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The Future of Governance and Regulation | Dr Orr Karassin | TEDxEilat


[Music]

[Music] have any of you felt left behind this

have any of you felt left behind this

have any of you felt left behind this year I mean just think about it

year I mean just think about it

year I mean just think about it have any of you been left behind well if

have any of you been left behind well if

have any of you been left behind well if you have this has been your year I mean

you have this has been your year I mean

you have this has been your year I mean this has really been your year because

this has really been your year because

this has really been your year because if you just look at the American

if you just look at the American

if you just look at the American elections 63 million people voted for

elections 63 million people voted for

elections 63 million people voted for Donald Trump now that’s a whole lot of

Donald Trump now that’s a whole lot of

Donald Trump now that’s a whole lot of people a huge amount of people in Donald

people a huge amount of people in Donald

people a huge amount of people in Donald Trump’s words and we are told they voted

Trump’s words and we are told they voted

Trump’s words and we are told they voted so because they felt left behind that’s

so because they felt left behind that’s

so because they felt left behind that’s a clear vote of just enchantment with

a clear vote of just enchantment with

a clear vote of just enchantment with the American system with the American

the American system with the American

the American system with the American democracy now look let’s look at the

democracy now look let’s look at the

democracy now look let’s look at the brexit vote in the UK the vote that was

brexit vote in the UK the vote that was

brexit vote in the UK the vote that was all about

all about

all about UK leaving the EU 17.5 million people

UK leaving the EU 17.5 million people

UK leaving the EU 17.5 million people voted for brexit and they also were

voted for brexit and they also were

voted for brexit and they also were disenchanted with a system that’s a

disenchanted with a system that’s a

disenchanted with a system that’s a clear vote of kind of a feeling of being

clear vote of kind of a feeling of being

clear vote of kind of a feeling of being left behind now I ask you I mean is that

left behind now I ask you I mean is that

left behind now I ask you I mean is that the end of what we’re seeing with people

the end of what we’re seeing with people

the end of what we’re seeing with people being left behind well who knows I mean

being left behind well who knows I mean

being left behind well who knows I mean we have the March elections in the

we have the March elections in the

we have the March elections in the Netherlands coming in front of us with

Netherlands coming in front of us with

Netherlands coming in front of us with GERD welders from the freedom party

GERD welders from the freedom party

GERD welders from the freedom party who’s a clear anti-politics person we

who’s a clear anti-politics person we

who’s a clear anti-politics person we have marine lepen in April standing for

have marine lepen in April standing for

have marine lepen in April standing for elections in France with her at least

elections in France with her at least

elections in France with her at least some polls are telling us going up so

some polls are telling us going up so

some polls are telling us going up so it’s still left to sea but indeed I mean

it’s still left to sea but indeed I mean

it’s still left to sea but indeed I mean this year has been a very interesting

this year has been a very interesting

this year has been a very interesting year and a lot of us have come to ask

year and a lot of us have come to ask

year and a lot of us have come to ask well is this the sign of American

well is this the sign of American

well is this the sign of American democracy or peein democracies or

democracy or peein democracies or

democracy or peein democracies or Western democracies failing us and

Western democracies failing us and

Western democracies failing us and indeed that’s a big question and the

indeed that’s a big question and the

indeed that’s a big question and the question is well how how could we

question is well how how could we

question is well how how could we measure that what is the real indicator

measure that what is the real indicator

measure that what is the real indicator of if our governance and governmental

of if our governance and governmental

of if our governance and governmental systems are failing and one way to

systems are failing and one way to

systems are failing and one way to measure government in general the fixity

measure government in general the fixity

measure government in general the fixity of government how well government is

of government how well government is

of government how well government is doing is how much is government spending

doing is how much is government spending

doing is how much is government spending on us how much is public public money

on us how much is public public money

on us how much is public public money going out of the

going out of the

going out of the into making our lives better and indeed

into making our lives better and indeed

into making our lives better and indeed if we look at the OECD data from the

if we look at the OECD data from the

if we look at the OECD data from the recent two decades then we see that

recent two decades then we see that

recent two decades then we see that public spending has definitely gone up I

public spending has definitely gone up I

public spending has definitely gone up I mean if you look at the u.s. from 38

mean if you look at the u.s. from 38

mean if you look at the u.s. from 38 from 37 percent to thirty eight point

from 37 percent to thirty eight point

from 37 percent to thirty eight point seven percent of the general GDP it’s

seven percent of the general GDP it’s

seven percent of the general GDP it’s public spending if you look at

public spending if you look at

public spending if you look at financially rid in Spain then you see

financially rid in Spain then you see

financially rid in Spain then you see going up from 43 to forty-seven percent

going up from 43 to forty-seven percent

going up from 43 to forty-seven percent of GDP so indeed public spending has

of GDP so indeed public spending has

of GDP so indeed public spending has gone up but the big question has that

gone up but the big question has that

gone up but the big question has that spending actually reached its goal is it

spending actually reached its goal is it

spending actually reached its goal is it getting to us the people and indeed it

getting to us the people and indeed it

getting to us the people and indeed it hasn’t in many areas and we should start

hasn’t in many areas and we should start

hasn’t in many areas and we should start looking probably at the areas and the

looking probably at the areas and the

looking probably at the areas and the first area I’d like to look at with you

first area I’d like to look at with you

first area I’d like to look at with you is Community Housing an amenities and

is Community Housing an amenities and

is Community Housing an amenities and when we look at housing and humanities

when we look at housing and humanities

when we look at housing and humanities we see a decline of 0.7% in GDP

we see a decline of 0.7% in GDP

we see a decline of 0.7% in GDP allocations to those very important

allocations to those very important

allocations to those very important purposes and then if we look at

purposes and then if we look at

purposes and then if we look at education for example what do we see we

education for example what do we see we

education for example what do we see we see yet again 0.7 percent reduction in

see yet again 0.7 percent reduction in

see yet again 0.7 percent reduction in GDP allocations for education so

GDP allocations for education so

GDP allocations for education so actually public spending in education

actually public spending in education

actually public spending in education has fallen and in some countries were

has fallen and in some countries were

has fallen and in some countries were amazed to learn that tuition levels for

amazed to learn that tuition levels for

amazed to learn that tuition levels for example for BA a bachelor’s degree to

example for BA a bachelor’s degree to

example for BA a bachelor’s degree to retire Tory education has risen and even

retire Tory education has risen and even

retire Tory education has risen and even significantly if you look at the UK for

significantly if you look at the UK for

significantly if you look at the UK for example setting its first tuition fees

example setting its first tuition fees

example setting its first tuition fees in 1998 well until 2012 almost risen by

in 1998 well until 2012 almost risen by

in 1998 well until 2012 almost risen by tenfold

tenfold

tenfold so reached the almost 9,000 pound mark

so reached the almost 9,000 pound mark

so reached the almost 9,000 pound mark in 2012 and that caused quite severe

in 2012 and that caused quite severe

in 2012 and that caused quite severe riots in the UK and a lot of students

riots in the UK and a lot of students

riots in the UK and a lot of students being unhappy about that if we look at

being unhappy about that if we look at

being unhappy about that if we look at public spending on health well what do

public spending on health well what do

public spending on health well what do we see there is does it look better well

we see there is does it look better well

we see there is does it look better well in in health in the last two decades in

in in health in the last two decades in

in in health in the last two decades in OECD countries meaning developing

OECD countries meaning developing

OECD countries meaning developing countries and did we’ve seen a

countries and did we’ve seen a

countries and did we’ve seen a substantial augmentation in government

substantial augmentation in government

substantial augmentation in government spending on health we’re getting older

spending on health we’re getting older

spending on health we’re getting older people are living longer but does that

people are living longer but does that

people are living longer but does that mean that money that money is really

mean that money that money is really

mean that money that money is really getting to us are we feeling the

getting to us are we feeling the

getting to us are we feeling the improvement in our health well the point

improvement in our health well the point

improvement in our health well the point is here that although public spending

is here that although public spending

is here that although public spending has risen private spending has risen

has risen private spending has risen

has risen private spending has risen even faster so it means that actually

even faster so it means that actually

even faster so it means that actually we’re taking out more dollars from our

we’re taking out more dollars from our

we’re taking out more dollars from our pockets to put into our health so for

pockets to put into our health so for

pockets to put into our health so for example if you look at the UK again

example if you look at the UK again

example if you look at the UK again which has the oldest public health

which has the oldest public health

which has the oldest public health system in the world then you see that

system in the world then you see that

system in the world then you see that within those two decades private

within those two decades private

within those two decades private spending on health has risen by 70% 70%

spending on health has risen by 70% 70%

spending on health has risen by 70% 70% that’s a whole lot of pounds

that’s a whole lot of pounds

that’s a whole lot of pounds so that’s probably I mean why people are

so that’s probably I mean why people are

so that’s probably I mean why people are sensing that the benefits are not really

sensing that the benefits are not really

sensing that the benefits are not really reaching directly at them and then

reaching directly at them and then

reaching directly at them and then what’s happening to public trust I mean

what’s happening to public trust I mean

what’s happening to public trust I mean public trust is in government is a

public trust is in government is a

public trust is in government is a really important factor because

really important factor because

really important factor because government policies government

government policies government

government policies government regulations depend on our trust and we

regulations depend on our trust and we

regulations depend on our trust and we need Trust in order for people to comply

need Trust in order for people to comply

need Trust in order for people to comply with regulations in order for people to

with regulations in order for people to

with regulations in order for people to comply with government policies in order

comply with government policies in order

comply with government policies in order for people to pay taxes and what we’ve

for people to pay taxes and what we’ve

for people to pay taxes and what we’ve seen is a lot of interesting indicators

seen is a lot of interesting indicators

seen is a lot of interesting indicators that have shown that consistently trusts

that have shown that consistently trusts

that have shown that consistently trusts in government is deteriorating so one of

in government is deteriorating so one of

in government is deteriorating so one of those indicators is the Pew Research

those indicators is the Pew Research

those indicators is the Pew Research Center data for 2016 which actually

Center data for 2016 which actually

Center data for 2016 which actually tried to look at public trust along

tried to look at public trust along

tried to look at public trust along since the 60s so if you look from

since the 60s so if you look from

since the 60s so if you look from Kennedy administration’s Johnson

Kennedy administration’s Johnson

Kennedy administration’s Johnson administration’s in the sixth 60s we had

administration’s in the sixth 60s we had

administration’s in the sixth 60s we had about 70 percent trust of people in

about 70 percent trust of people in

about 70 percent trust of people in government I mean 70% of people trusted

government I mean 70% of people trusted

government I mean 70% of people trusted in their administration but then if you

in their administration but then if you

in their administration but then if you look at Barack Obama’s administration

look at Barack Obama’s administration

look at Barack Obama’s administration his last year in 2016

his last year in 2016

his last year in 2016 Trust has plummeted 20% only of people

Trust has plummeted 20% only of people

Trust has plummeted 20% only of people in the u.s. actually trusted government

in the u.s. actually trusted government

in the u.s. actually trusted government so that’s not a whole lot of people and

so that’s not a whole lot of people and

so that’s not a whole lot of people and then you could look at something like

then you could look at something like

then you could look at something like the Edelman Trust Barometer the

the Edelman Trust Barometer the

the Edelman Trust Barometer the barometer has been surveying trust

barometer has been surveying trust

barometer has been surveying trust levels

levels

levels in 28 countries since 2012 and that

in 28 countries since 2012 and that

in 28 countries since 2012 and that Trust Barometer when it was published in

Trust Barometer when it was published in

Trust Barometer when it was published in 2017 actually revealed to us that 20 out

2017 actually revealed to us that 20 out

2017 actually revealed to us that 20 out of 28 of those countries people there

of 28 of those countries people there

of 28 of those countries people there lacked trust in government so that’s

lacked trust in government so that’s

lacked trust in government so that’s quite a blow to governments in those

quite a blow to governments in those

quite a blow to governments in those countries and then if you look at a

countries and then if you look at a

countries and then if you look at a Gallup poll from 2015 about trust in

Gallup poll from 2015 about trust in

Gallup poll from 2015 about trust in osed countries only 40% on average

osed countries only 40% on average

osed countries only 40% on average public of the public in those countries

public of the public in those countries

public of the public in those countries trust government so Trust is indeed

trust government so Trust is indeed

trust government so Trust is indeed deteriorating but in the deteriorating

deteriorating but in the deteriorating

deteriorating but in the deteriorating because government has failed us is

because government has failed us is

because government has failed us is government in such a miserable state

government in such a miserable state

government in such a miserable state indeed so how to measure what has been

indeed so how to measure what has been

indeed so how to measure what has been achieved by government well first of all

achieved by government well first of all

achieved by government well first of all our changing societies are increasingly

our changing societies are increasingly

our changing societies are increasingly global societies interconnected

global societies interconnected

global societies interconnected societies they create all of those kind

societies they create all of those kind

societies they create all of those kind of complex and sticky problems that are

of complex and sticky problems that are

of complex and sticky problems that are really difficult to solve so that’s

really difficult to solve so that’s

really difficult to solve so that’s probably one of the reasons potentially

probably one of the reasons potentially

probably one of the reasons potentially one of the reasons why some of us feel

one of the reasons why some of us feel

one of the reasons why some of us feel that it’s so difficult to just take a

that it’s so difficult to just take a

that it’s so difficult to just take a problem of transportation and Tel Aviv

problem of transportation and Tel Aviv

problem of transportation and Tel Aviv in Hong Kong or London those are really

in Hong Kong or London those are really

in Hong Kong or London those are really complex problems that you need a lot of

complex problems that you need a lot of

complex problems that you need a lot of different solutions put together in

different solutions put together in

different solutions put together in order to solve those problems

order to solve those problems

another issue that always comes up is

another issue that always comes up is well in this modern society I mean

well in this modern society I mean

well in this modern society I mean bureaucracy needs so much knowledge so

bureaucracy needs so much knowledge so

bureaucracy needs so much knowledge so much know-how and capacity and doesn’t

much know-how and capacity and doesn’t

much know-how and capacity and doesn’t always have that capacity right so I

always have that capacity right so I

always have that capacity right so I mean that’s that’s been another problem

mean that’s that’s been another problem

mean that’s that’s been another problem that we’re seeing and well we have

that we’re seeing and well we have

that we’re seeing and well we have technologies most of us just hold it in

technologies most of us just hold it in

technologies most of us just hold it in our hand most of the day right so

our hand most of the day right so

our hand most of the day right so technology and communications is so

technology and communications is so

technology and communications is so widespread but still if you look at

widespread but still if you look at

widespread but still if you look at infrastructure for example how far has

infrastructure for example how far has

infrastructure for example how far has technology actually infiltrated into in

technology actually infiltrated into in

technology actually infiltrated into in foster infrastructure or just

foster infrastructure or just

foster infrastructure or just public bureaucracies in general not that

public bureaucracies in general not that

public bureaucracies in general not that quickly has it so in corporations let’s

quickly has it so in corporations let’s

quickly has it so in corporations let’s look at corporations we’ve learned and

look at corporations we’ve learned and

look at corporations we’ve learned and we know that corporations are very

we know that corporations are very

we know that corporations are very central to our society is very central

central to our society is very central

central to our society is very central in our economies but it’s interesting to

in our economies but it’s interesting to

in our economies but it’s interesting to learn how strong corporations have

learn how strong corporations have

learn how strong corporations have become in the last two three decades and

become in the last two three decades and

become in the last two three decades and indeed from an index just published last

indeed from an index just published last

indeed from an index just published last year by T&I 37 out of a hundred of the

year by T&I 37 out of a hundred of the

year by T&I 37 out of a hundred of the world’s largest economies or

world’s largest economies or

world’s largest economies or corporations so if you look at

corporations so if you look at

corporations so if you look at corporations like BP like Exxon like

corporations like BP like Exxon like

corporations like BP like Exxon like Volkswagen all of their revenues are

Volkswagen all of their revenues are

Volkswagen all of their revenues are larger than the GDP of many developed

larger than the GDP of many developed

larger than the GDP of many developed countries like Hungary like Finland like

countries like Hungary like Finland like

countries like Hungary like Finland like Greece or Portugal so you have these

Greece or Portugal so you have these

Greece or Portugal so you have these huge corporations and the corporations

huge corporations and the corporations

huge corporations and the corporations well the stronger they get they have

well the stronger they get they have

well the stronger they get they have their interests and obviously with those

their interests and obviously with those

their interests and obviously with those interests at hand they capture a lot of

interests at hand they capture a lot of

interests at hand they capture a lot of politicians they kind of beg their

politicians they kind of beg their

politicians they kind of beg their interests come into the door and that

interests come into the door and that

interests come into the door and that capture causes corruption obviously and

capture causes corruption obviously and

capture causes corruption obviously and that’s another reason for our failing

that’s another reason for our failing

that’s another reason for our failing democracies but probably the most

democracies but probably the most

democracies but probably the most serious problem we have at hand is the

serious problem we have at hand is the

serious problem we have at hand is the fact that we’ve lost interest in the

fact that we’ve lost interest in the

fact that we’ve lost interest in the problem so so many of us just don’t

problem so so many of us just don’t

problem so so many of us just don’t really care anymore about what happens

really care anymore about what happens

really care anymore about what happens in government we just you know we’ll

in government we just you know we’ll

in government we just you know we’ll leave it to the politicians to deal with

leave it to the politicians to deal with

leave it to the politicians to deal with that and that’s a serious problem so how

that and that’s a serious problem so how

that and that’s a serious problem so how how can we measure that can we measure

how can we measure that can we measure

how can we measure that can we measure interest in government well one way to

interest in government well one way to

interest in government well one way to measure interest in government is voter

measure interest in government is voter

measure interest in government is voter turnout and if you look at voter turnout

turnout and if you look at voter turnout

turnout and if you look at voter turnout in the past three decades

in the past three decades

in the past three decades then voter turnout on average insert in

then voter turnout on average insert in

then voter turnout on average insert in many countries has consistently gone

many countries has consistently gone

many countries has consistently gone down now it’s difficult to monitor

down now it’s difficult to monitor

down now it’s difficult to monitor because voter turnout fluctuates between

because voter turnout fluctuates between

because voter turnout fluctuates between election cycles between years but in

election cycles between years but in

election cycles between years but in general there is this trend of decline

general there is this trend of decline

general there is this trend of decline motor turnout and that’s a definite

motor turnout and that’s a definite

motor turnout and that’s a definite indicator of the fact that we are

indicator of the fact that we are

indicator of the fact that we are showing less interest in our politics

showing less interest in our politics

showing less interest in our politics now the big question I mean seriously

now the big question I mean seriously

now the big question I mean seriously when you think about it the

when you think about it the

when you think about it the big question is what can be done right

big question is what can be done right

big question is what can be done right so what can we do to make the future of

so what can we do to make the future of

so what can we do to make the future of government look a bit different well I

government look a bit different well I

government look a bit different well I would suggest just four simple steps

would suggest just four simple steps

would suggest just four simple steps very easy so first one is let’s get more

very easy so first one is let’s get more

very easy so first one is let’s get more people involved right if our problems is

people involved right if our problems is

people involved right if our problems is the disinterest in government we have to

the disinterest in government we have to

the disinterest in government we have to get more people involved in interesting

get more people involved in interesting

get more people involved in interesting way in interesting ways in the act of

way in interesting ways in the act of

way in interesting ways in the act of government so take for example

government so take for example

government so take for example participatory budgeting have any of you

participatory budgeting have any of you

participatory budgeting have any of you heard of that well that happens to be

heard of that well that happens to be

heard of that well that happens to be just the thing

just the thing

just the thing participatory budgeting has been

participatory budgeting has been

participatory budgeting has been practiced in palaces like Porto Alegre

practiced in palaces like Porto Alegre

practiced in palaces like Porto Alegre Brazil I mean and if you can can happen

Brazil I mean and if you can can happen

Brazil I mean and if you can can happen there it can probably happen elsewhere

there it can probably happen elsewhere

there it can probably happen elsewhere meaning that people take part in the way

meaning that people take part in the way

meaning that people take part in the way that local government or or regional

that local government or or regional

that local government or or regional government or even central government

government or even central government

government or even central government decide to allocate funding to different

decide to allocate funding to different

decide to allocate funding to different areas to different projects and in that

areas to different projects and in that

areas to different projects and in that way they get involved and indeed when

way they get involved and indeed when

way they get involved and indeed when research has tried to follow that

research has tried to follow that

research has tried to follow that through and see what how that impacts

through and see what how that impacts

through and see what how that impacts people’s trust in government we we

people’s trust in government we we

people’s trust in government we we theorize of trust when people are

theorize of trust when people are

theorize of trust when people are actually participating in allocating the

actually participating in allocating the

actually participating in allocating the funding now another way could be

funding now another way could be

funding now another way could be wiki-like projects where we write laws

wiki-like projects where we write laws

wiki-like projects where we write laws together would that be a great idea and

together would that be a great idea and

together would that be a great idea and that has happened in some cases and also

that has happened in some cases and also

that has happened in some cases and also just getting more network of people both

just getting more network of people both

just getting more network of people both laymen and experts to be involved in

laymen and experts to be involved in

laymen and experts to be involved in policymaking

policymaking

policymaking so that can definitely happen the second

so that can definitely happen the second

so that can definitely happen the second step the second step is let’s put

step the second step is let’s put

step the second step is let’s put technology to the test so we hear about

technology to the test so we hear about

technology to the test so we hear about technology so much but technology in

technology so much but technology in

technology so much but technology in government is less pervasive but some

government is less pervasive but some

government is less pervasive but some places have really made leaps and bounds

places have really made leaps and bounds

places have really made leaps and bounds and one place I want to give you as an

and one place I want to give you as an

and one place I want to give you as an example is Patna India now that wouldn’t

example is Patna India now that wouldn’t

example is Patna India now that wouldn’t seem like a likely place petha is

seem like a likely place petha is

seem like a likely place petha is considered among the dirtiest metropolis

considered among the dirtiest metropolis

considered among the dirtiest metropolis in India but it’s developed an app that

in India but it’s developed an app that

in India but it’s developed an app that allows citizens to notify the local

allows citizens to notify the local

allows citizens to notify the local government of any nuisances or problems

government of any nuisances or problems

government of any nuisances or problems or violations of different regulations

or violations of different regulations

or violations of different regulations like littering for example and people in

like littering for example and people in

like littering for example and people in Patna have done that

Patna have done that

Patna have done that and then the littering squads of

and then the littering squads of

and then the littering squads of government or the anti litter squads of

government or the anti litter squads of

government or the anti litter squads of government go in and try to take care of

government go in and try to take care of

government go in and try to take care of the problem and all of that is monitored

the problem and all of that is monitored

the problem and all of that is monitored through the app and people then get

through the app and people then get

through the app and people then get notified about how that’s been doing so

notified about how that’s been doing so

notified about how that’s been doing so that’s a very that’s a good example of

that’s a very that’s a good example of

that’s a very that’s a good example of using technology in to changing people’s

using technology in to changing people’s

using technology in to changing people’s both involvement and behaviors with

both involvement and behaviors with

both involvement and behaviors with government another example is the use of

government another example is the use of

government another example is the use of the Internet of Things we could make our

the Internet of Things we could make our

the Internet of Things we could make our cities smarter so have you heard of

cities smarter so have you heard of

cities smarter so have you heard of things like trash cans giving notices to

things like trash cans giving notices to

things like trash cans giving notices to local municipality that they’re full or

local municipality that they’re full or

local municipality that they’re full or pipes notifying government that we’re

pipes notifying government that we’re

pipes notifying government that we’re leaking and please take care of us so

leaking and please take care of us so

leaking and please take care of us so those things are already happening and

those things are already happening and

those things are already happening and both smart cars and networks of solar

both smart cars and networks of solar

both smart cars and networks of solar panels across cities are happening as

panels across cities are happening as

panels across cities are happening as well and that of course should be

well and that of course should be

well and that of course should be augmented third let’s focus on the local

augmented third let’s focus on the local

augmented third let’s focus on the local so Elinor Ostrom laureate prize Noor

so Elinor Ostrom laureate prize Noor

so Elinor Ostrom laureate prize Noor Nobel laureate prize had already taught

Nobel laureate prize had already taught

Nobel laureate prize had already taught us that a lot of very globally oriented

us that a lot of very globally oriented

us that a lot of very globally oriented problems can actually be better focused

problems can actually be better focused

problems can actually be better focused on or better adapted at the local level

on or better adapted at the local level

on or better adapted at the local level and we do see that with climate change

and we do see that with climate change

and we do see that with climate change for example if you look at recent

for example if you look at recent

for example if you look at recent activity on climate change with the

activity on climate change with the

activity on climate change with the alliance of cities on climate and energy

alliance of cities on climate and energy

alliance of cities on climate and energy 7100 cities have joined the alliance and

7100 cities have joined the alliance and

7100 cities have joined the alliance and they’ve been taking on even stronger

they’ve been taking on even stronger

they’ve been taking on even stronger commitments to reduce carbon and their

commitments to reduce carbon and their

commitments to reduce carbon and their carbon footprint then the countries that

carbon footprint then the countries that

carbon footprint then the countries that those cities belong to so local activity

those cities belong to so local activity

those cities belong to so local activity it’s really important and lastly let’s

it’s really important and lastly let’s

it’s really important and lastly let’s take our global communication networks

take our global communication networks

take our global communication networks to explore what works so we have our

to explore what works so we have our

to explore what works so we have our global networks at hand and although we

global networks at hand and although we

global networks at hand and although we have to do a lot locally still we can

have to do a lot locally still we can

have to do a lot locally still we can use that to learn and all it requires is

use that to learn and all it requires is

use that to learn and all it requires is just opening our minds so look at Ted

just opening our minds so look at Ted

just opening our minds so look at Ted open your mind thank you

open your mind thank you

open your mind thank you [Applause]

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