so I have good news and bad news let’s start with the bad news we recently
start with the bad news we recently
start with the bad news we recently diagnosed the pathogen in a man it’s a
diagnosed the pathogen in a man it’s a
diagnosed the pathogen in a man it’s a bacterium known to cause serious stomach
bacterium known to cause serious stomach
bacterium known to cause serious stomach problems like chronic gastritis and even
problems like chronic gastritis and even
problems like chronic gastritis and even stomach cancer it’s called helicobacter
stomach cancer it’s called helicobacter
stomach cancer it’s called helicobacter pylori abbreviated h pylori we know a
pylori abbreviated h pylori we know a
pylori abbreviated h pylori we know a lot about infection in this man for
lot about infection in this man for
lot about infection in this man for example that it’s a more aggressive type
example that it’s a more aggressive type
example that it’s a more aggressive type of h pylori and also that its of asian
of h pylori and also that its of asian
of h pylori and also that its of asian origin which is surprising because the
origin which is surprising because the
origin which is surprising because the man is european and asian h pylori
man is european and asian h pylori
man is european and asian h pylori doesn’t usually occur in europe now the
doesn’t usually occur in europe now the
doesn’t usually occur in europe now the good news the pathogen is no more an
good news the pathogen is no more an
good news the pathogen is no more an issue for this man because it has
issue for this man because it has
issue for this man because it has already been dead for over 5,000 years
the man goes by the name of Etsy The
the man goes by the name of Etsy The Iceman he lived in what is today South
Iceman he lived in what is today South
Iceman he lived in what is today South Ural around 3,300 before current era his
Ural around 3,300 before current era his
Ural around 3,300 before current era his life after death started when she’s well
life after death started when she’s well
life after death started when she’s well preserved body was discovered in 1991 in
preserved body was discovered in 1991 in
preserved body was discovered in 1991 in the edge style is on the border of
the edge style is on the border of
the edge style is on the border of Austria and Italy the finding had a huge
Austria and Italy the finding had a huge
Austria and Italy the finding had a huge impact on our understanding of the
impact on our understanding of the
impact on our understanding of the prehistoric European civilization Etsy’s
prehistoric European civilization Etsy’s
prehistoric European civilization Etsy’s clothes tools and equipment they are
clothes tools and equipment they are
clothes tools and equipment they are highly sophisticated making you think
highly sophisticated making you think
highly sophisticated making you think rather for modern survival expert than
rather for modern survival expert than
rather for modern survival expert than the first own age man here you can see
the first own age man here you can see
the first own age man here you can see some examples he had a number of the
some examples he had a number of the
some examples he had a number of the tools which could be related to
tools which could be related to
tools which could be related to acupuncture treatments performed in
acupuncture treatments performed in
acupuncture treatments performed in China 2,000 years later this man and his
China 2,000 years later this man and his
China 2,000 years later this man and his belongings demonstrated the high level
belongings demonstrated the high level
belongings demonstrated the high level of European culture at the time and give
of European culture at the time and give
of European culture at the time and give a boost archaeology and prehistoric
a boost archaeology and prehistoric
a boost archaeology and prehistoric research you can imagine the huge
research you can imagine the huge
research you can imagine the huge excitement that accompanied the
excitement that accompanied the
excitement that accompanied the discovery of the scientific jewel just
discovery of the scientific jewel just
discovery of the scientific jewel just look at how the mummy is preserved today
look at how the mummy is preserved today
look at how the mummy is preserved today in a sterile refrigeration chamber was
in a sterile refrigeration chamber was
in a sterile refrigeration chamber was precisely controlled atmospheric
precisely controlled atmospheric
precisely controlled atmospheric conditions and an alarm system that goes
conditions and an alarm system that goes
conditions and an alarm system that goes off if any parameter chain
off if any parameter chain
off if any parameter chain inches now guess what there was no
inches now guess what there was no
inches now guess what there was no excitement whatsoever this is how the
excitement whatsoever this is how the
excitement whatsoever this is how the mummy was handled when it was recovered
mummy was handled when it was recovered
mummy was handled when it was recovered from the ice it was discovered
from the ice it was discovered
from the ice it was discovered accidentally and people thought that it
accidentally and people thought that it
accidentally and people thought that it was the corpse of a 20th century
was the corpse of a 20th century
was the corpse of a 20th century mountain climber the recovery was
mountain climber the recovery was
mountain climber the recovery was performed using ice picks and diplomatic
performed using ice picks and diplomatic
performed using ice picks and diplomatic drill which damaged his sipping his ball
drill which damaged his sipping his ball
drill which damaged his sipping his ball was broken and his curiously looking ex
was broken and his curiously looking ex
was broken and his curiously looking ex was taken to Shonda Mary post later a
was taken to Shonda Mary post later a
was taken to Shonda Mary post later a medical examiner was about to recommend
medical examiner was about to recommend
medical examiner was about to recommend burying the body before a medical expert
burying the body before a medical expert
burying the body before a medical expert took a second lens and realized its true
took a second lens and realized its true
took a second lens and realized its true age and significance nobody knows if
age and significance nobody knows if
age and significance nobody knows if other mummies they’re not as lucky now
other mummies they’re not as lucky now
other mummies they’re not as lucky now this was the first surprise in the
this was the first surprise in the
this was the first surprise in the history of Etsy research but definitely
history of Etsy research but definitely
history of Etsy research but definitely not the last another was related to the
not the last another was related to the
not the last another was related to the cause of his death even though
cause of his death even though
cause of his death even though radiographic imaging was performed
radiographic imaging was performed
radiographic imaging was performed multiple times it wasn’t until 10 years
multiple times it wasn’t until 10 years
multiple times it wasn’t until 10 years after the discovery of the body that an
after the discovery of the body that an
after the discovery of the body that an arrowhead that inflicted a deadly wound
arrowhead that inflicted a deadly wound
arrowhead that inflicted a deadly wound was identified in his shoulder it’s his
was identified in his shoulder it’s his
was identified in his shoulder it’s his stomach was discovered in his body
stomach was discovered in his body
stomach was discovered in his body several years later before then it was
several years later before then it was
several years later before then it was overlooked because it was located in an
overlooked because it was located in an
overlooked because it was located in an unexpected position it was flattened and
unexpected position it was flattened and
unexpected position it was flattened and shifted upward so again the discovery of
shifted upward so again the discovery of
shifted upward so again the discovery of both the arrowhead and the stomach
both the arrowhead and the stomach
both the arrowhead and the stomach required a second glance well at least a
required a second glance well at least a
required a second glance well at least a second so the stomach was still filled
second so the stomach was still filled
second so the stomach was still filled with food and of course curious as they
with food and of course curious as they
with food and of course curious as they are scientists could not sleep
are scientists could not sleep
are scientists could not sleep peacefully without knowing what a 5,000
peacefully without knowing what a 5,000
peacefully without knowing what a 5,000 year old guy had as his last meal
year old guy had as his last meal
year old guy had as his last meal samples were taken sequence on a DNA
samples were taken sequence on a DNA
samples were taken sequence on a DNA sequencing machine and analyzed this is
sequencing machine and analyzed this is
sequencing machine and analyzed this is also how we learned that he was infected
also how we learned that he was infected
also how we learned that he was infected by h pylori now what’s so special about
by h pylori now what’s so special about
by h pylori now what’s so special about h pylori for one thing it’s a medically
h pylori for one thing it’s a medically
h pylori for one thing it’s a medically highly relevant pathogen as about fifty
highly relevant pathogen as about fifty
highly relevant pathogen as about fifty percent of the world’s population are in
percent of the world’s population are in
percent of the world’s population are in fact
fact
fact that also it has accompanied our species
that also it has accompanied our species
that also it has accompanied our species for millennia and its genetic history
for millennia and its genetic history
for millennia and its genetic history reflects the human history in great
reflects the human history in great
reflects the human history in great detail so it can be used as a tool for
detail so it can be used as a tool for
detail so it can be used as a tool for tracking human migrations for example it
tracking human migrations for example it
tracking human migrations for example it helped to elucidate how the peopling of
helped to elucidate how the peopling of
helped to elucidate how the peopling of the pacific many thousands of years ago
the pacific many thousands of years ago
the pacific many thousands of years ago happened however similar as we said see
happened however similar as we said see
happened however similar as we said see the history of h pylori research did not
the history of h pylori research did not
the history of h pylori research did not have an easy start Robin Warren and
have an easy start Robin Warren and
have an easy start Robin Warren and Barry Marshall discovered h pylori in
Barry Marshall discovered h pylori in
Barry Marshall discovered h pylori in the 80s for this discovery they were
the 80s for this discovery they were
the 80s for this discovery they were awarded the nobel prize in physiology in
awarded the nobel prize in physiology in
awarded the nobel prize in physiology in medicine 2005 now you can imagine the
medicine 2005 now you can imagine the
medicine 2005 now you can imagine the huge excitement that the company does
huge excitement that the company does
huge excitement that the company does groundbreaking research about h pylori
groundbreaking research about h pylori
groundbreaking research about h pylori and its role and stomach diseases for
and its role and stomach diseases for
and its role and stomach diseases for decades people had thought that chronic
decades people had thought that chronic
decades people had thought that chronic stomach problems affecting millions of
stomach problems affecting millions of
stomach problems affecting millions of people all over the world they’re caused
people all over the world they’re caused
people all over the world they’re caused by cyclic stress and bad lifestyle
by cyclic stress and bad lifestyle
by cyclic stress and bad lifestyle habits suddenly it was discovered that
habits suddenly it was discovered that
habits suddenly it was discovered that in most cases it wasn’t infectious
in most cases it wasn’t infectious
in most cases it wasn’t infectious disease that could be cured by
disease that could be cured by
disease that could be cured by antibiotics now guess what there was no
antibiotics now guess what there was no
antibiotics now guess what there was no excitement whatsoever on the contrary
excitement whatsoever on the contrary
excitement whatsoever on the contrary when Warren and Marshall sent their
when Warren and Marshall sent their
when Warren and Marshall sent their results to scientific journals our
results to scientific journals our
results to scientific journals our conferences the reviewers which means
conferences the reviewers which means
conferences the reviewers which means scientists who evaluated work but not
scientists who evaluated work but not
scientists who evaluated work but not check out nice its importance or even
check out nice its importance or even
check out nice its importance or even not believe the results the reason what
not believe the results the reason what
not believe the results the reason what that people at that time knew that no
that people at that time knew that no
that people at that time knew that no bacterium could live in the acidic
bacterium could live in the acidic
bacterium could live in the acidic environment of the human stomach they
environment of the human stomach they
environment of the human stomach they were used to this idea so much that they
were used to this idea so much that they
were used to this idea so much that they overlooked this possibility for quite a
overlooked this possibility for quite a
overlooked this possibility for quite a while at the same time when Warren was
while at the same time when Warren was
while at the same time when Warren was asked when nobody had observed h pylori
asked when nobody had observed h pylori
asked when nobody had observed h pylori earlier and stomach samples he said it
earlier and stomach samples he said it
earlier and stomach samples he said it was actually reports of bacteria in the
was actually reports of bacteria in the
was actually reports of bacteria in the human stomach they’d back to the 19th
human stomach they’d back to the 19th
human stomach they’d back to the 19th century but the importance was not
century but the importance was not
century but the importance was not recognized the resistance was not
recognized the resistance was not
recognized the resistance was not validated and the medical research went
validated and the medical research went
validated and the medical research went another direction so again it took a
another direction so again it took a
another direction so again it took a second glance to learn more about this
second glance to learn more about this
second glance to learn more about this highly interesting pathogen our ice
highly interesting pathogen our ice
highly interesting pathogen our ice meant h pylori project was a big
meant h pylori project was a big
meant h pylori project was a big collaboration several research
collaboration several research
collaboration several research from different countries very involved
from different countries very involved
from different countries very involved each with its own area of expertise I’m
each with its own area of expertise I’m
each with its own area of expertise I’m baking in a by informatics group at the
baking in a by informatics group at the
baking in a by informatics group at the University of Vienna in case you don’t
University of Vienna in case you don’t
University of Vienna in case you don’t know goodbye informatics says don’t
know goodbye informatics says don’t
know goodbye informatics says don’t worry you’re not alone the name meet a
worry you’re not alone the name meet a
worry you’re not alone the name meet a new person and tell the time doing by
new person and tell the time doing by
new person and tell the time doing by informatics the reaction is usually like
informatics the reaction is usually like
informatics the reaction is usually like oh really wow what’s this anyway it’s
oh really wow what’s this anyway it’s
oh really wow what’s this anyway it’s simple you address biological questions
simple you address biological questions
simple you address biological questions using a computer because it can access
using a computer because it can access
using a computer because it can access information and calculate really fast
information and calculate really fast
information and calculate really fast what functions are encoded in the genome
what functions are encoded in the genome
what functions are encoded in the genome of a bacterium how did the protein
of a bacterium how did the protein
of a bacterium how did the protein evolve and in our case what was in SF
evolve and in our case what was in SF
evolve and in our case what was in SF stomach to learn about the contents of
stomach to learn about the contents of
stomach to learn about the contents of ed stomach you could for example use a
ed stomach you could for example use a
ed stomach you could for example use a microscope but DNA genetic material can
microscope but DNA genetic material can
microscope but DNA genetic material can provide much more accurate information
provide much more accurate information
provide much more accurate information so you can take a sample prepare it for
so you can take a sample prepare it for
so you can take a sample prepare it for sequencing and then put it into DNA
sequencing and then put it into DNA
sequencing and then put it into DNA sequencing machine what the machine
sequencing machine what the machine
sequencing machine what the machine gives you back is whereby informatics
gives you back is whereby informatics
gives you back is whereby informatics starts it’s a plain text file there’s
starts it’s a plain text file there’s
starts it’s a plain text file there’s lots of DNA letters this file contains a
lots of DNA letters this file contains a
lots of DNA letters this file contains a mixture of the DNA in the sample not one
mixture of the DNA in the sample not one
mixture of the DNA in the sample not one single genome but bits and pieces of
single genome but bits and pieces of
single genome but bits and pieces of genomes of several organisms this is
genomes of several organisms this is
genomes of several organisms this is called a meta-genome the line which
called a meta-genome the line which
called a meta-genome the line which organisms are represented in this
organisms are represented in this
organisms are represented in this meta-genome you can compare it to a
meta-genome you can compare it to a
meta-genome you can compare it to a reference collection a database of dnase
reference collection a database of dnase
reference collection a database of dnase of non origin and quantify the
of non origin and quantify the
of non origin and quantify the similarities here you see an example of
similarities here you see an example of
similarities here you see an example of what the result for one piece of DNA
what the result for one piece of DNA
what the result for one piece of DNA might look like however maybe the
might look like however maybe the
might look like however maybe the organism in question isn’t known yet and
organism in question isn’t known yet and
organism in question isn’t known yet and its DNA is absent from the database or
its DNA is absent from the database or
its DNA is absent from the database or maybe there are too many similar DNA’s
maybe there are too many similar DNA’s
maybe there are too many similar DNA’s so it’s a challenging task and it has
so it’s a challenging task and it has
so it’s a challenging task and it has its limitations now when I got the
its limitations now when I got the
its limitations now when I got the IceMen stomach sample i was told that
IceMen stomach sample i was told that
IceMen stomach sample i was told that others had already looked into it and
others had already looked into it and
others had already looked into it and that h pylori wasn’t there of course
that h pylori wasn’t there of course
that h pylori wasn’t there of course this was a pity but not unexpected
this was a pity but not unexpected
this was a pity but not unexpected previous experiments were inconclusive
previous experiments were inconclusive
previous experiments were inconclusive but mostly failed
but mostly failed
but mostly failed to detect h.pylori in the outer part of
to detect h.pylori in the outer part of
to detect h.pylori in the outer part of the stomach where it was expected to be
the stomach where it was expected to be
the stomach where it was expected to be however a more thorough analysis of the
however a more thorough analysis of the
however a more thorough analysis of the data showed that it actually was there
data showed that it actually was there
data showed that it actually was there just not in the outer but in the inner
just not in the outer but in the inner
just not in the outer but in the inner part of the stomach it seems that the
part of the stomach it seems that the
part of the stomach it seems that the stomach lining had come off and collapse
stomach lining had come off and collapse
stomach lining had come off and collapse into the center they made a huge effort
into the center they made a huge effort
into the center they made a huge effort to validate this result to be sure that
to validate this result to be sure that
to validate this result to be sure that it’s not a contamination but that this
it’s not a contamination but that this
it’s not a contamination but that this bacterium really was the Iceman’s
bacterium really was the Iceman’s
bacterium really was the Iceman’s original companion using additional
original companion using additional
original companion using additional experimental methods we could
experimental methods we could
experimental methods we could reconstruct almost its entire genome the
reconstruct almost its entire genome the
reconstruct almost its entire genome the land at its of asian origin and that
land at its of asian origin and that
land at its of asian origin and that it’s an asian h pylori type while modern
it’s an asian h pylori type while modern
it’s an asian h pylori type while modern european h pylori are usually a mixture
european h pylori are usually a mixture
european h pylori are usually a mixture of the Asian and African types no so
of the Asian and African types no so
of the Asian and African types no so this might indicate that the Asian
this might indicate that the Asian
this might indicate that the Asian influences in Europe predated the
influences in Europe predated the
influences in Europe predated the African ones well one single mommy is
African ones well one single mommy is
African ones well one single mommy is not really enough to say that but there
not really enough to say that but there
not really enough to say that but there are a lot more out there and you can be
are a lot more out there and you can be
are a lot more out there and you can be sure that studies of ancient DNA will
sure that studies of ancient DNA will
sure that studies of ancient DNA will lead to many more interesting
lead to many more interesting
lead to many more interesting discoveries now think about what I told
discoveries now think about what I told
discoveries now think about what I told you today The Iceman was almost
you today The Iceman was almost
you today The Iceman was almost overlooked h pylori was almost
overlooked h pylori was almost
overlooked h pylori was almost overlooked and the h pylori in the
overlooked and the h pylori in the
overlooked and the h pylori in the IceMen was almost overlooked from aldis
IceMen was almost overlooked from aldis
IceMen was almost overlooked from aldis it might seem that science is sort of
it might seem that science is sort of
it might seem that science is sort of random and interesting findings have
random and interesting findings have
random and interesting findings have mainly by chance this is however not
mainly by chance this is however not
mainly by chance this is however not true chance does play a role but even
true chance does play a role but even
true chance does play a role but even more so do attentiveness and persistence
more so do attentiveness and persistence
more so do attentiveness and persistence if you feel that something’s worth going
if you feel that something’s worth going
if you feel that something’s worth going deeper try and do so of course you never
deeper try and do so of course you never
deeper try and do so of course you never know where you’ll end up maybe there is
know where you’ll end up maybe there is
know where you’ll end up maybe there is nothing to see and you are just wasting
nothing to see and you are just wasting
nothing to see and you are just wasting your time but don’t make the mistake and
your time but don’t make the mistake and
your time but don’t make the mistake and stop looking too early a second glance
stop looking too early a second glance
stop looking too early a second glance is often all you need thank
is often all you need thank
is often all you need thank [Applause]
”
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