good evening welcome thank you for coming out this evening and joining us
coming out this evening and joining us
coming out this evening and joining us for this the third in our series of
for this the third in our series of
for this the third in our series of conversations between Nobel laureates
conversations between Nobel laureates
conversations between Nobel laureates and National Geographic explorers all of
and National Geographic explorers all of
and National Geographic explorers all of these have been exploring very big
these have been exploring very big
these have been exploring very big topics and it doesn’t get any bigger
topics and it doesn’t get any bigger
topics and it doesn’t get any bigger than tonight’s subject exploring the
than tonight’s subject exploring the
than tonight’s subject exploring the edge of existence how do we find our way
edge of existence how do we find our way
edge of existence how do we find our way there fortunately we have two people who
there fortunately we have two people who
there fortunately we have two people who have investigated the very edges of the
have investigated the very edges of the
have investigated the very edges of the known universe in the darkest realms of
known universe in the darkest realms of
known universe in the darkest realms of the deep oceans to the farthest
the deep oceans to the farthest
the deep oceans to the farthest stretches of the cosmos
stretches of the cosmos
stretches of the cosmos John mater was awarded the 2006 Nobel
John mater was awarded the 2006 Nobel
John mater was awarded the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work measuring
Prize in Physics for his work measuring
Prize in Physics for his work measuring the traces of the Big Bang across the
the traces of the Big Bang across the
the traces of the Big Bang across the universe he’s now working to find
universe he’s now working to find
universe he’s now working to find evidence of the first galaxies created
evidence of the first galaxies created
evidence of the first galaxies created in the universe dr. Robert Ballard is an
in the universe dr. Robert Ballard is an
in the universe dr. Robert Ballard is an explorer in residence at National
explorer in residence at National
explorer in residence at National Geographic who’s made some of the most
Geographic who’s made some of the most
Geographic who’s made some of the most important underwater discoveries in both
important underwater discoveries in both
important underwater discoveries in both science and exploration ranging from
science and exploration ranging from
science and exploration ranging from plate tectonics hydrothermal vents to
plate tectonics hydrothermal vents to
plate tectonics hydrothermal vents to finding famous shipwrecks like the
finding famous shipwrecks like the
finding famous shipwrecks like the Titanic and the German warship the
Titanic and the German warship the
Titanic and the German warship the Bismarck so join me in welcoming Bob and
Bismarck so join me in welcoming Bob and
Bismarck so join me in welcoming Bob and John to the stage
we almost know as much about the ocean
we almost know as much about the ocean as we know about space which is not much
as we know about space which is not much
as we know about space which is not much maybe we know more about space no it’s
maybe we know more about space no it’s
maybe we know more about space no it’s bigger
bigger
bigger we just know a little and they don’t
we just know a little and they don’t
we just know a little and they don’t know hardly anything at all no I mean
know hardly anything at all no I mean
know hardly anything at all no I mean when I think about when when I was going
when I think about when when I was going
when I think about when when I was going to school almost every science book I
to school almost every science book I
to school almost every science book I read proved wrong
read proved wrong
read proved wrong whether it was biology books or whether
whether it was biology books or whether
whether it was biology books or whether it was geology books and we didn’t even
it was geology books and we didn’t even
it was geology books and we didn’t even know when I was in high school the
know when I was in high school the
know when I was in high school the biggest mountain ranges were under the
biggest mountain ranges were under the
biggest mountain ranges were under the ocean I mean that’s how primitive we
ocean I mean that’s how primitive we
ocean I mean that’s how primitive we were and certainly our technology was
were and certainly our technology was
were and certainly our technology was pretty primitive back then and so we’re
pretty primitive back then and so we’re
pretty primitive back then and so we’re just beginning I think every generation
just beginning I think every generation
just beginning I think every generation thinks they’ve arrived I think where are
thinks they’ve arrived I think where are
thinks they’ve arrived I think where are the smart ones and then the next
the smart ones and then the next
the smart ones and then the next generation stands on our shoulders and
generation stands on our shoulders and
generation stands on our shoulders and sees farther well no wait where we’re
sees farther well no wait where we’re
sees farther well no wait where we’re pretty primitive still we had this
pretty primitive still we had this
pretty primitive still we had this question we didn’t even know the house
question we didn’t even know the house
question we didn’t even know the house could there be life without light
could there be life without light
could there be life without light because that was in our science books
because that was in our science books
because that was in our science books that’s what we assumed you needed
that’s what we assumed you needed
that’s what we assumed you needed photosystem a class hood but our son
photosystem a class hood but our son
photosystem a class hood but our son found deep-sea vents where there was no
found deep-sea vents where there was no
found deep-sea vents where there was no light but there was life well more
light but there was life well more
light but there was life well more important we weren’t looking for it and
important we weren’t looking for it and
important we weren’t looking for it and that’s what I really find fascinating I
that’s what I really find fascinating I
that’s what I really find fascinating I mean I’m known for the Titanic in the
mean I’m known for the Titanic in the
mean I’m known for the Titanic in the Bismarck and all that stuff and those
Bismarck and all that stuff and those
Bismarck and all that stuff and those were really to keep you guys happy but
were really to keep you guys happy but
were really to keep you guys happy but that b-roll but anyway the things I’m
that b-roll but anyway the things I’m
that b-roll but anyway the things I’m proudest of are the black smokers in the
proudest of are the black smokers in the
proudest of are the black smokers in the hydrothermal because we weren’t even
hydrothermal because we weren’t even
hydrothermal because we weren’t even looking for them and and they were true
looking for them and and they were true
looking for them and and they were true discoveries they were completely you got
discoveries they were completely you got
discoveries they were completely you got to be kidding because when we mounted
to be kidding because when we mounted
to be kidding because when we mounted this expedition off the Galapagos
this expedition off the Galapagos
this expedition off the Galapagos Islands we were looking for some missing
Islands we were looking for some missing
Islands we were looking for some missing heat in our equations because we we had
heat in our equations because we we had
heat in our equations because we we had we figured out that the mid-ocean ridges
we figured out that the mid-ocean ridges
we figured out that the mid-ocean ridges just great mountain range was actually a
just great mountain range was actually a
just great mountain range was actually a thermal heating cooling curve and we
thermal heating cooling curve and we
thermal heating cooling curve and we went out and we built a model around
went out and we built a model around
went out and we built a model around that and we said we can predict that if
that and we said we can predict that if
that and we said we can predict that if you go to this particular part of the
you go to this particular part of the
you go to this particular part of the mountain range and you put a thermometer
mountain range and you put a thermometer
mountain range and you put a thermometer in it will tell you what the temperature
in it will tell you what the temperature
in it will tell you what the temperature is going to be and so we went out and
is going to be and so we went out and
is going to be and so we went out and tested our hypothesis and sure enough
tested our hypothesis and sure enough
tested our hypothesis and sure enough out on the flanks way out at 80 million
out on the flanks way out at 80 million
out on the flanks way out at 80 million years it was very very cold and there
years it was very very cold and there
years it was very very cold and there was a
was a
was a through the towards the Ridge access it
through the towards the Ridge access it
through the towards the Ridge access it admitted it matched the model perfectly
admitted it matched the model perfectly
admitted it matched the model perfectly except at the very axis it wasn’t it was
except at the very axis it wasn’t it was
except at the very axis it wasn’t it was hot but it wasn’t hot enough so we had a
hot but it wasn’t hot enough so we had a
hot but it wasn’t hot enough so we had a delta T problem in our equations and we
delta T problem in our equations and we
delta T problem in our equations and we said whoa and you sit around you know
said whoa and you sit around you know
said whoa and you sit around you know multiple hypothesis you know what could
multiple hypothesis you know what could
multiple hypothesis you know what could that be caused by well little Greek
that be caused by well little Greek
that be caused by well little Greek people taking it in bags and taking away
people taking it in bags and taking away
people taking it in bags and taking away that evidence
that evidence
that evidence Yeah right and then we got down to well
Yeah right and then we got down to well
Yeah right and then we got down to well that there had to be vents there had to
that there had to be vents there had to
that there had to be vents there had to be instance because we were we were
be instance because we were we were
be instance because we were we were making this thermometer measurement from
making this thermometer measurement from
making this thermometer measurement from the surface or throwing a dart down and
the surface or throwing a dart down and
the surface or throwing a dart down and where it landed is where it landed and
where it landed is where it landed and
where it landed is where it landed and so if there was a little vent that is
so if there was a little vent that is
so if there was a little vent that is highly improbable the dart would hit it
highly improbable the dart would hit it
highly improbable the dart would hit it so we said I’ll betcha that there are
so we said I’ll betcha that there are
so we said I’ll betcha that there are spots down there where the water is
spots down there where the water is
spots down there where the water is coming out super hot and it’s garnering
coming out super hot and it’s garnering
coming out super hot and it’s garnering all the heat and that’s what we’ll find
all the heat and that’s what we’ll find
all the heat and that’s what we’ll find our delta T and so we went down thinking
our delta T and so we went down thinking
our delta T and so we went down thinking in our minds we’re gonna find a crack
in our minds we’re gonna find a crack
in our minds we’re gonna find a crack because we’d seen them before and we’re
because we’d seen them before and we’re
because we’d seen them before and we’re gonna find hot water coming out and we
gonna find hot water coming out and we
gonna find hot water coming out and we did but we didn’t know how it would
did but we didn’t know how it would
did but we didn’t know how it would manifest itself and that was when we
manifest itself and that was when we
manifest itself and that was when we discovered this amazing amount of life
discovered this amazing amount of life
discovered this amazing amount of life and and because our textbooks had said
and and because our textbooks had said
and and because our textbooks had said you know life’s you know driven by the
you know life’s you know driven by the
you know life’s you know driven by the Sun and if you don’t have this friendly
Sun and if you don’t have this friendly
Sun and if you don’t have this friendly little planet you know at the right
little planet you know at the right
little planet you know at the right distance and getting just the right
distance and getting just the right
distance and getting just the right temperatures and you have an ocean but
temperatures and you have an ocean but
temperatures and you have an ocean but the driving engine of life on our planet
the driving engine of life on our planet
the driving engine of life on our planet is the Sun and and and when we first
is the Sun and and and when we first
is the Sun and and and when we first began working in the deep sea we didn’t
began working in the deep sea we didn’t
began working in the deep sea we didn’t find a whole lot and so we sort of
find a whole lot and so we sort of
find a whole lot and so we sort of accepted the theory and then we turned
accepted the theory and then we turned
accepted the theory and then we turned the course so imagine this is what
the course so imagine this is what
the course so imagine this is what you’ve been told
you’ve been told
you’ve been told textbook says it’s that everything
textbook says it’s that everything
textbook says it’s that everything you’ve seen up to this point verifies
you’ve seen up to this point verifies
you’ve seen up to this point verifies that and you turn a corner to Disneyland
that and you turn a corner to Disneyland
that and you turn a corner to Disneyland and you see you saw minutes ago these
and you see you saw minutes ago these
and you see you saw minutes ago these giant worms you know eight feet tall
giant worms you know eight feet tall
giant worms you know eight feet tall that had pint of human-like blood and
that had pint of human-like blood and
that had pint of human-like blood and and it was like you’re not supposed to
and it was like you’re not supposed to
and it was like you’re not supposed to be here
be here
be here but they were and and we discovered that
but they were and and we discovered that
but they were and and we discovered that this whole life system was living not
this whole life system was living not
this whole life system was living not off the energy of the Sun but the energy
off the energy of the Sun but the energy
off the energy of the Sun but the energy of the earth now that was a blow away
of the earth now that was a blow away
of the earth now that was a blow away I’m just interested that you were
I’m just interested that you were
I’m just interested that you were measuring temperatures we were something
measuring temperatures we were something
measuring temperatures we were something else but you were also measuring
else but you were also measuring
else but you were also measuring temperatures in space to discover how
temperatures in space to discover how
temperatures in space to discover how the universe might have been formed to
the universe might have been formed to
the universe might have been formed to confirm or give evidence to support the
confirm or give evidence to support the
confirm or give evidence to support the Big Bang Theory temperatures were you
Big Bang Theory temperatures were you
Big Bang Theory temperatures were you looking for why do they tell you we were
looking for why do they tell you we were
looking for why do they tell you we were looking to measure the temperature of
looking to measure the temperature of
looking to measure the temperature of the universe this heat radiation that
the universe this heat radiation that
the universe this heat radiation that still fills the universe and still comes
still fills the universe and still comes
still fills the universe and still comes to us from every direction today it’s
to us from every direction today it’s
to us from every direction today it’s actually astonishingly bright except we
actually astonishingly bright except we
actually astonishingly bright except we don’t have eyes to see it several
don’t have eyes to see it several
don’t have eyes to see it several microwatts per square meter coming to us
microwatts per square meter coming to us
microwatts per square meter coming to us over the entire earth over the entire
over the entire earth over the entire
over the entire earth over the entire universe it’s far brighter than anything
universe it’s far brighter than anything
universe it’s far brighter than anything else that there is in the universe but
else that there is in the universe but
else that there is in the universe but we didn’t know it was there until 1965
we didn’t know it was there until 1965
we didn’t know it was there until 1965 they weren’t looking for it they found
they weren’t looking for it they found
they weren’t looking for it they found this extra noise in their receivers that
this extra noise in their receivers that
this extra noise in their receivers that they had built to do radio astronomy at
they had built to do radio astronomy at
they had built to do radio astronomy at Bell Labs so they weren’t looking for it
Bell Labs so they weren’t looking for it
Bell Labs so they weren’t looking for it it’s like you they had to prove what
it’s like you they had to prove what
it’s like you they had to prove what they had found anyway so my project the
they had found anyway so my project the
they had found anyway so my project the the cosmic background Explorer project
the cosmic background Explorer project
the cosmic background Explorer project was a NASA mission to go measure this
was a NASA mission to go measure this
was a NASA mission to go measure this heat really really really well so number
heat really really really well so number
heat really really really well so number one we got the temperature and we showed
one we got the temperature and we showed
one we got the temperature and we showed that it really comes from the Big Bang
that it really comes from the Big Bang
that it really comes from the Big Bang and then number two what was the lovely
and then number two what was the lovely
and then number two what was the lovely surprise the Big Bang is not the same in
surprise the Big Bang is not the same in
surprise the Big Bang is not the same in every direction there are hot and cold
every direction there are hot and cold
every direction there are hot and cold spots in the Big Bang so we don’t know
spots in the Big Bang so we don’t know
spots in the Big Bang so we don’t know where those come from I’m not really
where those come from I’m not really
where those come from I’m not really there are lots of stories lots of things
there are lots of stories lots of things
there are lots of stories lots of things have been made up and but if they
have been made up and but if they
have been made up and but if they weren’t there we wouldn’t be here which
weren’t there we wouldn’t be here which
weren’t there we wouldn’t be here which is a really remarkable thing about the
is a really remarkable thing about the
is a really remarkable thing about the existence of us we now think that those
existence of us we now think that those
existence of us we now think that those hot and cold spots are caused mostly by
hot and cold spots are caused mostly by
hot and cold spots are caused mostly by dark matter which we didn’t even know
dark matter which we didn’t even know
dark matter which we didn’t even know existed either
existed either
existed either and so these hot and cold spots produced
and so these hot and cold spots produced
and so these hot and cold spots produced the empty spots in the big volume and
the empty spots in the big volume and
the empty spots in the big volume and big clusters of galaxies that we now see
big clusters of galaxies that we now see
big clusters of galaxies that we now see filling the universe so that was a
filling the universe so that was a
filling the universe so that was a wonderful surprise you know measuring
wonderful surprise you know measuring
wonderful surprise you know measuring temperature would tell you the age of
temperature would tell you the age of
temperature would tell you the age of the universe well we didn’t fully know
the universe well we didn’t fully know
the universe well we didn’t fully know that at the time that we saw a set off
that at the time that we saw a set off
that at the time that we saw a set off to measure after we found these hot and
to measure after we found these hot and
to measure after we found these hot and cold spots then people got their theory
cold spots then people got their theory
cold spots then people got their theory together and figured out what it meant
together and figured out what it meant
together and figured out what it meant when we first worked on the emission
when we first worked on the emission
when we first worked on the emission idea there was no prediction for what
idea there was no prediction for what
idea there was no prediction for what that should be like so we just had to go
that should be like so we just had to go
that should be like so we just had to go say well is we got it
say well is we got it
say well is we got it because all the universe has given us to
because all the universe has given us to
because all the universe has given us to measure is this stuff so we got to go
measure is this stuff so we got to go
measure is this stuff so we got to go measure so if I write a book it’ll be
measure so if I write a book it’ll be
measure so if I write a book it’ll be called I’ve got to go measure just
called I’ve got to go measure just
called I’ve got to go measure just measuring temperatures well we were like
measuring temperatures well we were like
measuring temperatures well we were like I say we we were trying to see if our
I say we we were trying to see if our
I say we we were trying to see if our theory was right and when a theory is
theory was right and when a theory is
theory was right and when a theory is 99% right you pretty good theory but why
99% right you pretty good theory but why
99% right you pretty good theory but why was it not a hundred percent right and
was it not a hundred percent right and
was it not a hundred percent right and and that’s because at the very axis you
and that’s because at the very axis you
and that’s because at the very axis you don’t have any sediment cover in the
don’t have any sediment cover in the
don’t have any sediment cover in the sediment cover on the flanks distributes
sediment cover on the flanks distributes
sediment cover on the flanks distributes the heat evenly and the vents aren’t
the heat evenly and the vents aren’t
the heat evenly and the vents aren’t there so you get a very uniform heat
there so you get a very uniform heat
there so you get a very uniform heat heat radiation but in the hydrothermal
heat radiation but in the hydrothermal
heat radiation but in the hydrothermal vents you’re looking a barren Rock and
vents you’re looking a barren Rock and
vents you’re looking a barren Rock and as and that’s when we found these hot
as and that’s when we found these hot
as and that’s when we found these hot springs that they were you know 650
springs that they were you know 650
springs that they were you know 650 degrees Fahrenheit I know hot enough to
degrees Fahrenheit I know hot enough to
degrees Fahrenheit I know hot enough to melt lid and and when you add that up
melt lid and and when you add that up
melt lid and and when you add that up the equations balanced and so we were
the equations balanced and so we were
the equations balanced and so we were able to make it all work okay in both
able to make it all work okay in both
able to make it all work okay in both cases where they’re going into space
cases where they’re going into space
cases where they’re going into space you’re going to the bottom of the ocean
you’re going to the bottom of the ocean
you’re going to the bottom of the ocean our knowledge has been so much increased
our knowledge has been so much increased
our knowledge has been so much increased in the past 20 years by technology
in the past 20 years by technology
in the past 20 years by technology because we’re able to see places we
because we’re able to see places we
because we’re able to see places we could never see before whether it’s
could never see before whether it’s
could never see before whether it’s further out or further down what’s the
further out or further down what’s the
further out or further down what’s the most important technology for you
most important technology for you
most important technology for you looking uh well I think just the
looking uh well I think just the
looking uh well I think just the realization that whatever we want to do
realization that whatever we want to do
realization that whatever we want to do we can try there is such a huge
we can try there is such a huge
we can try there is such a huge industrial infrastructure now that if
industrial infrastructure now that if
industrial infrastructure now that if you want to make some detector that’s
you want to make some detector that’s
you want to make some detector that’s one cubic micron you can make one if you
one cubic micron you can make one if you
one cubic micron you can make one if you want to make a little machined part and
want to make a little machined part and
want to make a little machined part and that is one micron on the side and you
that is one micron on the side and you
that is one micron on the side and you want to make it Bend you can do that
want to make it Bend you can do that
want to make it Bend you can do that with technology we have so if you want
with technology we have so if you want
with technology we have so if you want it you can get it if you can imagine it
it you can get it if you can imagine it
it you can get it if you can imagine it you can build it which is something that
you can build it which is something that
you can build it which is something that we couldn’t have said 20 years ago 50
we couldn’t have said 20 years ago 50
we couldn’t have said 20 years ago 50 years ago when I was a kid we knew that
years ago when I was a kid we knew that
years ago when I was a kid we knew that we would never know anything because we
we would never know anything because we
we would never know anything because we were stuck here on the ground and the
were stuck here on the ground and the
were stuck here on the ground and the air was opaque enough and made it was
air was opaque enough and made it was
air was opaque enough and made it was the images so yeah it was hopeless and
the images so yeah it was hopeless and
the images so yeah it was hopeless and that was what it seemed when I was a kid
that was what it seemed when I was a kid
that was what it seemed when I was a kid and now it’s not hopeless
and now it’s not hopeless
and now it’s not hopeless so the Hubble telescope was a big job
so the Hubble telescope was a big job
so the Hubble telescope was a big job how about Hubble telescope was immense
how about Hubble telescope was immense
how about Hubble telescope was immense and every we’ve seen this beautiful
and every we’ve seen this beautiful
and every we’ve seen this beautiful pictures everywhere and of course we
pictures everywhere and of course we
pictures everywhere and of course we didn’t talk about it but we’re already
didn’t talk about it but we’re already
didn’t talk about it but we’re already working on the next telescope to come
working on the next telescope to come
working on the next telescope to come after that
after that
after that called the James Webb Space Telescope of
called the James Webb Space Telescope of
called the James Webb Space Telescope of which you’re the project manager project
which you’re the project manager project
which you’re the project manager project scientist on that one
scientist on that one
scientist on that one so in 2018 we’ll have something much
so in 2018 we’ll have something much
so in 2018 we’ll have something much bigger much and that’s not gonna be a
bigger much and that’s not gonna be a
bigger much and that’s not gonna be a nurse orbit that’s gonna be no way yeah
nurse orbit that’s gonna be no way yeah
nurse orbit that’s gonna be no way yeah well it’s way out it we send it a
well it’s way out it we send it a
well it’s way out it we send it a million miles away from here which gets
million miles away from here which gets
million miles away from here which gets it away from the heat of the earth and
it away from the heat of the earth and
it away from the heat of the earth and makes it the telescope will get really
makes it the telescope will get really
makes it the telescope will get really cold and much more powerful because of
cold and much more powerful because of
cold and much more powerful because of that and Bob it’s like in space you
that and Bob it’s like in space you
that and Bob it’s like in space you don’t have to actually go yourself to
don’t have to actually go yourself to
don’t have to actually go yourself to see these things you don’t have to go to
see these things you don’t have to go to
see these things you don’t have to go to the bottom of the ocean yeah our problem
the bottom of the ocean yeah our problem
the bottom of the ocean yeah our problem was getting bottom time I mean if you
was getting bottom time I mean if you
was getting bottom time I mean if you have a planet that’s 72% and covered in
have a planet that’s 72% and covered in
have a planet that’s 72% and covered in water and it’s deep the average depth
water and it’s deep the average depth
water and it’s deep the average depth the oceans 4,000 meters are about 13,000
the oceans 4,000 meters are about 13,000
the oceans 4,000 meters are about 13,000 feet so it’s pitch-black we’re going in
feet so it’s pitch-black we’re going in
feet so it’s pitch-black we’re going in a world that’s absolutely eternally dark
a world that’s absolutely eternally dark
a world that’s absolutely eternally dark so you can’t see very far and you’re and
so you can’t see very far and you’re and
so you can’t see very far and you’re and we were doing it within a submarine
we were doing it within a submarine
we were doing it within a submarine which was silly because we spent most of
which was silly because we spent most of
which was silly because we spent most of our time in an elevator because the the
our time in an elevator because the the
our time in an elevator because the the coefficient of drag has an exponential
coefficient of drag has an exponential
coefficient of drag has an exponential function in it so you can’t increase
function in it so you can’t increase
function in it so you can’t increase your ascend decent race without linearly
your ascend decent race without linearly
your ascend decent race without linearly increasing your weight and just if you
increasing your weight and just if you
increasing your weight and just if you couldn’t add 5 million pounds of rocks
couldn’t add 5 million pounds of rocks
couldn’t add 5 million pounds of rocks to get you to go down so you reached a
to get you to go down so you reached a
to get you to go down so you reached a terminal velocity at about a about 150
terminal velocity at about a about 150
terminal velocity at about a about 150 feet a minute so you were stuck with the
feet a minute so you were stuck with the
feet a minute so you were stuck with the physics of moving things through the
physics of moving things through the
physics of moving things through the ocean and so the to get to the average
ocean and so the to get to the average
ocean and so the to get to the average of the ocean was taking us 2 and 1/2
of the ocean was taking us 2 and 1/2
of the ocean was taking us 2 and 1/2 hours in the morning and then 2 and a 5
hours in the morning and then 2 and a 5
hours in the morning and then 2 and a 5 hours in the afternoon so we had a 5
hours in the afternoon so we had a 5
hours in the afternoon so we had a 5 hour commute to work and an hour and our
hour commute to work and an hour and our
hour commute to work and an hour and our average bottom time was 3 hours so our
average bottom time was 3 hours so our
average bottom time was 3 hours so our average distance traveled over 20 years
average distance traveled over 20 years
average distance traveled over 20 years of doing this silliness was one nautical
of doing this silliness was one nautical
of doing this silliness was one nautical mile and you’re on a mid-ocean ridge it
mile and you’re on a mid-ocean ridge it
mile and you’re on a mid-ocean ridge it was 40,000 nautical miles a great job
was 40,000 nautical miles a great job
was 40,000 nautical miles a great job security but it’s like his he’s got
security but it’s like his he’s got
security but it’s like his he’s got great job q sir well it’s over they were
great job q sir well it’s over they were
great job q sir well it’s over they were like over they okay Betty
but when we were able to have an
but when we were able to have an out-of-body experience and the
out-of-body experience and the
out-of-body experience and the technologies for us was fiber optics and
technologies for us was fiber optics and
technologies for us was fiber optics and a lot of technologies but certainly the
a lot of technologies but certainly the
a lot of technologies but certainly the the fiber-optic to move away from moving
the fiber-optic to move away from moving
the fiber-optic to move away from moving information on copper with electrons to
information on copper with electrons to
information on copper with electrons to moving you know information with lasers
moving you know information with lasers
moving you know information with lasers on fibers we our bandwidth exploded and
on fibers we our bandwidth exploded and
on fibers we our bandwidth exploded and any time you give a scientist an order
any time you give a scientist an order
any time you give a scientist an order of magnitude shift things happen in this
of magnitude shift things happen in this
of magnitude shift things happen in this case it was like three orders of
case it was like three orders of
case it was like three orders of magnitude shifts so all of a sudden we
magnitude shifts so all of a sudden we
magnitude shifts so all of a sudden we had the ability to move an amazing
had the ability to move an amazing
had the ability to move an amazing amount of information and could then
amount of information and could then
amount of information and could then simulate presence where I see this
simulate presence where I see this
simulate presence where I see this technology going it’s not just in what
technology going it’s not just in what
technology going it’s not just in what I’m doing under the sea to give me
I’m doing under the sea to give me
I’m doing under the sea to give me infinite bottom time by sending my
infinite bottom time by sending my
infinite bottom time by sending my spirit is moving spirits and I think
spirit is moving spirits and I think
spirit is moving spirits and I think that we now have the technology to move
that we now have the technology to move
that we now have the technology to move your spirit and the beauty of the spirit
your spirit and the beauty of the spirit
your spirit and the beauty of the spirit is it moves at the speed of light and
is it moves at the speed of light and
is it moves at the speed of light and it’s indestructible but the ability to
it’s indestructible but the ability to
it’s indestructible but the ability to literally have an out-of-body experience
literally have an out-of-body experience
literally have an out-of-body experience and I’m I’m now having that experience I
and I’m I’m now having that experience I
and I’m I’m now having that experience I can take my daughter to school in the
can take my daughter to school in the
can take my daughter to school in the morning and spend the day exploring the
morning and spend the day exploring the
morning and spend the day exploring the Black Sea and honest to god think I’m
Black Sea and honest to god think I’m
Black Sea and honest to god think I’m there and then in my command center and
there and then in my command center and
there and then in my command center and then be home when she comes home like I
then be home when she comes home like I
then be home when she comes home like I never left and and that is cool but my
never left and and that is cool but my
never left and and that is cool but my wife though Barbara will be at dinner
wife though Barbara will be at dinner
wife though Barbara will be at dinner when the Nautilus is out at sea and
when the Nautilus is out at sea and
when the Nautilus is out at sea and she’ll see me sitting there and she say
she’ll see me sitting there and she say
she’ll see me sitting there and she say you’re not here are you
you’re not here are you
you’re not here are you yeah I’m here down as the speed of light
yeah I’m here down as the speed of light
yeah I’m here down as the speed of light but how long does it take to get it’s
but how long does it take to get it’s
but how long does it take to get it’s obviously you’re getting them back yes
obviously you’re getting them back yes
obviously you’re getting them back yes there’s a lot further than speed of
there’s a lot further than speed of
there’s a lot further than speed of light you’re going go far in the
light you’re going go far in the
light you’re going go far in the universe well what does it take you when
universe well what does it take you when
universe well what does it take you when you want to see something in a distant
you want to see something in a distant
you want to see something in a distant gal it takes you a long time for the
gal it takes you a long time for the
gal it takes you a long time for the light to get here from there but on the
light to get here from there but on the
light to get here from there but on the benefit is you actually look at the
benefit is you actually look at the
benefit is you actually look at the universe as it was what’s the oldest
universe as it was what’s the oldest
universe as it was what’s the oldest light you’re looking at we’re looking
light you’re looking at we’re looking
light you’re looking at we’re looking almost all the way back to the beginning
almost all the way back to the beginning
almost all the way back to the beginning and that’s 13.7 billion that’s a lot
and that’s 13.7 billion that’s a lot
and that’s 13.7 billion that’s a lot longer than I look we we look for our
longer than I look we we look for our
longer than I look we we look for our way our penalty is it’s really fuzzy
way our penalty is it’s really fuzzy
way our penalty is it’s really fuzzy when you look at that stuff out there I
when you look at that stuff out there I
when you look at that stuff out there I need a big telescope and you’d need a
need a big telescope and you’d need a
need a big telescope and you’d need a lot of head-scratching
lot of head-scratching
lot of head-scratching but you really can see farther back in
but you really can see farther back in
but you really can see farther back in time of course we commend our
time of course we commend our
time of course we commend our observatory a lot quicker than
observatory a lot quicker than
observatory a lot quicker than it only takes a few seconds for the
it only takes a few seconds for the
it only takes a few seconds for the light to even get out on a million miles
light to even get out on a million miles
light to even get out on a million miles right because that’s not that it’s not
right because that’s not that it’s not
right because that’s not that it’s not that far away far enough but not so so
that far away far enough but not so so
that far away far enough but not so so we’re not actually feeling the
we’re not actually feeling the
we’re not actually feeling the experience of being in the black hole
experience of being in the black hole
experience of being in the black hole yet
yet
yet right well that’s cool because we can
right well that’s cool because we can
right well that’s cool because we can literally leave our body and and and be
literally leave our body and and and be
literally leave our body and and and be convinced you’re there really I’m I’m
convinced you’re there really I’m I’m
convinced you’re there really I’m I’m not joking because I’ve been there
not joking because I’ve been there
not joking because I’ve been there physically in submarines and this is
physically in submarines and this is
physically in submarines and this is even better because in a submarine my
even better because in a submarine my
even better because in a submarine my window is this big and now I’ve got
window is this big and now I’ve got
window is this big and now I’ve got these 50 inch going to 70 inch color
these 50 inch going to 70 inch color
these 50 inch going to 70 inch color plasmas where I’m having to go like this
plasmas where I’m having to go like this
plasmas where I’m having to go like this and now we’re looking at these I can
and now we’re looking at these I can
and now we’re looking at these I can only if someone wants to give me
only if someone wants to give me
only if someone wants to give me $700,000 you can get these ones to put
$700,000 you can get these ones to put
$700,000 you can get these ones to put it on a sphere and and you know remember
it on a sphere and and you know remember
it on a sphere and and you know remember the first plasmas and they were a
the first plasmas and they were a
the first plasmas and they were a quarter million dollars apiece now
quarter million dollars apiece now
quarter million dollars apiece now they’re what thousand under a few
they’re what thousand under a few
they’re what thousand under a few hundred dollars when we forget this
hundred dollars when we forget this
hundred dollars when we forget this $700,000 scanner that gives me a
$700,000 scanner that gives me a
$700,000 scanner that gives me a hemispherical projection or there do you
hemispherical projection or there do you
hemispherical projection or there do you feel like you are there when you you
feel like you are there when you you
feel like you are there when you you don’t even look through the telescope
don’t even look through the telescope
don’t even look through the telescope and no I don’t tell us it takes picture
and no I don’t tell us it takes picture
and no I don’t tell us it takes picture astronomers don’t look through
astronomers don’t look through
astronomers don’t look through telescopes but we did we get the
telescopes but we did we get the
telescopes but we did we get the pictures back and we stare at them on
pictures back and we stare at them on
pictures back and we stare at them on the big screen just like you do we have
the big screen just like you do we have
the big screen just like you do we have a wall up the space telescope science
a wall up the space telescope science
a wall up the space telescope science needs to do it it’s just an entire wall
needs to do it it’s just an entire wall
needs to do it it’s just an entire wall coverage pictures of galaxies we get so
coverage pictures of galaxies we get so
coverage pictures of galaxies we get so many pixels in the images that we get
many pixels in the images that we get
many pixels in the images that we get back you cannot absorb them you can’t
back you cannot absorb them you can’t
back you cannot absorb them you can’t see them all at once so you got to get
see them all at once so you got to get
see them all at once so you got to get them spread out and and crawl up to them
them spread out and and crawl up to them
them spread out and and crawl up to them and look at them so pay for a football
and look at them so pay for a football
and look at them so pay for a football game yeah okay yeah would so we can
game yeah okay yeah would so we can
game yeah okay yeah would so we can immerse ourselves in the pictures that
immerse ourselves in the pictures that
immerse ourselves in the pictures that way and and and you just what does this
way and and and you just what does this
way and and and you just what does this mean what does this mean we’re always
mean what does this mean we’re always
mean what does this mean we’re always thinking what does it mean because you
thinking what does it mean because you
thinking what does it mean because you can the astronomers sees the picture
can the astronomers sees the picture
can the astronomers sees the picture that’s beautiful like anyone but what
that’s beautiful like anyone but what
that’s beautiful like anyone but what does it mean and that’s the next step
does it mean and that’s the next step
does it mean and that’s the next step for us how did it get like that look
for us how did it get like that look
for us how did it get like that look what is it where’s the existence of that
what is it where’s the existence of that
what is it where’s the existence of that stuff come from there they’re books out
stuff come from there they’re books out
stuff come from there they’re books out of pictures from the Hubble telescope
of pictures from the Hubble telescope
of pictures from the Hubble telescope and they look like beautiful art pieces
and they look like beautiful art pieces
and they look like beautiful art pieces but when I look at it thing what is that
but when I look at it thing what is that
but when I look at it thing what is that there’s so many start how long does it
there’s so many start how long does it
there’s so many start how long does it take you to look at a picture before you
take you to look at a picture before you
take you to look at a picture before you know what you’re looking at mmm maybe
know what you’re looking at mmm maybe
know what you’re looking at mmm maybe never you never know what you’re going
never you never know what you’re going
never you never know what you’re going well scientists write paper is figuring
well scientists write paper is figuring
well scientists write paper is figuring out what little piece
out what little piece
out what little piece of that picture look like and what they
of that picture look like and what they
of that picture look like and what they are you know you get one little object
are you know you get one little object
are you know you get one little object and you say that’s my specialty object
and you say that’s my specialty object
and you say that’s my specialty object and we’re going to figure out everything
and we’re going to figure out everything
and we’re going to figure out everything about that star and some scientists
about that star and some scientists
about that star and some scientists specialize in just like one star for a
specialize in just like one star for a
specialize in just like one star for a long time and that but they’re billions
long time and that but they’re billions
long time and that but they’re billions there’s a hundred billion stars roughly
there’s a hundred billion stars roughly
there’s a hundred billion stars roughly in our galaxy and another and a hundred
in our galaxy and another and a hundred
in our galaxy and another and a hundred billion galaxies we can see so we got a
billion galaxies we can see so we got a
billion galaxies we can see so we got a few scientific papers in front of us now
few scientific papers in front of us now
few scientific papers in front of us now we can look how far back with Hubble
we can look how far back with Hubble
we can look how far back with Hubble with Hubble about 13 billion light years
with Hubble about 13 billion light years
with Hubble about 13 billion light years so within a billion light years and
so within a billion light years and
so within a billion light years and about 1 billion of the Big Bang and your
about 1 billion of the Big Bang and your
about 1 billion of the Big Bang and your new telescope can’t take us with that
new telescope can’t take us with that
new telescope can’t take us with that five times closer so 200 million years
five times closer so 200 million years
five times closer so 200 million years after the bang and that’s when we think
after the bang and that’s when we think
after the bang and that’s when we think the first stars may have turned on so
the first stars may have turned on so
the first stars may have turned on so when the Big Bang happened the explosion
when the Big Bang happened the explosion
when the Big Bang happened the explosion occurred there was nothing in this space
occurred there was nothing in this space
occurred there was nothing in this space at first or there was something but it
at first or there was something but it
at first or there was something but it wasn’t stars and planets see the first
wasn’t stars and planets see the first
wasn’t stars and planets see the first gallon in the early universe it was very
gallon in the early universe it was very
gallon in the early universe it was very hot and very dense and the material
hot and very dense and the material
hot and very dense and the material wasn’t even atoms at that point then as
wasn’t even atoms at that point then as
wasn’t even atoms at that point then as it expanded and cooled and atoms come to
it expanded and cooled and atoms come to
it expanded and cooled and atoms come to exist then after a little while they get
exist then after a little while they get
exist then after a little while they get together they’re pulled together by
together they’re pulled together by
together they’re pulled together by gravity to make into stars and by the
gravity to make into stars and by the
gravity to make into stars and by the way the dark matter that we know exists
way the dark matter that we know exists
way the dark matter that we know exists is part of that process of pulling stuff
is part of that process of pulling stuff
is part of that process of pulling stuff together so we could have a reverse Big
together so we could have a reverse Big
together so we could have a reverse Big Bang and everything could be sucked back
Bang and everything could be sucked back
Bang and everything could be sucked back in under that yeah and in fact it used
in under that yeah and in fact it used
in under that yeah and in fact it used to be very harder used to be very
to be very harder used to be very
to be very harder used to be very popular theory it’s not popular anymore
popular theory it’s not popular anymore
popular theory it’s not popular anymore but that doesn’t mean it’s not right the
but that doesn’t mean it’s not right the
but that doesn’t mean it’s not right the great that would be what the great
great that would be what the great
great that would be what the great sucked a great crunch falling out of
sucked a great crunch falling out of
sucked a great crunch falling out of vogue yeah it’s not popular because
vogue yeah it’s not popular because
vogue yeah it’s not popular because because these days we’ve discovered that
because these days we’ve discovered that
because these days we’ve discovered that the universe is accelerating and so
the universe is accelerating and so
the universe is accelerating and so since it’s accelerating and that gives
since it’s accelerating and that gives
since it’s accelerating and that gives the Nobel Prize last week four to three
the Nobel Prize last week four to three
the Nobel Prize last week four to three guys that found out we it’s kind of hard
guys that found out we it’s kind of hard
guys that found out we it’s kind of hard to imagine why it’s gonna stop doing
to imagine why it’s gonna stop doing
to imagine why it’s gonna stop doing that on the other hand we don’t know why
that on the other hand we don’t know why
that on the other hand we don’t know why it’s doing it so we don’t know why it
it’s doing it so we don’t know why it
it’s doing it so we don’t know why it would stop or not so
would stop or not so
would stop or not so and you know where you want to look
and you know where you want to look
and you know where you want to look since it’s expanding in different
since it’s expanding in different
since it’s expanding in different universes expanding in different
universes expanding in different
universes expanding in different directions different sizes different hot
directions different sizes different hot
directions different sizes different hot and cold spots or do you just say let’s
and cold spots or do you just say let’s
and cold spots or do you just say let’s just aim the telescope here and see what
just aim the telescope here and see what
just aim the telescope here and see what we find
we find
we find well we do it both ways we have these
well we do it both ways we have these
well we do it both ways we have these the immense competitions where
the immense competitions where
the immense competitions where scientists say I’m gonna write up why I
scientists say I’m gonna write up why I
scientists say I’m gonna write up why I want to look at that thing and we we
want to look at that thing and we we
want to look at that thing and we we have huge committees that read all these
have huge committees that read all these
have huge committees that read all these proposals and they say ok you can do it
proposals and they say ok you can do it
proposals and they say ok you can do it and you can’t this is kind of scary and
and you can’t this is kind of scary and
and you can’t this is kind of scary and then once in a while we have somebody
then once in a while we have somebody
then once in a while we have somebody who says nobody ever looked in this
who says nobody ever looked in this
who says nobody ever looked in this place I think we just should stare in
place I think we just should stare in
place I think we just should stare in that direction for a long time and see
that direction for a long time and see
that direction for a long time and see what’s there and that was a tremendous
what’s there and that was a tremendous
what’s there and that was a tremendous breakthrough for the Hubble Space
breakthrough for the Hubble Space
breakthrough for the Hubble Space Telescope to do that the director of the
Telescope to do that the director of the
Telescope to do that the director of the Institute said nobody ever looked here
Institute said nobody ever looked here
Institute said nobody ever looked here we’re gonna snuffing there we’re gonna
we’re gonna snuffing there we’re gonna
we’re gonna snuffing there we’re gonna look over there and he found they found
look over there and he found they found
look over there and he found they found thousands and thousands of really really
thousands and thousands of really really
thousands and thousands of really really faraway galaxies that people really
faraway galaxies that people really
faraway galaxies that people really didn’t expect all of our theory said
didn’t expect all of our theory said
didn’t expect all of our theory said there won’t be any but there they were
there won’t be any but there they were
there won’t be any but there they were and now you’re doing the same thing at
and now you’re doing the same thing at
and now you’re doing the same thing at the ocean when you found the Titanic and
the ocean when you found the Titanic and
the ocean when you found the Titanic and the Bismarck yet especially with the
the Bismarck yet especially with the
the Bismarck yet especially with the Titanic you knew where it went down so
Titanic you knew where it went down so
Titanic you knew where it went down so rough you just sort of had to look in a
rough you just sort of had to look in a
rough you just sort of had to look in a confined area yeah it was a big area but
confined area yeah it was a big area but
confined area yeah it was a big area but hundred 450 square miles but now you
hundred 450 square miles but now you
hundred 450 square miles but now you just go look well it’s really cool
just go look well it’s really cool
just go look well it’s really cool because you know we finally convinced
because you know we finally convinced
because you know we finally convinced our country to have ships that actually
our country to have ships that actually
our country to have ships that actually explore that’s that actually have is
explore that’s that actually have is
explore that’s that actually have is their mission to go or no one has gone
their mission to go or no one has gone
their mission to go or no one has gone before
before
before on planet Earth and add them but anyway
on planet Earth and add them but anyway
on planet Earth and add them but anyway and what’s really neat about this these
and what’s really neat about this these
and what’s really neat about this these two ships the Okeanos Explorer and my
two ships the Okeanos Explorer and my
two ships the Okeanos Explorer and my ship the Nautilus is that’s really their
ship the Nautilus is that’s really their
ship the Nautilus is that’s really their mission is go where no one has been now
mission is go where no one has been now
mission is go where no one has been now we look at the planet and if you look at
we look at the planet and if you look at
we look at the planet and if you look at a you know the classic National
a you know the classic National
a you know the classic National Geographic map of the world with the
Geographic map of the world with the
Geographic map of the world with the water gone you look at that and you say
water gone you look at that and you say
water gone you look at that and you say ok ok ok ok I don’t get that one and and
ok ok ok ok I don’t get that one and and
ok ok ok ok I don’t get that one and and if why we’re moving then we’re gonna
if why we’re moving then we’re gonna
if why we’re moving then we’re gonna move the Nautilus we got one more
move the Nautilus we got one more
move the Nautilus we got one more campaign and the Black Sea because we
campaign and the Black Sea because we
campaign and the Black Sea because we made some cool discoveries they want to
made some cool discoveries they want to
made some cool discoveries they want to follow up on oh they’re gonna move the
follow up on oh they’re gonna move the
follow up on oh they’re gonna move the ship and we’re gonna move it over into
ship and we’re gonna move it over into
ship and we’re gonna move it over into the western Pacific and the reason we’re
the western Pacific and the reason we’re
the western Pacific and the reason we’re gonna go over there is if you look at I
gonna go over there is if you look at I
gonna go over there is if you look at I wish I had the map but you could look at
wish I had the map but you could look at
wish I had the map but you could look at the map and you say I can yeah yeah the
the map and you say I can yeah yeah the
the map and you say I can yeah yeah the mid-ocean ridge is pretty makes sense to
mid-ocean ridge is pretty makes sense to
mid-ocean ridge is pretty makes sense to you now that we know it’s there and we
you now that we know it’s there and we
you now that we know it’s there and we figured it out and it’s maybe 30 some
figured it out and it’s maybe 30 some
figured it out and it’s maybe 30 some percent 40 some percent of the ocean is
percent 40 some percent of the ocean is
percent 40 some percent of the ocean is one mountain range say Oh cake of that
one mountain range say Oh cake of that
one mountain range say Oh cake of that and then pistol planes yeah I got that
and then pistol planes yeah I got that
and then pistol planes yeah I got that gun I got it but there’s an area over in
gun I got it but there’s an area over in
gun I got it but there’s an area over in the Pacific from from Hawaii islands to
the Pacific from from Hawaii islands to
the Pacific from from Hawaii islands to Singapore and from Capricorn to cancer
Singapore and from Capricorn to cancer
Singapore and from Capricorn to cancer where you go I don’t know what that is
where you go I don’t know what that is
where you go I don’t know what that is it looks like gobbly gook and when you
it looks like gobbly gook and when you
it looks like gobbly gook and when you see gobbly gook you want to go because
see gobbly gook you want to go because
see gobbly gook you want to go because it won’t be gobbly gook after a while
it won’t be gobbly gook after a while
it won’t be gobbly gook after a while but right now you look at anybody you
but right now you look at anybody you
but right now you look at anybody you just sort of turn your head around say
just sort of turn your head around say
just sort of turn your head around say there’s it’s really a very confusing
there’s it’s really a very confusing
there’s it’s really a very confusing part of our planet geographically
part of our planet geographically
part of our planet geographically doesn’t make a whole lot of sense and so
doesn’t make a whole lot of sense and so
doesn’t make a whole lot of sense and so that has a high discovery potential so
that has a high discovery potential so
that has a high discovery potential so we’re gonna go away we just can’t figure
we’re gonna go away we just can’t figure
we’re gonna go away we just can’t figure it out and see what’s there
it out and see what’s there
it out and see what’s there tell me what both of you are looking for
tell me what both of you are looking for
tell me what both of you are looking for not specifically but are you motivated
not specifically but are you motivated
not specifically but are you motivated by finding our existence or how we came
by finding our existence or how we came
by finding our existence or how we came to be as life-forms or planets or
to be as life-forms or planets or
to be as life-forms or planets or universes I think everyone contributes
universes I think everyone contributes
universes I think everyone contributes to that I think all of us are we’re all
to that I think all of us are we’re all
to that I think all of us are we’re all asked that question in our own different
asked that question in our own different
asked that question in our own different way but I think collectively you try to
way but I think collectively you try to
way but I think collectively you try to get an answer but I don’t think anyone’s
get an answer but I don’t think anyone’s
get an answer but I don’t think anyone’s got this you know the Silver Bullet but
got this you know the Silver Bullet but
got this you know the Silver Bullet but certainly you we were talking about yeah
certainly you we were talking about yeah
certainly you we were talking about yeah we work on this at dinner and we were
we work on this at dinner and we were
we work on this at dinner and we were talking about each of us sort of look
talking about each of us sort of look
talking about each of us sort of look have the same questions but we’re coming
have the same questions but we’re coming
have the same questions but we’re coming at it from a different angle so what are
at it from a different angle so what are
at it from a different angle so what are your questions what are you trying to
your questions what are you trying to
your questions what are you trying to well the big ones you know where we come
well the big ones you know where we come
well the big ones you know where we come from where we go on and why we here you
from where we go on and why we here you
from where we go on and why we here you know the three big ones and I think
know the three big ones and I think
know the three big ones and I think they’re not linear and then determinate
they’re not linear and then determinate
they’re not linear and then determinate which is it’s okay because as Joe Joseph
which is it’s okay because as Joe Joseph
which is it’s okay because as Joe Joseph Campbell said life is the act of
Campbell said life is the act of
Campbell said life is the act of becoming you never arrived so I’m happy
becoming you never arrived so I’m happy
becoming you never arrived so I’m happy never arriving I’m happy becoming you’re
never arriving I’m happy becoming you’re
never arriving I’m happy becoming you’re happy on the search I’m just happy on
happy on the search I’m just happy on
happy on the search I’m just happy on the finding a few answers becoming
the finding a few answers becoming
the finding a few answers becoming becoming evolve any company coming
becoming evolve any company coming
becoming evolve any company coming because I don’t think you arrived but I
because I don’t think you arrived but I
because I don’t think you arrived but I want to know why pretty boy specifically
want to know why pretty boy specifically
want to know why pretty boy specifically tells you that that looking in the rocks
tells you that that looking in the rocks
tells you that that looking in the rocks in the desert would hurt well the ocean
in the desert would hurt well the ocean
in the desert would hurt well the ocean is is is really alive in so many
is is is really alive in so many
is is is really alive in so many different ways but see I view the earth
different ways but see I view the earth
different ways but see I view the earth in the gaia kansai view the earth as a
in the gaia kansai view the earth as a
in the gaia kansai view the earth as a living organism I think of the earth as
living organism I think of the earth as
living organism I think of the earth as a creature a beautiful systematic
a creature a beautiful systematic
a creature a beautiful systematic creature and and I’m interested in this
creature and and I’m interested in this
creature and and I’m interested in this creature so geologists are basically
creature so geologists are basically
creature so geologists are basically mega biologists
mega biologists
mega biologists and I’m very caught up with this
and I’m very caught up with this
and I’m very caught up with this creature and figuring it out because you
creature and figuring it out because you
creature and figuring it out because you know when I first you know looked at the
know when I first you know looked at the
know when I first you know looked at the earth as a geologist it was sort of this
earth as a geologist it was sort of this
earth as a geologist it was sort of this rock you know just a rock you had rock
rock you know just a rock you had rock
rock you know just a rock you had rock associations it was sort of boring you
associations it was sort of boring you
associations it was sort of boring you know I don’t know why I went into it but
know I don’t know why I went into it but
know I don’t know why I went into it but but it came alive with plate tectonics
but it came alive with plate tectonics
but it came alive with plate tectonics in and all of a sudden ever I was
in and all of a sudden ever I was
in and all of a sudden ever I was looking at a creature and it had a
looking at a creature and it had a
looking at a creature and it had a behavior it was predictable and causing
behavior it was predictable and causing
behavior it was predictable and causing effect and in fact I argue with my lot
effect and in fact I argue with my lot
effect and in fact I argue with my lot of my colleagues about you know global
of my colleagues about you know global
of my colleagues about you know global warming and all of this sort of stuff
warming and all of this sort of stuff
warming and all of this sort of stuff and I say don’t underestimate what the
and I say don’t underestimate what the
and I say don’t underestimate what the Earth’s gonna do so we look at the earth
Earth’s gonna do so we look at the earth
Earth’s gonna do so we look at the earth as a passive victim yeah no I mean I say
as a passive victim yeah no I mean I say
as a passive victim yeah no I mean I say you know when the earth finally decides
you know when the earth finally decides
you know when the earth finally decides where a skin infection that he has to
where a skin infection that he has to
where a skin infection that he has to get rid of they’ll get rid of us you
get rid of they’ll get rid of us you
get rid of they’ll get rid of us you know so I’m really watching the earth
know so I’m really watching the earth
know so I’m really watching the earth right now in a mazing way cuz it’s
right now in a mazing way cuz it’s
right now in a mazing way cuz it’s cooking I mean it’s getting mad
cooking I mean it’s getting mad
cooking I mean it’s getting mad I mean it’s doing all sorts of thing and
I mean it’s doing all sorts of thing and
I mean it’s doing all sorts of thing and that’s because I think it actually is is
that’s because I think it actually is is
that’s because I think it actually is is a creature and when you look out are you
a creature and when you look out are you
a creature and when you look out are you looking in in a way at who we are
looking in in a way at who we are
looking in in a way at who we are because you’re looking further out well
because you’re looking further out well
because you’re looking further out well yeah if you’re looking for our
yeah if you’re looking for our
yeah if you’re looking for our beginnings I there’s certainly
beginnings I there’s certainly
beginnings I there’s certainly astronomers would like to know how we
astronomers would like to know how we
astronomers would like to know how we come to be how does our planet come to
come to be how does our planet come to
come to be how does our planet come to exist we have a wonderful story we we
exist we have a wonderful story we we
exist we have a wonderful story we we say that our atoms came from the stars
say that our atoms came from the stars
say that our atoms came from the stars in the early universe that exploded and
in the early universe that exploded and
in the early universe that exploded and the material went back out again and was
the material went back out again and was
the material went back out again and was recycled so our entire planet is made of
recycled so our entire planet is made of
recycled so our entire planet is made of recycled stuff and then of course people
recycled stuff and then of course people
recycled stuff and then of course people are made of recycled dinosaurs so we’re
are made of recycled dinosaurs so we’re
are made of recycled dinosaurs so we’re totally recycled and what’s lying and
totally recycled and what’s lying and
totally recycled and what’s lying and yeah and what they ate
yeah and what they ate
yeah and what they ate so we’re breathing dinosaur breath yes
so we’re breathing dinosaur breath yes
so we’re breathing dinosaur breath yes that’s alright anyway
that’s alright anyway
that’s alright anyway astronomers would like to know the
astronomers would like to know the
astronomers would like to know the physical part of this story and then we
physical part of this story and then we
physical part of this story and then we say ok biologists you’ve got the hard
say ok biologists you’ve got the hard
say ok biologists you’ve got the hard problem now you tell us how cat is how
problem now you tell us how cat is how
problem now you tell us how cat is how does it come alive as a hard part we
does it come alive as a hard part we
does it come alive as a hard part we have well in over a thousand candidate
have well in over a thousand candidate
have well in over a thousand candidate planets around other stars already and
planets around other stars already and
planets around other stars already and there was about 600 I think already
there was about 600 I think already
there was about 600 I think already confirmed around other stars they’re out
confirmed around other stars they’re out
confirmed around other stars they’re out and there could be here an equivalent of
and there could be here an equivalent of
and there could be here an equivalent of some of them could reverse oh yeah about
some of them could reverse oh yeah about
some of them could reverse oh yeah about the right temperature in size to be like
the right temperature in size to be like
the right temperature in size to be like Earth I have no doubt there’s
Earth I have no doubt there’s
Earth I have no doubt there’s intelligent
intelligent
intelligent life out there and now death or we just
life out there and now death or we just
life out there and now death or we just talking one was in the news well yeah
talking one was in the news well yeah
talking one was in the news well yeah the reason why yeah but it’s six hundred
the reason why yeah but it’s six hundred
the reason why yeah but it’s six hundred light years away so I didn’t buy a
light years away so I didn’t buy a
light years away so I didn’t buy a ticket what do we need to have life what
ticket what do we need to have life what
ticket what do we need to have life what are the key ingredients that you look
are the key ingredients that you look
are the key ingredients that you look for in space that say alright that’s an
for in space that say alright that’s an
for in space that say alright that’s an element that will make life or we know
element that will make life or we know
element that will make life or we know Bob’s shown we don’t need sunlight
Bob’s shown we don’t need sunlight
Bob’s shown we don’t need sunlight necessarily no need I’ll tell you it’s
necessarily no need I’ll tell you it’s
necessarily no need I’ll tell you it’s not your range we uh we sort of think a
not your range we uh we sort of think a
not your range we uh we sort of think a liquid solvent like water is required
liquid solvent like water is required
liquid solvent like water is required it’s not the only one that could be
it’s not the only one that could be
it’s not the only one that could be theoretical biologists are thinking
theoretical biologists are thinking
theoretical biologists are thinking about well what about liquid methane and
about well what about liquid methane and
about well what about liquid methane and ethane on Titan where we already have
ethane on Titan where we already have
ethane on Titan where we already have dropped a probe on the surface of this
dropped a probe on the surface of this
dropped a probe on the surface of this little satellite of Saturn and we and we
little satellite of Saturn and we and we
little satellite of Saturn and we and we saw that there are lakes and rivers and
saw that there are lakes and rivers and
saw that there are lakes and rivers and mountains the mountains are made out of
mountains the mountains are made out of
mountains the mountains are made out of water ice actually not rock but you know
water ice actually not rock but you know
water ice actually not rock but you know who’s to say that there’s no possibility
who’s to say that there’s no possibility
who’s to say that there’s no possibility of life in that stuff so theoretical
of life in that stuff so theoretical
of life in that stuff so theoretical biologists say well you should look in a
biologists say well you should look in a
biologists say well you should look in a lot of different ways now if you were
lot of different ways now if you were
lot of different ways now if you were looking for something like earth and you
looking for something like earth and you
looking for something like earth and you say well how about a planet that has
say well how about a planet that has
say well how about a planet that has photosynthesis we would be able to tell
photosynthesis we would be able to tell
photosynthesis we would be able to tell from a distance because this earth is
from a distance because this earth is
from a distance because this earth is polluted by oxygen the little plants the
polluted by oxygen the little plants the
polluted by oxygen the little plants the algae makes the oxygen and you would be
algae makes the oxygen and you would be
algae makes the oxygen and you would be able to see this effect from a
able to see this effect from a
able to see this effect from a tremendous distance the fact that was
tremendous distance the fact that was
tremendous distance the fact that was poisoned to the earlier it was poison to
poisoned to the earlier it was poison to
poisoned to the earlier it was poison to the early critters they didn’t like it
the early critters they didn’t like it
the early critters they didn’t like it at all yeah and so and we can also tell
at all yeah and so and we can also tell
at all yeah and so and we can also tell if a planet’s got water on it because
if a planet’s got water on it because
if a planet’s got water on it because I’ve similar methods see if the water
I’ve similar methods see if the water
I’ve similar methods see if the water absorbs certain wavelengths of light as
absorbs certain wavelengths of light as
absorbs certain wavelengths of light as does oxygen and so you can tell from a
does oxygen and so you can tell from a
does oxygen and so you can tell from a distance but you know I think to be
distance but you know I think to be
distance but you know I think to be really honest as I love the I think of
really honest as I love the I think of
really honest as I love the I think of French philosophers is like this by
French philosophers is like this by
French philosophers is like this by logic that you prove but by intuition
logic that you prove but by intuition
logic that you prove but by intuition that you discover and and almost all the
that you discover and and almost all the
that you discover and and almost all the major wit discoveries we made we
major wit discoveries we made we
major wit discoveries we made we immediately explained them but we didn’t
immediately explained them but we didn’t
immediately explained them but we didn’t predict them and so what have we not
predict them and so what have we not
predict them and so what have we not predicted GOP’s
predicted GOP’s
predicted GOP’s is a good technical term is American
is a good technical term is American
is a good technical term is American carbs got it
carbs got it
carbs got it americana but anyway I just think that
americana but anyway I just think that
americana but anyway I just think that the funniest question I get is what are
the funniest question I get is what are
the funniest question I get is what are you going to discover next I don’t think
you going to discover next I don’t think
you going to discover next I don’t think you get it you know the thing you know
you get it you know the thing you know
you get it you know the thing you know the greatest discovery where the next
the greatest discovery where the next
the greatest discovery where the next discovery is going to be something No
discovery is going to be something No
discovery is going to be something No thank you thank you for taking
”
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