computer software and I talk about the lodging
in particular that is the final
of open source
I do it because I think it is
important to talk about this thing they
he speaks less and less and I do it because
this type of software have had a
very strong impact within the
society and have changed a bit
habits and our way of diagonal
and even they have changed some
economic models of the last few years
I do it starting from a small story
we are in 1991 we are in finland is one
22-year-old engineering student has
need to solve a problem
he wanted to work on his exercises
he did at school at home
we are in 91 and therefore there are no
smartphone personal computers are
at the beginning of their history and the internet
it is spreading the fact is that the
school possessed a lot of stains
expensive were cars that is not one
accessible to a student’s pockets
and then he decided to do something
again that no one had ever done
decided to register a system
operational starting from the idea of his own
professor who was called in ten years
download if you want to go and search
one day he sent a message
in August more or less a few months later
having started his work he sent a
message that different became famous
in the history of computing and this
message was more or less like that
went to a community of others
programmers said hi are linus e
I wrote an operating system is the
operating system that has a line of
command 15 you can do things
but it is not complete
it will never be as big as other systems
operational that are today commercial or
already distributed in an open source way
and above all it works only on mine
computer because it’s the only one right away
I could try it I have a hard drive of one
I just kind of have a memory of one type only
and it works only with those actually
things were not like that
indeed, the impact this had had was
very different
linus received a lot of contributions
in a few weeks
there was even attention
media around his work and the
system began to grow
linus called his operating system
that was what had produced linux
with the root of his name and chose how
they continue to today linux giva on
around three quarters of operating systems
operating the web you use linux
indirectly each time it accesses
Internet
what happened because it went like this
good to linus torvalds
until then open source existed
already from the south it exists since the sixties
more or less with some quotation that
we have seen that I have to run first
open source existed however is the
software was done with a mode
otherwise I do not talk about instruments yes
he also spoke of instrument but above all
of models ways to produce it the software
it was the so-called cathedral model
which means that we collect gods
requirements of the functionality of things
that the
but must do and then at a certain date
pre-established at the beginning is released
something a product that should
be ready to go to finish in
hands of the public therefore without boats in
in a sense that tends to
perfection as far as it can be
first budget
and in all this the operators
artisans who write this software
that are programmers and modify it
in silence almost religious linux se
there is a very different thing to him almost
he threw the one he had just produced
as soon as he had an embryo of that
who wanted to make a meal at
public and his audience was a
technical audience so his was if
a request for help but also a way
to share what he had
done
open source in this way has
prospered there have been phases
also very difficult for open source e
this model is the cathedral model
if the bazaar model that was that of
linus torvalds had problems
first of all the quality of the code that
came it was very different there were some
good people and also people who
they had to learn and then the attention
media was higher than the number of
contributions that he said he had then
there was still a bit of work there
community has worked there companies
they worked the company has us
worked and we arrived to finish
have what I would call
personally three phases the first phase
of the penske was from the technicians for the
we are all technicians
professionals who do the same
work or even enthusiasts and we want
improve the way we work
so we start exchanging pieces
not to always have to reinvent the
it is designed to create small standards that
they are the standards of the web
that are the systems with which we distribute
the code with which we collect the
impressions on all we do from
users
the web server in the internet protocols
then there was a second phase I would say
that was the one that continues to be
that of the programs then i
products that have arrived to the public
I’m already a little more famous is more
easy that even non-fans us
technicians know them
I refer to mozilla firefox which is a
very famous browser I stop referring
to android which is based on linux
I refer to openoffice that today is
river office and software of this kind
chimps if we want wordpress for those who have
a personal website and maybe heard
talk in blogging platforms
and then there is the third phase the third phase
I think it’s a little more
interesting because it comes off from that
that is strictly the world of
software but in a flash of experience
of open source from what it is
success in those ecosystems of people
who exchanged knowledge
open and with can be neither slave
of virtuous mechanisms with this me
I refer to other products for example
wikipedia that gives us access to a
inventory of information from the pocket
of our smartphone
I refer to open street map of which
you will have way maybe even after me
I refer to the whole crowd
funding where people did not know
program
however, they contributed and started
virtuous mechanisms to go to
enable changes an exchange
in short, all open ecosystems
what has brought us here
I identified something by reading
in the experience of this years feeling
even other people talk about it and this
what are the platforms
the idea what is the idea of all these
things that happened in the area
of the software that in the field then of the
products and other types of projects
that came later
and leave your ecosystem free
free knowledge of marriages
constraints creates rules according to the
which people can
contribute to your projects
the platforms the platforms are gods
technological systems that establish one
cultural standardization that
means within a series of
rules
you can do whatever you want
means I’m giving examples
twitter has a facebook platform is
a wikipedia platform is one
platform there are flows of
methods of ways of working that you
when you approach these systems
learn you learn because it is good
platform makes you fall inside
the impact is breaking down a place that is
the cost of having to explain
mutually how we work together
to the platform is this is therefore a
together a set of rules with gods
constraints I do a parallel I do a
parallel with the artisans i
artisans I’m finishing this one entrances
metaphor that was made by a
sociologist who is called received in the
EMS compares the artisans of the
linux community
to those that were in ancient Greece
the artisans of ancient Greece had
imposed prominently within the
companies were among the slaves that
were in their condition the
commission in which he was and sava among
they signed with the nobles so not
having decision-making power but society
he rewarded them because they had contributed
to improve the state of the company e
of the villages of the places where
they worked
think of metallurgy, think of them
skins think of hydraulics all one
series of things that made them live
people a little better what he said n if
he says that the artisans who have
written linux and a series of others
open source software and these these
artisans coming from ancient Greece
they have something in common
this something and how they treat it
knowledge of the knowledge in both
ecosystems is free to circulate there
explains to each other what happens like
doing things and this triggers gods
virtuous mechanisms triggers the phases
reference sometimes with languages
also very useful especially because if
think of all these searched projects
when you find yourself having to
contribute if you’ve ever done it if
have you ever or if you have also been gods
future perhaps you can understand it
when you find yourself changing one
voice on wikipedia or to fix a
bug in a famous open source project
There is no one who blocks you
send your change without having to
take stock of hatred as if it were one
in a company without someone valid
a priori your change a
someone else evaluates the currency
for the positive side the negative side
or your change will be
accepted or not this is what
It happened in a lot of worlds
related to open source and more in
general
this happens when knowledge is
free to expand so the ways
to administer knowledge of
disciplines what I want to say today
there are two ecosystems of
open knowledge that is these that
we have seen that they are here unpredictable
that create products that maybe
at the beginning they are slow and imperfect
they are full of problems but at a certain level
point according to the law of linus ad
example an amount of eyes
enough is enough to solve
all the bugs there are in
that application this extends
also to wikipedia
if you want if you want to do a parallel and
the other system the other is that the
knowledge system and that closed
think for example to the bureaucrats
think of all those processes in which a
priori establish themselves
of the dates of the objectives of the above mentioned yes
they make analyzes are two ways of
work well all different
but I would say that nowadays
in 2017
as for what it is
happened so far in the world of
knowledge of products related to
knowledge is the open code then
the knowledge ecosystems open the
open pervasive code
opening one’s own recipes was one
what pervasive for a lot of di
systems of companies and projects
even of the companies that found the
just its own market on the secret
industrial on an elevated name to reveal
never their own code found themselves to
embrace open source in a manner
maybe flax of spending a lot of
money in marketing to do this too
the reds actually already had a lot
positive when about ten years later
his project already companies could
understand that that thing was interesting
read that in 99 the first company that
he used linux and made his own in the ovens
business vedat as soon as it was listed
repayable triple the value of the
own actions
it was 99 in the same year ibm another
company that did IT expenses a
billion dollars only in the
improvement and training of
linux
good because I bring it here because I
I believe open source and what it is
came after all those things they have
learned from open source from the world of
software of these small artisans who
they wanted to improve their own
condition and exchange of the
information
always invent the wheel we had
really a strong impact inside
of the society we in the pocket we have the
phone with which we can access
to any kind of information
we do it by going through a network
phone that has the istat is
built on open standards
let’s do on an internet that is
built by open standards
through servers operated by
open source software and maybe let’s go
even on wikipedia
now I do not know if a new one has begun
phase
then I detach myself in port and close by
IT world
But I noticed one thing the people who
they did and built projects
successful open source have done two
things the first is to improve one’s own
condition
the most famous programmers of this
world are very wealthy
the second was to return to the
ecosystems of knowledge what
they had created what they had
learned for which yes you are
personally enriched but also have
improved the social ecosystem in
which should be inserted and I would say in 2017 the
our way of living almost everything if
find tertiary working in front of a
computer
the twentieth century was dominated by a
productive method that was removed
to Marxism to capitalism
if, however, let’s take a step backwards
a hundred years we go
in the nineteenth century we find a compendium
very very very low of which not
I want to talk to whom I want to spread
in the socialism of neither of Marxism that
it is called socialism that sees gods
thinkers like Carlo Rosselli in Italy
or sense monitor all these people
they contrasted them
two things that maybe this kind of
projects saw the realization of the
contraposition between not exhausting
completely the resources treat them and
return them to the community and on the other
part personally make the success of
a company is a person’s success
now I do not know how this
strong contrast that I would define
in a sense, liberal socialism
applied to these projects has been
possible socialism and the interista are
two words strongly in
contrast if you think about it though
somehow it happened like that and I do not
I know if this is the right definition
or if we are inside at the end of one
stage I believe that learning from history
open source is a phase not a one
fashion the cycles of history are repeated
like those craftsmen this
and something we are going through
through, however, I can tell you two things
the first is that in the 60s
no business of this world
would never have made frieze to reveal with
sos and reread the recipes of the industry
own products
the code in our case the second one is
that open source is not spoken
practically more there are few events
like this where we talk about open source
and it’s not because I think it’s less
important it disappeared they do not make it
also because today we take it for granted
entered prey cooked in the DNA of
companies of business projects and is a
way to do exactly
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