so we will be traveling in the
even solar system maybe
beyond the solar system we go
try to answer the question
planets and moons of the system
solar are they habitable for
answer this question of course we
will be based on observations on
the search for the technology of the
robotics of space missions
we send robots to the surface of
March
as for example mars heinz laboratory
we see on this image a small
laboratory that will observe the surface
of March which is as big as a
little car and who landed and who
is still rolling at the
March surface
at the moment but above all
define the habitability that is
that I mean by livability but
enough all the conditions
necessary and sufficient for a
form of life can exist even if
so it does not exist the only form of
life we knew it’s
obviously the fauna the flora the
humans are all at his need back
of liquid water
of course energy and nutrients
on earth in addition we have a
atmosphere we have a moon that
stabilize our focus we have
plate tectonics
continents that descend into the
mantle of the earth that goes up talking
the mid- oceanic rhythms and we
have a water cycle a cycle of
carbon
we have a magnetic field that we
protects as a ray shield
rays of the cosmic and the wind
solar from the sun then from
water liquid water
it’s still important for the
life one of the three important elements
so to the energies
and which one was the third
nutrients the nutrients come together
it’s found in rocks
everything we eat of course but
the doggies all life forms have
need nutrients energy
energy we have the energy of
sun stays water water how to find
water on the surface of a planet
good to have water it takes
understand this phase diagram of
water the water in the state of solid ice
water in the liquid state and water to
the state of vapor for life we have
need liquid at a pressure of a
atmosphere pretty much the atmosphere
of the earth
we know that water is at the temperature
and the pressure here in this diagram of
phase we know that water goes from state
from ice to liquid state to zero
degree and state liquid to the state
100 degree steam in the ranges
temperature and pressure that
reign on the surface of the earth we have
so liquid water on the surface of
Earth
what about other planets then
planets like march
it’s my planet prefer you go
see it’s the number one for
livability after the earth then
March
she currently has temperatures
between -150 degrees and over 20 degrees and
a pressure about 1 100th of the
land pressure about 7000
part of these pressures there we really
very very rarely liquid water to
the surface of march
really in extreme conditions
temperature think in the middle of summer haha
at noon then we really have the
opportunity to have a little bit
of liquid water and still it is better
have salt in the water to go down
the 7 will not be able to have this possibility
so that’s for march what is it
other planets venus venus and
mars is further away from the sun one but one
then we have the land and then closer to the
sun in venus come as he pu
to prove the closest to the sun more
hot and the one an atmosphere
about 90 2 times the atmosphere of the
earth a a can of soda is
crushed on the surface of Venus so
it’s really a huge pressure
we have because of this atmosphere a
huge greenhouse effect
and this greenhouse effect gives us
temperatures above 4 150 degrees
constantly so the surface of venus
as the slide show here
we have extreme temperatures
hot and no liquid water
what about mercury we’re here
even closer to the mercury sun did
no atmosphere so mercury at a
extremely cold night and a day
extremely hot we are in
temperature ranges the least 150
degrees is and over 400 degrees so of
again no liquid water on the surface
of mercury
if I recap I have a planet
Venus that is too hot uninhabitable
a mercury planet too hot nor
too cold uninhabitable remains my
pamper march
so this planet I like it because
that because I kill them said it’s
really the planet on which I
spend the most time
and in fact the space probes that are
currently in orbit around March
brings us back
more and more detailed images
is splendid besides you can
surf the web you will see this is
really splendid and what do we see at the
March surface we see it’s huge
scarf called valles marineris
valles marineris and we also see
systems of two valleys of
rivers delta river
water marks on the surface of March
but not from where we do not see everything
does my recipe a very planet
interesting because there is no
tectonic plates
it means that the surface of March
is not rejected born as at the
surface of the earth
so I can read the whole story of
March on its surface
and what do I see in the story
of March I see that in his past
between 4.6 billion years and 4
billion years
there was water on the surface of
March
a lot of water on the surface of March
streams of water on the surface of March
let’s go back to our phase diagram of
water to have liquid water so
life on the surface of march march enough
now at the moment for
we have liquid water
climb a little bit in the pressures
so it must be in the past of March
we are an atmosphere at that moment
we can have two wolves liquid that
so tells us our observations it’s
that in the past of March well we
had an atmosphere and this
atmosphere
at the moment at 10 by almost
gone there are seven mini bar co2
so so march to were livable
how is a planet that has
been habitable some time is
now become almost uninhabitable and
well all this is related to evolution
of the planet itself and not
only its atmosphere also from
its interior its gas interior
we have volcanism we have degassing of
co2 and its shape an atmosphere
obviously we have a magnetic field at
very early in the history of March and we
can see it in the rocks at the
March surface the very old
rock on the surface of march between 4
points 6 billion years and 4
billion years have permeated a
magnetic field
it’s a magnetic field is remnant
past fossilized there was a field
magnetic between 4.6 billion
years and 4 billion years of which
really very early in the story of
March
this magnetic field plays a role of
shield against the thermal wind and
so protects the atmosphere without this
heat shield obviously
the atmosphere is rod and on and march
can lose its atmosphere
so it’s interesting to have a
magnetic field that we have on
earth to protect us from erosion
solar wind
we have had throughout the history of
planets the impacts of the impacts of
meteorites that brought
volatile but also makes escape a
part of the atmosphere
we’re still asking and it’s a research
very current questions about
the evolution of the biosphere of March
and there I gave you a large number
two elements that allow
answer this question
we are still working
on this planet
but let’s get back to earth and I think
I showed you that the planets of the
style of the earth we call that the
telluric planets
these planets at the moment do not
are not habitable and so we are
really good on earth and that’s a
message that I can make you
we really have a chance of crazy then
little parenthesis so we continue
our journey in the solar system
we went to Mercury Venus the
earth mars then we at the belt of
carnon asteroids then behind this
asteroid belt
we have planets called
giant planets jupiter saturate
for example these planets around these
planets when we observe what is
going around these planets we see a
large number of moon and that’s a
little parenthesis that I would like to do
because in our solar system
selune are really potentials
for habitability
why because for example there you
have on the top right the image of the
moon europe moons of jupiter and see
this moon is covered with ice and
below the ice crust
well we have an ocean a liquid ocean
the more one gets inside a
planet where inside a moon
the hotter it is
so even if it’s very cold in
these worlds the very very far from the sun
inside these ice worlds
the ice melts and we have an ocean in
below the ice crust of europe
we have an ocean below the crust
of ganymede ice there is an ocean in
under the titan ice crust
there is an ocean so all these oceans
if they are in contact with the coat
the famous nutrients we mentioned
just now if they are in touch
with the coat well there is the
opportunity to have life of
the energy we have there are the tides
there is sun etc.
there is energy we have water
liquid and we have nutrients
if the ocean is in contact with the
mantle in his moons though
some of those a shower I’ll go
two ocean sandwiches and
ice inside two elected no
we really find sandwiches
these are models for now
has not gone yet to see
the inside of cells and so we
could have either oceans in
contact with the coat and therefore the
life be oceans wedged between
layers of ice we close the parenthesis
we will leave the system now
solar and we click the solar system
but but I would still like
you represented them in in
all the possibilities of
different solar systems so
our solar system is a whole
of planets that revolve around the
Sun
the sun is the big yellow dot on
the slide he has some mass the
put some energy and so the
earth and in an area where energy
is such that we have a temperature with
our atmosphere of course a
temperature that allows us to have
liquid water
this is called the zone
roominess
that’s for the sun this area
of habitability it is the turn of the
earth mars and mercury are and march and
Venus forgiveness are just a little bit
outside this livability zone
but it’s not just our sun and the
planets of our solar system he
there are other galaxies and even in our
own galaxy there are other stars
with other planet systems and
its stars and are either of the
dimension of the sun is smaller or
bigger if they are smaller
they emit less energy so the
habitability area will get closer to
the star and if they are wider
the livability area is going to be more
far from the star and so astronomers
have defined this area of habitability
which is represented in blue on the
slide and that’s the area in
which one can try to find
planets
habitable like the earth the sweat he
must she looks like the earth
it is telluric so she
was making a coat and not that she was
sparkling like jupiter
so that’s what they do
astronomers right now they
seek planets of the style of the
earth in habitable areas and there in
has a lot more and more the
technology advance more we can
observe this kind of planet
calls the exoplanets are they
like the earth are they in the zone
roominess
that’s what astronomers are trying to
determine by way of conclusion I
would just like to tell you that the
system of the solar system is
exceptional and our land is
exceptional we can in our own
solar system eventually ali
find life inside moons
around jupiter and saturne but
certainly astronomers a very
good idea to go for
other solar systems or system
canvases in the exoplanets
try to go watch them I hope
that I gave you a dream I you
thank you for your attention
[Applause]
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