populous
largest most you know most populous
largest most you know most populous megacity clusters are and in the large
megacity clusters are and in the large
megacity clusters are and in the large circles tell you what a what percentage
circles tell you what a what percentage
circles tell you what a what percentage or chair of the national economy those
or chair of the national economy those
or chair of the national economy those cities represent so what you’re seeing
cities represent so what you’re seeing
cities represent so what you’re seeing here is not only where mankind is
here is not only where mankind is
here is not only where mankind is concentrated but of course just how
concentrated but of course just how
concentrated but of course just how significant those particular clusters
significant those particular clusters
significant those particular clusters are where they where where they’re
are where they where where they’re
are where they where where they’re located and so you know 30 or 40 of
located and so you know 30 or 40 of
located and so you know 30 or 40 of these represent a growing share of the
these represent a growing share of the
these represent a growing share of the world economy and by the year 2030 most
world economy and by the year 2030 most
world economy and by the year 2030 most projections estimate they’ll be about 50
projections estimate they’ll be about 50
projections estimate they’ll be about 50 megacity archipelagos and these really
megacity archipelagos and these really
megacity archipelagos and these really represent you know the preponderance
represent you know the preponderance
represent you know the preponderance share of the world economic activity so
share of the world economic activity so
share of the world economic activity so I put kind of all of them up on one map
I put kind of all of them up on one map
I put kind of all of them up on one map here and again I asked the question
here and again I asked the question
here and again I asked the question you’re trying to understand how the
you’re trying to understand how the
you’re trying to understand how the world works it’s not a not a naive
world works it’s not a not a naive
world works it’s not a not a naive question I wonder which map tells you
question I wonder which map tells you
question I wonder which map tells you more this one or the conventional ones
more this one or the conventional ones
more this one or the conventional ones or maybe some mix of the two but
or maybe some mix of the two but
or maybe some mix of the two but certainly not one that ignores this
certainly not one that ignores this
certainly not one that ignores this because a map that ignores this is not
because a map that ignores this is not
because a map that ignores this is not actually capturing who we are where we
actually capturing who we are where we
actually capturing who we are where we are and what we do part of this story is
are and what we do part of this story is
are and what we do part of this story is what I call pop up cities especially
what I call pop up cities especially
what I call pop up cities especially economic zones 50 years ago we had
economic zones 50 years ago we had
economic zones 50 years ago we had almost no special economic zones in the
almost no special economic zones in the
almost no special economic zones in the world today geographies industrial parks
world today geographies industrial parks
world today geographies industrial parks that were set aside and designated
that were set aside and designated
that were set aside and designated primarily for the purpose of attracting
primarily for the purpose of attracting
primarily for the purpose of attracting in foreign investment bringing in
in foreign investment bringing in
in foreign investment bringing in technology training workers
technology training workers
technology training workers King exports allowing countries and
King exports allowing countries and
King exports allowing countries and their labor force to rise up the value
their labor force to rise up the value
their labor force to rise up the value chain today we have 4,000 such special
chain today we have 4,000 such special
chain today we have 4,000 such special economic zones in the world today it is
economic zones in the world today it is
economic zones in the world today it is the most rapidly expanding type of city
the most rapidly expanding type of city
the most rapidly expanding type of city so this is a very significant trend in
so this is a very significant trend in
so this is a very significant trend in the world today China has become an
the world today China has become an
the world today China has become an empire of such mega cities each of which
empire of such mega cities each of which
empire of such mega cities each of which has almost a designated economic
has almost a designated economic
has almost a designated economic function in the global supply chain and
function in the global supply chain and
function in the global supply chain and if you think about it’s fascinating it’s
if you think about it’s fascinating it’s
if you think about it’s fascinating it’s very very instructive in the shift from
very very instructive in the shift from
very very instructive in the shift from political to functional geography that
political to functional geography that
political to functional geography that the world’s oldest continuous
the world’s oldest continuous
the world’s oldest continuous civilization with very diverse
civilization with very diverse
civilization with very diverse provincial and linguistic histories in
provincial and linguistic histories in
provincial and linguistic histories in many of its provinces would say that’s
many of its provinces would say that’s
many of its provinces would say that’s all fine and good
all fine and good
all fine and good you can keep your dialects and your
you can keep your dialects and your
you can keep your dialects and your culture and so on but we need to
culture and so on but we need to
culture and so on but we need to organize the country in a new way so
organize the country in a new way so
organize the country in a new way so that each of these megacity clusters as
that each of these megacity clusters as
that each of these megacity clusters as an internally viable economy so that is
an internally viable economy so that is
an internally viable economy so that is anywhere from twenty to a hundred
anywhere from twenty to a hundred
anywhere from twenty to a hundred million people so that has lots of
million people so that has lots of
million people so that has lots of services and transactions going on among
services and transactions going on among
services and transactions going on among people so it’s not dependent just on
people so it’s not dependent just on
people so it’s not dependent just on exporting one kind of widget or product
exporting one kind of widget or product
exporting one kind of widget or product but at the same time each one is very
but at the same time each one is very
but at the same time each one is very connected to each other through
connected to each other through
connected to each other through high-speed rail networks and highways
high-speed rail networks and highways
high-speed rail networks and highways and so forth and internationally to the
and so forth and internationally to the
and so forth and internationally to the global economy and this process of
global economy and this process of
global economy and this process of reorganizing the sort of the management
reorganizing the sort of the management
reorganizing the sort of the management of a country is something that we that
of a country is something that we that
of a country is something that we that we’re starting to see around the world
we’re starting to see around the world
we’re starting to see around the world this is how I believe it should happen
this is how I believe it should happen
this is how I believe it should happen in the United States what I’m basically
in the United States what I’m basically
in the United States what I’m basically saying is that the 50 United States that
saying is that the 50 United States that
saying is that the 50 United States that we have are very very useful when you’re
we have are very very useful when you’re
we have are very very useful when you’re trying to win an election when you’re
trying to win an election when you’re
trying to win an election when you’re out there campaigning but it tells you
out there campaigning but it tells you
out there campaigning but it tells you absolutely nothing about how to properly
absolutely nothing about how to properly
absolutely nothing about how to properly govern America’s geography to be an
govern America’s geography to be an
govern America’s geography to be an economically competitive superpower
economically competitive superpower
economically competitive superpower right what we need is for these mega
right what we need is for these mega
right what we need is for these mega regions if you will that have certain
regions if you will that have certain
regions if you will that have certain common internal economic characteristics
common internal economic characteristics
common internal economic characteristics like agriculture or industry to be much
like agriculture or industry to be much
like agriculture or industry to be much more seamlessly connected to each other
more seamlessly connected to each other
more seamlessly connected to each other and to the outside world they need to be
and to the outside world they need to be
and to the outside world they need to be built around urban economies at their
built around urban economies at their
built around urban economies at their core and they need to be connected to
core and they need to be connected to
core and they need to be connected to each other through freight rail
each other through freight rail
each other through freight rail corridors high-speed rail networks and
corridors high-speed rail networks and
corridors high-speed rail networks and so forth so if you take this layering of
so forth so if you take this layering of
so forth so if you take this layering of the natural economic geographies these
the natural economic geographies these
the natural economic geographies these big patches and the urban clusters that
big patches and the urban clusters that
big patches and the urban clusters that are in white that are gonna be the
are in white that are gonna be the
are in white that are gonna be the economic hubs and then the
economic hubs and then the
economic hubs and then the infrastructural connectivity that’s how
infrastructural connectivity that’s how
infrastructural connectivity that’s how you would turn the United States of
you would turn the United States of
you would turn the United States of America into United city-states of
America into United city-states of
America into United city-states of America and that would be one that would
America and that would be one that would
America and that would be one that would be far more far more efficient far more
be far more far more efficient far more
be far more far more efficient far more viable far more sensible and certainly
viable far more sensible and certainly
viable far more sensible and certainly far more competitive the optimistic note
far more competitive the optimistic note
far more competitive the optimistic note that I want to end on and then I in the
that I want to end on and then I in the
that I want to end on and then I in the book on is this idea that we are
book on is this idea that we are
book on is this idea that we are actually returning to a fairly ancient
actually returning to a fairly ancient
actually returning to a fairly ancient model we are a coastal urban network
model we are a coastal urban network
model we are a coastal urban network civilization right a world in which
civilization right a world in which
civilization right a world in which people are more interested in trade and
people are more interested in trade and
people are more interested in trade and commerce with each other than conquest
commerce with each other than conquest
commerce with each other than conquest and this is what I call the pox or
and this is what I call the pox or
and this is what I call the pox or banika right a peace among cities in
banika right a peace among cities in
banika right a peace among cities in which if we think about the way cities
which if we think about the way cities
which if we think about the way cities view the world versus the way the
view the world versus the way the
view the world versus the way the countries view the world
countries view the world
countries view the world you know cities are interested in in in
you know cities are interested in in in
you know cities are interested in in in trade and connectivity
trade and connectivity
trade and connectivity whereas we think of countries being
whereas we think of countries being
whereas we think of countries being interested in in in territorial
interested in in in territorial
interested in in in territorial aggrandizement and so the more we move
aggrandizement and so the more we move
aggrandizement and so the more we move into a world in which that mentality of
into a world in which that mentality of
into a world in which that mentality of interurban connectivity and and sharing
interurban connectivity and and sharing
interurban connectivity and and sharing lessons with each other
lessons with each other
lessons with each other trading with each other positive some
trading with each other positive some
trading with each other positive some relations the more peaceful ultimately
relations the more peaceful ultimately
relations the more peaceful ultimately the entire world system can be but you
the entire world system can be but you
the entire world system can be but you know the punchline really is that if you
know the punchline really is that if you
know the punchline really is that if you want to have this world you actually
want to have this world you actually
want to have this world you actually have to build it and it starts with what
have to build it and it starts with what
have to build it and it starts with what we are doing today and what we could do
we are doing today and what we could do
we are doing today and what we could do a lot more of which is investing first
a lot more of which is investing first
a lot more of which is investing first and foremost in connectivity
and foremost in connectivity
and foremost in connectivity connectivity for countries connectivity
connectivity for countries connectivity
connectivity for countries connectivity for cities and connectivity for people
for cities and connectivity for people
for cities and connectivity for people and with that I’ll stop thank you so
and with that I’ll stop thank you so
and with that I’ll stop thank you so very much thank you
”
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