it is wonderful to be alive life is an amazing experience full of discoveries
amazing experience full of discoveries
amazing experience full of discoveries and excitement but we never want for
and excitement but we never want for
and excitement but we never want for this to end
this to end
this to end unfortunately sometimes things don’t go
unfortunately sometimes things don’t go
unfortunately sometimes things don’t go according to plan
according to plan
according to plan let me tell you the story of the
let me tell you the story of the
let me tell you the story of the remarkable Kim swoozie she was working
remarkable Kim swoozie she was working
remarkable Kim swoozie she was working at cognitive sciences when she was
at cognitive sciences when she was
at cognitive sciences when she was diagnosed with a particularly aggressive
diagnosed with a particularly aggressive
diagnosed with a particularly aggressive type of brain tumor she underwent
type of brain tumor she underwent
type of brain tumor she underwent treatment trying to extend her life but
treatment trying to extend her life but
treatment trying to extend her life but in the end she sadly passed away at the
in the end she sadly passed away at the
in the end she sadly passed away at the age of 23 what is particularly
age of 23 what is particularly
age of 23 what is particularly remarkable about Kim however is what she
remarkable about Kim however is what she
remarkable about Kim however is what she s months of her life because she decided
s months of her life because she decided
s months of her life because she decided that when she died she did to be cried
that when she died she did to be cried
that when she died she did to be cried preserved she was to be kept at low
preserved she was to be kept at low
preserved she was to be kept at low temperature in one of this containers
temperature in one of this containers
temperature in one of this containers that you see in the background until one
that you see in the background until one
that you see in the background until one day 50 100 thousand years from now
day 50 100 thousand years from now
day 50 100 thousand years from now medical technology will be advanced
medical technology will be advanced
medical technology will be advanced enough for her to be brought back to
enough for her to be brought back to
enough for her to be brought back to life what is equally remarkable is that
life what is equally remarkable is that
life what is equally remarkable is that she could not afford this and so she
she could not afford this and so she
she could not afford this and so she embarked on an online crowdfunding
embarked on an online crowdfunding
embarked on an online crowdfunding campaign which thankfully managed to
campaign which thankfully managed to
campaign which thankfully managed to gather enough donations for her to be
gather enough donations for her to be
gather enough donations for her to be crowd reserved
crowd reserved
crowd reserved now of course she’s not an only case
now of course she’s not an only case
now of course she’s not an only case there are now over 300 people
there are now over 300 people
there are now over 300 people cryopreserved and hundreds more signed
cryopreserved and hundreds more signed
cryopreserved and hundreds more signed up this include Robert Angier he was the
up this include Robert Angier he was the
up this include Robert Angier he was the first one to propose this concept of
first one to propose this concept of
first one to propose this concept of cryonics that the seizing of dividuals
cryonics that the seizing of dividuals
cryonics that the seizing of dividuals be preserved the low temperatures in
be preserved the low temperatures in
be preserved the low temperatures in hope one day medical technology can make
hope one day medical technology can make
hope one day medical technology can make them healthy again there’s also a number
them healthy again there’s also a number
them healthy again there’s also a number of young people arrive reserved there
of young people arrive reserved there
of young people arrive reserved there was a very high-profile case for example
was a very high-profile case for example
was a very high-profile case for example of the 14 year old British teenage girl
of the 14 year old British teenage girl
of the 14 year old British teenage girl also suffering from terminal cancer who
also suffering from terminal cancer who
also suffering from terminal cancer who appealed to a high court for the right
appealed to a high court for the right
appealed to a high court for the right to be cryo served so why do people do
to be cryo served so why do people do
to be cryo served so why do people do this why be crime preserved well
this why be crime preserved well
this why be crime preserved well cryonics patients they love life and by
cryonics patients they love life and by
cryonics patients they love life and by being quite preserved it gives them a
being quite preserved it gives them a
being quite preserved it gives them a chance a whole
chance a whole
chance a whole of one day being brought back to life
of one day being brought back to life
of one day being brought back to life living another life by contrast if you
living another life by contrast if you
living another life by contrast if you are cremated or buried then you’ll be
are cremated or buried then you’ll be
are cremated or buried then you’ll be dead forever it equals eternal oblivion
dead forever it equals eternal oblivion
dead forever it equals eternal oblivion so what exactly does cryonics entail
so what exactly does cryonics entail
so what exactly does cryonics entail well first of all and contrary to
well first of all and contrary to
well first of all and contrary to popular perception chronics is not about
popular perception chronics is not about
popular perception chronics is not about freezing people in traditional freezing
freezing people in traditional freezing
freezing people in traditional freezing ice forms which expands and you have
ice forms which expands and you have
ice forms which expands and you have this sharp ice crystals that burst cells
this sharp ice crystals that burst cells
this sharp ice crystals that burst cells and cause all kinds of molecular damage
and cause all kinds of molecular damage
and cause all kinds of molecular damage and so in chronics a procedure called
and so in chronics a procedure called
and so in chronics a procedure called vitrification is used now vitrification
vitrification is used now vitrification
vitrification is used now vitrification literally means turn to class
literally means turn to class
literally means turn to class essentially water that is blood and
essentially water that is blood and
essentially water that is blood and water inside the cells of patients is
water inside the cells of patients is
water inside the cells of patients is replaced by cryoprotectant that is a
replaced by cryoprotectant that is a
replaced by cryoprotectant that is a medical grade antifreeze and as
medical grade antifreeze and as
medical grade antifreeze and as temperature drops and the concentration
temperature drops and the concentration
temperature drops and the concentration of the antifreeze increases it becomes
of the antifreeze increases it becomes
of the antifreeze increases it becomes very viscous until it turns to glass
very viscous until it turns to glass
very viscous until it turns to glass turns into this amorphous form sometimes
turns into this amorphous form sometimes
turns into this amorphous form sometimes referred to as a solid liquid then
referred to as a solid liquid then
referred to as a solid liquid then temperature continues to drop until
temperature continues to drop until
temperature continues to drop until minus 196 degrees Celsius and that is
minus 196 degrees Celsius and that is
minus 196 degrees Celsius and that is the temperature of liquid nitrogen in
the temperature of liquid nitrogen in
the temperature of liquid nitrogen in which patients are preserved now as such
which patients are preserved now as such
which patients are preserved now as such more temperatures biological processes
more temperatures biological processes
more temperatures biological processes came to a complete standstill and so
came to a complete standstill and so
came to a complete standstill and so patients could be kept there
patients could be kept there
patients could be kept there indefinitely now in some cases as it was
indefinitely now in some cases as it was
indefinitely now in some cases as it was Kim Suzie’s case only the head is quite
Kim Suzie’s case only the head is quite
Kim Suzie’s case only the head is quite reserved rationale being that in a far
reserved rationale being that in a far
reserved rationale being that in a far future where medical technology can
future where medical technology can
future where medical technology can bring such patients back to life then
bring such patients back to life then
bring such patients back to life then creating a new body will not be
creating a new body will not be
creating a new body will not be problematic
problematic
problematic now if the concept of vitrification is
now if the concept of vitrification is
now if the concept of vitrification is new to you I should emphasize that this
new to you I should emphasize that this
new to you I should emphasize that this is already widely used across many areas
is already widely used across many areas
is already widely used across many areas so we can safely and reversibly Verta
so we can safely and reversibly Verta
so we can safely and reversibly Verta Phi human cells small tissues and even
Phi human cells small tissues and even
Phi human cells small tissues and even human embryos in fact vitrification is
human embryos in fact vitrification is
human embryos in fact vitrification is widely used in fertility clinics there’s
widely used in fertility clinics there’s
widely used in fertility clinics there’s actually a good possibility that some
actually a good possibility that some
actually a good possibility that some people here today were once quite
people here today were once quite
people here today were once quite preserved although admittedly at a very
preserved although admittedly at a very
preserved although admittedly at a very early stage of development where they
early stage of development where they
early stage of development where they were just at
were just at
were just at the embryo it is also possible to
the embryo it is also possible to
the embryo it is also possible to vitrify small animals like for example
vitrify small animals like for example
vitrify small animals like for example worms and in mammals it is possible to
worms and in mammals it is possible to
worms and in mammals it is possible to vitrify small animal organs like for
vitrify small animal organs like for
vitrify small animal organs like for example rabbit kidneys and brain slices
example rabbit kidneys and brain slices
example rabbit kidneys and brain slices so this can be safely vitrified then
so this can be safely vitrified then
so this can be safely vitrified then rewarmed and retained their function now
rewarmed and retained their function now
rewarmed and retained their function now that is the current state of the art and
that is the current state of the art and
that is the current state of the art and although that is impressive it is still
although that is impressive it is still
although that is impressive it is still quite far from the truth flying all
quite far from the truth flying all
quite far from the truth flying all human organs it’s primarily an issue of
human organs it’s primarily an issue of
human organs it’s primarily an issue of size with human organs roger organs they
size with human organs roger organs they
size with human organs roger organs they take the longer to cool down and so more
take the longer to cool down and so more
take the longer to cool down and so more damage can accumulate in particularly
damage can accumulate in particularly
damage can accumulate in particularly damage from the antifreeze so antifreeze
damage from the antifreeze so antifreeze
damage from the antifreeze so antifreeze is generally harmless that’s why it is
is generally harmless that’s why it is
is generally harmless that’s why it is used to preserve human embryos but at
used to preserve human embryos but at
used to preserve human embryos but at very high concentrations and relatively
very high concentrations and relatively
very high concentrations and relatively high temperatures and prolonged
high temperatures and prolonged
high temperatures and prolonged exposures it can become toxic as a well
exposures it can become toxic as a well
exposures it can become toxic as a well fitted fine larger human organs
fitted fine larger human organs
fitted fine larger human organs substantial damage occurs and that is
substantial damage occurs and that is
substantial damage occurs and that is why it’s still not possible to vitrify
why it’s still not possible to vitrify
why it’s still not possible to vitrify human heart or kidney or livers so when
human heart or kidney or livers so when
human heart or kidney or livers so when you extrapolate that to chronics it is
you extrapolate that to chronics it is
you extrapolate that to chronics it is clear that extensive damage occurs in
clear that extensive damage occurs in
clear that extensive damage occurs in cryonics including in the brain that is
cryonics including in the brain that is
cryonics including in the brain that is why most scientists myself included are
why most scientists myself included are
why most scientists myself included are sceptic about the chances of cryonics
sceptic about the chances of cryonics
sceptic about the chances of cryonics patients ever being brought back to life
patients ever being brought back to life
patients ever being brought back to life but they fully ignored that
but they fully ignored that
but they fully ignored that so Kim she felt the chances of ever
so Kim she felt the chances of ever
so Kim she felt the chances of ever being alive or maybe one or two percent
being alive or maybe one or two percent
being alive or maybe one or two percent now someone said that’s optimistic
now someone said that’s optimistic
now someone said that’s optimistic others who say it’s pessimistic the
others who say it’s pessimistic the
others who say it’s pessimistic the point is that cryonics patients fully
point is that cryonics patients fully
point is that cryonics patients fully acknowledge that this is a gamble but in
acknowledge that this is a gamble but in
acknowledge that this is a gamble but in their view it is a worthwhile gamble now
their view it is a worthwhile gamble now
their view it is a worthwhile gamble now the argument is that if your crime
the argument is that if your crime
the argument is that if your crime preserved and it works then it’s amazing
preserved and it works then it’s amazing
preserved and it works then it’s amazing you get to live another life in the
you get to live another life in the
you get to live another life in the future if he fails though it will remain
future if he fails though it will remain
future if he fails though it will remain that forever but if you know preserved
that forever but if you know preserved
that forever but if you know preserved if you’re buried or cremated
if you’re buried or cremated
if you’re buried or cremated you will also be dead forever and so
you will also be dead forever and so
you will also be dead forever and so they argue it is a reasonable gamble now
they argue it is a reasonable gamble now
they argue it is a reasonable gamble now there is a financial cost to cryonics so
there is a financial cost to cryonics so
there is a financial cost to cryonics so he was a she paid eighty thousand
he was a she paid eighty thousand
he was a she paid eighty thousand dollars to be
dollars to be
dollars to be preserved some companies charge more
preserved some companies charge more
preserved some companies charge more others charge less but it will still be
others charge less but it will still be
others charge less but it will still be a significant financial investment of
a significant financial investment of
a significant financial investment of course that is not for everyone and I
course that is not for everyone and I
course that is not for everyone and I should say at this stage that I am
should say at this stage that I am
should say at this stage that I am personally not signed up for cryonics I
personally not signed up for cryonics I
personally not signed up for cryonics I have two little girls and if I were to
have two little girls and if I were to
have two little girls and if I were to die tomorrow I rather leave the money to
die tomorrow I rather leave the money to
die tomorrow I rather leave the money to them but I would add that if I were a
them but I would add that if I were a
them but I would add that if I were a millionaire I would sign up for cryonics
millionaire I would sign up for cryonics
millionaire I would sign up for cryonics because then financial costs will be
because then financial costs will be
because then financial costs will be negligible so what would I have to lose
negligible so what would I have to lose
negligible so what would I have to lose now cryonics patients also point out
now cryonics patients also point out
now cryonics patients also point out that we cannot really evaluate cryonics
that we cannot really evaluate cryonics
that we cannot really evaluate cryonics now because it depends on future
now because it depends on future
now because it depends on future technologies for example nanotechnology
technologies for example nanotechnology
technologies for example nanotechnology the idea that one day in the future
the idea that one day in the future
the idea that one day in the future we’ll be able to construct tiny
we’ll be able to construct tiny
we’ll be able to construct tiny molecular machines that go inside the
molecular machines that go inside the
molecular machines that go inside the brain and repair the damage from the
brain and repair the damage from the
brain and repair the damage from the cryopreservation now of course we don’t
cryopreservation now of course we don’t
cryopreservation now of course we don’t know if that’s going to be possible or
know if that’s going to be possible or
know if that’s going to be possible or not because that depends on future
not because that depends on future
not because that depends on future technologies but it does raise an
technologies but it does raise an
technologies but it does raise an interesting question which is how much
interesting question which is how much
interesting question which is how much damage must there occur for the
damage must there occur for the
damage must there occur for the information of the minds the memories
information of the minds the memories
information of the minds the memories and personality to be lost beyond
and personality to be lost beyond
and personality to be lost beyond recovery and does that damage occur in
recovery and does that damage occur in
recovery and does that damage occur in cryonics unfortunately we don’t know
some granites patients argue however
some granites patients argue however that it may be possible in the future to
that it may be possible in the future to
that it may be possible in the future to scan the brain at such level of detail
scan the brain at such level of detail
scan the brain at such level of detail and precision that it can be replicated
and precision that it can be replicated
and precision that it can be replicated on a computer you could have your mind
on a computer you could have your mind
on a computer you could have your mind running your computer also known as mind
running your computer also known as mind
running your computer also known as mind uploading now I have to say I’m not
uploading now I have to say I’m not
uploading now I have to say I’m not convinced by that not the technology
convinced by that not the technology
convinced by that not the technology behind it very optimistic about
behind it very optimistic about
behind it very optimistic about technology and I’m not convinced because
technology and I’m not convinced because
technology and I’m not convinced because even if they were possible today if you
even if they were possible today if you
even if they were possible today if you could run my mind on a computer that
could run my mind on a computer that
could run my mind on a computer that wouldn’t be mean it would be copy of me
wouldn’t be mean it would be copy of me
wouldn’t be mean it would be copy of me just like a twin brother is a copy of
just like a twin brother is a copy of
just like a twin brother is a copy of your DNA but it’s not you and so I’m
your DNA but it’s not you and so I’m
your DNA but it’s not you and so I’m much more interested in biological
much more interested in biological
much more interested in biological revival in that context there’s been
revival in that context there’s been
revival in that context there’s been exciting research done in cryo biology
exciting research done in cryo biology
exciting research done in cryo biology in general in the study of life at low
in general in the study of life at low
in general in the study of life at low temperatures for example there are
temperatures for example there are
temperatures for example there are animals like the wood frog
animals like the wood frog
animals like the wood frog that can survive considerable freezing
that can survive considerable freezing
that can survive considerable freezing during winter and they’re fine in spring
during winter and they’re fine in spring
during winter and they’re fine in spring and they can go through this freeze and
and they can go through this freeze and
and they can go through this freeze and thaw cycles many years so some of these
thaw cycles many years so some of these
thaw cycles many years so some of these species they have their own antifreeze
species they have their own antifreeze
species they have their own antifreeze like antifreeze proteins and so
like antifreeze proteins and so
like antifreeze proteins and so scientists are studying them hopefully
scientists are studying them hopefully
scientists are studying them hopefully that we can learn some new trick that we
that we can learn some new trick that we
that we can learn some new trick that we can then apply to human crop reservation
can then apply to human crop reservation
can then apply to human crop reservation there’s also various studies including
there’s also various studies including
there’s also various studies including by my own lab of antifreeze toxicity if
by my own lab of antifreeze toxicity if
by my own lab of antifreeze toxicity if we can better understand why antifreeze
we can better understand why antifreeze
we can better understand why antifreeze is toxic then we may be able to
is toxic then we may be able to
is toxic then we may be able to neutralize it and therefore improve
neutralize it and therefore improve
neutralize it and therefore improve quite preservation protocols now one
quite preservation protocols now one
quite preservation protocols now one thing that is important to emphasize is
thing that is important to emphasize is
thing that is important to emphasize is that preservation has very broad an
that preservation has very broad an
that preservation has very broad an important impact in particularly medical
important impact in particularly medical
important impact in particularly medical sciences so quiet preservation of stem
sciences so quiet preservation of stem
sciences so quiet preservation of stem cells and engineered tissues is a very
cells and engineered tissues is a very
cells and engineered tissues is a very timely area in particularly in
timely area in particularly in
timely area in particularly in regenerative medicine and if we could
regenerative medicine and if we could
regenerative medicine and if we could safely reverse require preserve human
safely reverse require preserve human
safely reverse require preserve human organs this would be a huge breakthrough
organs this would be a huge breakthrough
organs this would be a huge breakthrough because we would be able to build banks
because we would be able to build banks
because we would be able to build banks of organs for transplantation which
of organs for transplantation which
of organs for transplantation which would be family and would save countless
would be family and would save countless
would be family and would save countless lives ultimately we want to perfect the
lives ultimately we want to perfect the
lives ultimately we want to perfect the current preservation methods to the
current preservation methods to the
current preservation methods to the point of crime preserving whole human
point of crime preserving whole human
point of crime preserving whole human beings or human medical bio stasis or
beings or human medical bio stasis or
beings or human medical bio stasis or suspended animation that would be eaten
suspended animation that would be eaten
suspended animation that would be eaten completely danger you would have
completely danger you would have
completely danger you would have applications in areas like space
applications in areas like space
applications in areas like space exploration and of course in medicine
exploration and of course in medicine
exploration and of course in medicine for terminal patients like Kim swoozie
for terminal patients like Kim swoozie
for terminal patients like Kim swoozie now going back to kim we can understand
now going back to kim we can understand
now going back to kim we can understand motivations for someone wanting to be
motivations for someone wanting to be
motivations for someone wanting to be cry preserved when her life was cut so
cry preserved when her life was cut so
cry preserved when her life was cut so short but what is a normal life if you
short but what is a normal life if you
short but what is a normal life if you look a life expectancy in the last
look a life expectancy in the last
look a life expectancy in the last century and a half or so a hundred and
century and a half or so a hundred and
century and a half or so a hundred and fifty years ago life expectancy was 45
fifty years ago life expectancy was 45
fifty years ago life expectancy was 45 years now thanks to various
years now thanks to various
years now thanks to various technological breakthroughs that had
technological breakthroughs that had
technological breakthroughs that had increased and continues to increase and
increased and continues to increase and
increased and continues to increase and in fact this is the best time in history
in fact this is the best time in history
in fact this is the best time in history to be alive now just from a life
to be alive now just from a life
to be alive now just from a life expectancy and health perspective but
expectancy and health perspective but
expectancy and health perspective but from a perspective of peace prosperity
from a perspective of peace prosperity
from a perspective of peace prosperity and of course all of the amazing
and of course all of the amazing
and of course all of the amazing technologies we have at our disposal if
technologies we have at our disposal if
technologies we have at our disposal if you went back 150 years and you said
you went back 150 years and you said
you went back 150 years and you said look in the future you’re going to be
look in the future you’re going to be
look in the future you’re going to be able to access all human knowledge all
able to access all human knowledge all
able to access all human knowledge all ebooks from a little box you can carry
ebooks from a little box you can carry
ebooks from a little box you can carry in your pocket nobody would believe you
in your pocket nobody would believe you
in your pocket nobody would believe you and 150 years ago if your heart stopped
and 150 years ago if your heart stopped
and 150 years ago if your heart stopped you’d be dead now of course we can
you’d be dead now of course we can
you’d be dead now of course we can resist it
resist it
resist it it’s from cardiac arrest so there’s been
it’s from cardiac arrest so there’s been
it’s from cardiac arrest so there’s been huge technological breakthroughs in a
huge technological breakthroughs in a
huge technological breakthroughs in a short time span and even the concept of
short time span and even the concept of
short time span and even the concept of death has changed thanks to advances in
death has changed thanks to advances in
death has changed thanks to advances in technology and now if couldn’t trance
technology and now if couldn’t trance
technology and now if couldn’t trance hold then the future is going to far be
hold then the future is going to far be
hold then the future is going to far be far better than the present for example
far better than the present for example
far better than the present for example at level of aging we now know it is
at level of aging we now know it is
at level of aging we now know it is possible to manipulate the process of
possible to manipulate the process of
possible to manipulate the process of aging we can genetically engineer
aging we can genetically engineer
aging we can genetically engineer animals to live 10 times longer than
animals to live 10 times longer than
animals to live 10 times longer than normal and we can rejuvenate mice with
normal and we can rejuvenate mice with
normal and we can rejuvenate mice with genetic engineering techniques now I’m
genetic engineering techniques now I’m
genetic engineering techniques now I’m not saying any of that will happen
not saying any of that will happen
not saying any of that will happen anytime soon in human beings what I’m
anytime soon in human beings what I’m
anytime soon in human beings what I’m saying is when you’re looking 50 a
saying is when you’re looking 50 a
saying is when you’re looking 50 a hundred a thousand years ahead then we
hundred a thousand years ahead then we
hundred a thousand years ahead then we may be living much longer lives with
may be living much longer lives with
may be living much longer lives with amazing technologies and with that in
amazing technologies and with that in
amazing technologies and with that in mind crowning’s
mind crowning’s
mind crowning’s or as we perfect representation methods
or as we perfect representation methods
or as we perfect representation methods towards human medical bio stasis then
towards human medical bio stasis then
towards human medical bio stasis then this could be seen as a bridge to the
this could be seen as a bridge to the
this could be seen as a bridge to the future and if the future is one of
future and if the future is one of
future and if the future is one of living hundreds of years without aging
living hundreds of years without aging
living hundreds of years without aging without diseases with technology is so
without diseases with technology is so
without diseases with technology is so amazing we cannot even foresee them now
amazing we cannot even foresee them now
amazing we cannot even foresee them now then please sign me up because that’s
then please sign me up because that’s
then please sign me up because that’s the kind of future I would like to live
the kind of future I would like to live
the kind of future I would like to live in because it is wonderful to be alive
in because it is wonderful to be alive
in because it is wonderful to be alive thank you very much
thank you very much
thank you very much [Applause]
[Applause]
[Applause] [Music]
”
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