[Music] I want to ask you a question what
I want to ask you a question what
I want to ask you a question what happened on the 29th of October 1969
happened on the 29th of October 1969
happened on the 29th of October 1969 landing on the moon close but on this
landing on the moon close but on this
landing on the moon close but on this day something equally enormous happened
day something equally enormous happened
day something equally enormous happened namely the first message was sent over
namely the first message was sent over
namely the first message was sent over the Internet
so let me explain just how difficult it
so let me explain just how difficult it actually was to send that first message
actually was to send that first message
actually was to send that first message so the internet was super tiny and at
so the internet was super tiny and at
so the internet was super tiny and at half-past 10:00 in the evening
half-past 10:00 in the evening
half-past 10:00 in the evening researchers had gathered down in Los
researchers had gathered down in Los
researchers had gathered down in Los Angeles and at Stanford up in Menlo Park
Angeles and at Stanford up in Menlo Park
Angeles and at Stanford up in Menlo Park to send the first test message and they
to send the first test message and they
to send the first test message and they had agreed to send the message log in
had agreed to send the message log in
had agreed to send the message log in like looking into a remote computer and
like looking into a remote computer and
like looking into a remote computer and because this was challenging they called
because this was challenging they called
because this was challenging they called each other on the phone make sure
each other on the phone make sure
each other on the phone make sure message arrived so there were these guys
message arrived so there were these guys
message arrived so there were these guys down in Los Angeles at the computer and
down in Los Angeles at the computer and
down in Los Angeles at the computer and they type the first letter L and he
they type the first letter L and he
they type the first letter L and he asked on the phone did you see the L an
asked on the phone did you see the L an
asked on the phone did you see the L an excited message comes back yes yes we
excited message comes back yes yes we
excited message comes back yes yes we see the L and we sent the first letter
see the L and we sent the first letter
see the L and we sent the first letter over the internet they typed the second
over the internet they typed the second
over the internet they typed the second letter Bo and asked again did you see
letter Bo and asked again did you see
letter Bo and asked again did you see the O and he said yes we also see the O
the O and he said yes we also see the O
the O and he said yes we also see the O and they typed the letter G and the
and they typed the letter G and the
and they typed the letter G and the system crashed
so the Internet is a little bit larger
so the Internet is a little bit larger now and we use it to send vast
now and we use it to send vast
now and we use it to send vast quantities of data I’ve recently moved
quantities of data I’ve recently moved
quantities of data I’ve recently moved into a new apartment and just like in
into a new apartment and just like in
into a new apartment and just like in many places in the world I sign up for
many places in the world I sign up for
many places in the world I sign up for internet like you sign up for power or
internet like you sign up for power or
internet like you sign up for power or water the Internet is everywhere and it
water the Internet is everywhere and it
water the Internet is everywhere and it certainly changed the way that we live
certainly changed the way that we live
certainly changed the way that we live today so I’m working on a quantum
today so I’m working on a quantum
today so I’m working on a quantum internet because I believe that it will
internet because I believe that it will
internet because I believe that it will similarly revolutionize the world so of
similarly revolutionize the world so of
similarly revolutionize the world so of course you’re asking now what is this
course you’re asking now what is this
course you’re asking now what is this quantum Internet so on the surface it
quantum Internet so on the surface it
quantum Internet so on the surface it looks a lot like a classical Internet
looks a lot like a classical Internet
looks a lot like a classical Internet there’s computers and we’re gonna send
there’s computers and we’re gonna send
there’s computers and we’re gonna send data from one computer to another only
data from one computer to another only
data from one computer to another only on the quantum Internet this is a
on the quantum Internet this is a
on the quantum Internet this is a quantum computer and I’m sending quantum
quantum computer and I’m sending quantum
quantum computer and I’m sending quantum data quantum bits or qubits from one
data quantum bits or qubits from one
data quantum bits or qubits from one place to another so these qubits are
place to another so these qubits are
place to another so these qubits are pretty special for example we cannot
pretty special for example we cannot
pretty special for example we cannot copy a qubit unlike a classical bit that
copy a qubit unlike a classical bit that
copy a qubit unlike a classical bit that can be either 0 or 1
can be either 0 or 1
can be either 0 or 1 a qubit can be both 0 and 1 at the same
a qubit can be both 0 and 1 at the same
a qubit can be both 0 and 1 at the same time so you might imagine that instead
time so you might imagine that instead
time so you might imagine that instead of sending pictures of a cat that is
of sending pictures of a cat that is
of sending pictures of a cat that is either dead or alive we are going to
either dead or alive we are going to
either dead or alive we are going to send a Schrodinger’s cat that is both
send a Schrodinger’s cat that is both
send a Schrodinger’s cat that is both dead and alive or 0 and 1 at the same
dead and alive or 0 and 1 at the same
dead and alive or 0 and 1 at the same time so these qubits are pretty cool but
time so these qubits are pretty cool but
time so these qubits are pretty cool but it brings us to the question why do we
it brings us to the question why do we
it brings us to the question why do we want to send them around so a quantum
want to send them around so a quantum
want to send them around so a quantum Internet has many applications that are
Internet has many applications that are
Internet has many applications that are impossible on the Internet today it can
impossible on the Internet today it can
impossible on the Internet today it can make many things more efficient and in
make many things more efficient and in
make many things more efficient and in fact to use the quantum Internet
fact to use the quantum Internet
fact to use the quantum Internet you also don’t need to have a large
you also don’t need to have a large
you also don’t need to have a large quantum computer at home
so probably the most famous application
so probably the most famous application of a quantum internet is to use it for
of a quantum internet is to use it for
of a quantum internet is to use it for secure communication so secure
secure communication so secure
secure communication so secure communication means that I am going to
communication means that I am going to
communication means that I am going to send data to you like my credit card
send data to you like my credit card
send data to you like my credit card information or maybe state secrets and I
information or maybe state secrets and I
information or maybe state secrets and I want that no one is able to listen into
want that no one is able to listen into
want that no one is able to listen into this communication a quantum internet
this communication a quantum internet
this communication a quantum internet allows us to use quantum key
allows us to use quantum key
allows us to use quantum key distribution that enables secure
distribution that enables secure
distribution that enables secure communication whose security relies only
communication whose security relies only
communication whose security relies only on the laws of quantum mechanics in
on the laws of quantum mechanics in
on the laws of quantum mechanics in particular it’s secure even if some
particular it’s secure even if some
particular it’s secure even if some eavesdropper was trying to snoop into
eavesdropper was trying to snoop into
eavesdropper was trying to snoop into our communication has a quantum computer
our communication has a quantum computer
our communication has a quantum computer and it remains secure even if this
and it remains secure even if this
and it remains secure even if this eavesdropper buys a quantum computer
eavesdropper buys a quantum computer
eavesdropper buys a quantum computer tomorrow so that’s pretty nice but the
tomorrow so that’s pretty nice but the
tomorrow so that’s pretty nice but the quantum Internet has many other possibly
quantum Internet has many other possibly
quantum Internet has many other possibly less well-known applications which
less well-known applications which
less well-known applications which personally I find probably even more
personally I find probably even more
personally I find probably even more exciting using a quantum Internet we can
exciting using a quantum Internet we can
exciting using a quantum Internet we can use a quantum computer in the cloud so
use a quantum computer in the cloud so
use a quantum computer in the cloud so quantum computers promise to solve many
quantum computers promise to solve many
quantum computers promise to solve many problems much faster than a classical
problems much faster than a classical
problems much faster than a classical computer in particular we think that
computer in particular we think that
computer in particular we think that they’re extremely good at simulating
they’re extremely good at simulating
they’re extremely good at simulating problems in quantum chemistry so you
problems in quantum chemistry so you
problems in quantum chemistry so you might imagine that in the future if you
might imagine that in the future if you
might imagine that in the future if you want to explore a new material or a new
want to explore a new material or a new
want to explore a new material or a new medicine you don’t first go into the lab
medicine you don’t first go into the lab
medicine you don’t first go into the lab and with some hugely long time consuming
and with some hugely long time consuming
and with some hugely long time consuming experiment but you’re first going to run
experiment but you’re first going to run
experiment but you’re first going to run the quick simulation on your quantum
the quick simulation on your quantum
the quick simulation on your quantum computer to see whether that makes sense
computer to see whether that makes sense
computer to see whether that makes sense at all now quantum computers are pretty
at all now quantum computers are pretty
at all now quantum computers are pretty expensive I sort of expected I will
expensive I sort of expected I will
expensive I sort of expected I will actually be dead by the time that we all
actually be dead by the time that we all
actually be dead by the time that we all have a quantum computer at home or in
have a quantum computer at home or in
have a quantum computer at home or in our office but of course we want to use
our office but of course we want to use
our office but of course we want to use this computing power
this computing power
this computing power so the first quantum computers are
so the first quantum computers are
so the first quantum computers are likely going to be somewhere in the
likely going to be somewhere in the
likely going to be somewhere in the cloud and I’m going to pay say to use
cloud and I’m going to pay say to use
cloud and I’m going to pay say to use that for an hour
now maybe I want to use this quantum
now maybe I want to use this quantum computer to perform a simulation on some
computer to perform a simulation on some
computer to perform a simulation on some proprietary material or possibly even my
proprietary material or possibly even my
proprietary material or possibly even my own DNA so I don’t want to give my DNA
own DNA so I don’t want to give my DNA
own DNA so I don’t want to give my DNA to this quantum computer so it turns out
to this quantum computer so it turns out
to this quantum computer so it turns out that using a quantum internet we can use
that using a quantum internet we can use
that using a quantum internet we can use this remote quantum computer in the
this remote quantum computer in the
this remote quantum computer in the cloud securely in the sense that it has
cloud securely in the sense that it has
cloud securely in the sense that it has no idea what we’re going to use it for
quantum Internet can also do all kinds
quantum Internet can also do all kinds of other cool things like it’s good at
of other cool things like it’s good at
of other cool things like it’s good at synchronizing clocks much more
synchronizing clocks much more
synchronizing clocks much more accurately than we can do classically it
accurately than we can do classically it
accurately than we can do classically it can be used to enhance password
can be used to enhance password
can be used to enhance password identification to some server far away
identification to some server far away
identification to some server far away and curiously we can even use it to play
and curiously we can even use it to play
and curiously we can even use it to play better at an online game so what is it
better at an online game so what is it
better at an online game so what is it about these qubits that is so special
about these qubits that is so special
about these qubits that is so special that it enables all these applications
that it enables all these applications
that it enables all these applications to qubits can be entangled using a
to qubits can be entangled using a
to qubits can be entangled using a quantum Internet
now entanglement also still sounds
now entanglement also still sounds pretty mysterious but there’s actually
pretty mysterious but there’s actually
pretty mysterious but there’s actually only two features of quantum
only two features of quantum
only two features of quantum entanglement that lie at the bottom of
entanglement that lie at the bottom of
entanglement that lie at the bottom of all of these applications so if you
all of these applications so if you
all of these applications so if you understand these two features you will
understand these two features you will
understand these two features you will have a pretty good intuition of what a
have a pretty good intuition of what a
have a pretty good intuition of what a quantum Internet is good for so what are
quantum Internet is good for so what are
quantum Internet is good for so what are these two features so the first one is
these two features so the first one is
these two features so the first one is called maximum coordination let’s say
called maximum coordination let’s say
called maximum coordination let’s say I’ve used the quantum Internet to
I’ve used the quantum Internet to
I’ve used the quantum Internet to entangle a qubit here in Vienna with
entangle a qubit here in Vienna with
entangle a qubit here in Vienna with some cubed far away somewhere down in
some cubed far away somewhere down in
some cubed far away somewhere down in Sydney and I’m going to perform a
Sydney and I’m going to perform a
Sydney and I’m going to perform a measurement on my qubits and let’s
measurement on my qubits and let’s
measurement on my qubits and let’s imagine a friend down in sydney performs
imagine a friend down in sydney performs
imagine a friend down in sydney performs exactly the same measurement now if you
exactly the same measurement now if you
exactly the same measurement now if you make the same measurement we will get
make the same measurement we will get
make the same measurement we will get the same measurement outcome
the same measurement outcome
the same measurement outcome instantaneously you can think of a
instantaneously you can think of a
instantaneously you can think of a measurement as asking a question to a
measurement as asking a question to a
measurement as asking a question to a qubit I can ask qubits are you pointing
qubit I can ask qubits are you pointing
qubit I can ask qubits are you pointing left
left
left or are you pointing right and if I ask
or are you pointing right and if I ask
or are you pointing right and if I ask the question to Mike you eat here in
the question to Mike you eat here in
the question to Mike you eat here in Vienna and my friend asks the same
Vienna and my friend asks the same
Vienna and my friend asks the same question down in Sydney then if I see
question down in Sydney then if I see
question down in Sydney then if I see left he will see left and if I see right
left he will see left and if I see right
left he will see left and if I see right he was he right
he was he right
he was he right and this happens instantaneously even
and this happens instantaneously even
and this happens instantaneously even though the answer is not determined
though the answer is not determined
though the answer is not determined ahead of time and the cool thing is that
ahead of time and the cool thing is that
ahead of time and the cool thing is that it actually works for any question that
it actually works for any question that
it actually works for any question that we might have asked to disk you bit if I
we might have asked to disk you bit if I
we might have asked to disk you bit if I had asked you red or green we would have
had asked you red or green we would have
had asked you red or green we would have seen exactly the same we get always the
seen exactly the same we get always the
seen exactly the same we get always the same answer so entanglement is maximally
same answer so entanglement is maximally
same answer so entanglement is maximally coordinated and it is this feature that
coordinated and it is this feature that
coordinated and it is this feature that makes it naturally so suited for tasks
makes it naturally so suited for tasks
makes it naturally so suited for tasks that require coordination or
that require coordination or
that require coordination or synchronization so remember I said there
synchronization so remember I said there
synchronization so remember I said there were two features of quantum
were two features of quantum
were two features of quantum entanglement so what is this second
entanglement so what is this second
entanglement so what is this second feature the second feature of quantum
feature the second feature of quantum
feature the second feature of quantum entanglement is that it’s inherently
entanglement is that it’s inherently
entanglement is that it’s inherently private if I have two qubits and they’re
private if I have two qubits and they’re
private if I have two qubits and they’re completely entangled with each other
completely entangled with each other
completely entangled with each other then it’s physically impossible for any
then it’s physically impossible for any
then it’s physically impossible for any other qubit or actually anything else in
other qubit or actually anything else in
other qubit or actually anything else in the universe to have any share of this
the universe to have any share of this
the universe to have any share of this entanglement this means that if I have a
entanglement this means that if I have a
entanglement this means that if I have a qubit that is completely entangled with
qubit that is completely entangled with
qubit that is completely entangled with your qubit no one else can have a share
your qubit no one else can have a share
your qubit no one else can have a share of the entanglement our to entangle
of the entanglement our to entangle
of the entanglement our to entangle qubits form a private connection that no
qubits form a private connection that no
qubits form a private connection that no one else can share so entanglement
one else can share so entanglement
one else can share so entanglement cannot be shared and it’s inherently
cannot be shared and it’s inherently
cannot be shared and it’s inherently private and it’s this feature that makes
private and it’s this feature that makes
private and it’s this feature that makes it naturally very suited for secure
it naturally very suited for secure
it naturally very suited for secure communication remember these two
communication remember these two
communication remember these two features
features
features it’s maximally coordinated and
it’s maximally coordinated and
it’s maximally coordinated and inherently private so now I’ve told you
inherently private so now I’ve told you
inherently private so now I’ve told you all these things about qubits and
all these things about qubits and
all these things about qubits and entanglement but given that quantum
entanglement but given that quantum
entanglement but given that quantum entanglement is so cool you might ask
entanglement is so cool you might ask
entanglement is so cool you might ask why don’t we have a quantum intimate yet
it turns out that we can actually send
it turns out that we can actually send qubits over short distances
qubits over short distances
qubits over short distances you can go online and actually buy a
you can go online and actually buy a
you can go online and actually buy a commercially available box that performs
commercially available box that performs
commercially available box that performs quantum key distribution quantum secure
quantum key distribution quantum secure
quantum key distribution quantum secure communication over standard telecom
communication over standard telecom
communication over standard telecom fiber over distances of roughly 100
fiber over distances of roughly 100
fiber over distances of roughly 100 kilometers so the real challenge in
kilometers so the real challenge in
kilometers so the real challenge in building a quantum Internet is to get
building a quantum Internet is to get
building a quantum Internet is to get these qubits to travel further than
these qubits to travel further than
these qubits to travel further than these hundred kilometers so of course
these hundred kilometers so of course
these hundred kilometers so of course you might be asking why is it so
you might be asking why is it so
you might be asking why is it so difficult for these qubits to traverse
difficult for these qubits to traverse
difficult for these qubits to traverse long distances if I wanted to send a
long distances if I wanted to send a
long distances if I wanted to send a qubit down a communication line we are
qubit down a communication line we are
qubit down a communication line we are sending a single photon one particle of
sending a single photon one particle of
sending a single photon one particle of light so you can imagine that if I take
light so you can imagine that if I take
light so you can imagine that if I take one single particle of light and I send
one single particle of light and I send
one single particle of light and I send it down a communication line very soon
it down a communication line very soon
it down a communication line very soon it will be lost
remember that also qubits cannot be
remember that also qubits cannot be copied so if it’s lost it’s gone
copied so if it’s lost it’s gone
copied so if it’s lost it’s gone I cannot resend and try again so how can
I cannot resend and try again so how can
I cannot resend and try again so how can we hope to send these qubits over long
we hope to send these qubits over long
we hope to send these qubits over long distances so fortunately as as I
distances so fortunately as as I
distances so fortunately as as I mentioned we can actually send them over
mentioned we can actually send them over
mentioned we can actually send them over short distances so let’s put like a box
short distances so let’s put like a box
short distances so let’s put like a box in the middle and the box is not so far
in the middle and the box is not so far
in the middle and the box is not so far away from the left and it’s not so far
away from the left and it’s not so far
away from the left and it’s not so far away from the right namely close enough
away from the right namely close enough
away from the right namely close enough that I can send qubits both from the
that I can send qubits both from the
that I can send qubits both from the left and from the right to the box all
left and from the right to the box all
left and from the right to the box all right
right
right let’s try that what we’re going to do is
let’s try that what we’re going to do is
let’s try that what we’re going to do is we’re going to take two entangled qubits
we’re going to take two entangled qubits
we’re going to take two entangled qubits on their left and I’m going to send one
on their left and I’m going to send one
on their left and I’m going to send one of them to the box box is not far away
of them to the box box is not far away
of them to the box box is not far away so we can do that I’m going to take
so we can do that I’m going to take
so we can do that I’m going to take another two qubits which are entangled
another two qubits which are entangled
another two qubits which are entangled I’m going to send one of them to the box
I’m going to send one of them to the box
I’m going to send one of them to the box so now we have entanglement with this
so now we have entanglement with this
so now we have entanglement with this box so the cool thing is that there is a
box so the cool thing is that there is a
box so the cool thing is that there is a procedure called entanglement swapping
procedure called entanglement swapping
procedure called entanglement swapping with which we can glue this entanglement
with which we can glue this entanglement
with which we can glue this entanglement together and create entanglement over
together and create entanglement over
together and create entanglement over the entire distance that’s pretty cool
the entire distance that’s pretty cool
the entire distance that’s pretty cool so such a box is called a quantum
so such a box is called a quantum
so such a box is called a quantum repeater and we can use it to make
repeater and we can use it to make
repeater and we can use it to make entanglement over long distances but
entanglement over long distances but
entanglement over long distances but you’re probably saying what about this
you’re probably saying what about this
you’re probably saying what about this entanglement you promised us that we
entanglement you promised us that we
entanglement you promised us that we could send my Schrodinger cats this
could send my Schrodinger cats this
could send my Schrodinger cats this particular data qubits that I want to
particular data qubits that I want to
particular data qubits that I want to send somewhere else so there’s a nice
send somewhere else so there’s a nice
send somewhere else so there’s a nice feature of quantum that if we have
feature of quantum that if we have
feature of quantum that if we have entanglement we can now send a data
entanglement we can now send a data
entanglement we can now send a data qubit by teleporting it across so we I
qubit by teleporting it across so we I
qubit by teleporting it across so we I take my yellow data qubit and i teleport
take my yellow data qubit and i teleport
take my yellow data qubit and i teleport it to the other side
so this way we can send qubits over long
so this way we can send qubits over long distances so we’re probably saying you
distances so we’re probably saying you
distances so we’re probably saying you know this talk is getting more
know this talk is getting more
know this talk is getting more fantastical by the minute
fantastical by the minute
fantastical by the minute first there are these qubits now are we
first there are these qubits now are we
first there are these qubits now are we even going to teleport them around so we
even going to teleport them around so we
even going to teleport them around so we are actually actively working on this
are actually actively working on this
are actually actively working on this box
box
box the quantum repeater and by 2020 we
the quantum repeater and by 2020 we
the quantum repeater and by 2020 we wanted to have the first demonstration
wanted to have the first demonstration
wanted to have the first demonstration network in the Netherlands that
network in the Netherlands that
network in the Netherlands that showcases this box
showcases this box
showcases this box the quantum repeater it might become the
the quantum repeater it might become the
the quantum repeater it might become the first quantum Internet in the world that
first quantum Internet in the world that
first quantum Internet in the world that actually connects small quantum
actually connects small quantum
actually connects small quantum computers small quantum processors in
computers small quantum processors in
computers small quantum processors in such a way that we can send qubits from
such a way that we can send qubits from
such a way that we can send qubits from any of these quantum computers to
any of these quantum computers to
any of these quantum computers to another we can make entanglement between
another we can make entanglement between
another we can make entanglement between any of the
any of the
any of the two cities so you can sort of think that
two cities so you can sort of think that
two cities so you can sort of think that we are now on the edge of the quantum
we are now on the edge of the quantum
we are now on the edge of the quantum 1969 and in 2020 we want to send the
1969 and in 2020 we want to send the
1969 and in 2020 we want to send the first quantum message over what might be
first quantum message over what might be
first quantum message over what might be the first quantum Internet thank you
the first quantum Internet thank you
the first quantum Internet thank you very much
very much
very much [Applause]
”
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