00:00:13this morning for you because you know
00:00:16and listening to the conference
00:00:18introduction and you listen to all the
00:00:20topics that we’re gonna be talking about
00:00:22in the next couple of days micro
00:00:24services and the cloud and security it
00:00:27always reminds me when I hear these sort
00:00:29of conference introductions it always
00:00:30reminds me of how we are right now
00:00:33people right we get paid to solve
00:00:36problems right now and we are intensely
00:00:40interested in how to do things right
00:00:43almost all of the talks you’re gonna
00:00:44hear at this conference at most
00:00:48conferences are all about a better way
00:00:50to do it or some experience I’ve had
00:00:52it’s all about right here right now
00:00:55let’s get things done but every now and
00:00:58then you want to pause whatever you’re
00:01:01doing every now and then you want to
00:01:02pause take a breath and think about why
00:01:05you’re doing things what why do you do
00:01:07this for a living right clearly it pays
00:01:10pretty well but here’s a room full of
00:01:12really smart people you could go off and
00:01:14do a million different things but you
00:01:16choose to do this why alright then
00:01:19that’s kind of what I want to talk about
00:01:20the why question is kind of a hard
00:01:23question the answer and it’s a hard
00:01:25question the talk about so I’m gonna
00:01:27talk about it in a weird kind of way I
00:01:29am gonna talk about the why question by
00:01:32telling you a story it is a story that
00:01:35is really close to my heart it’s it’s a
00:01:38fun story so if nothing else we’ll all
00:01:40sort of get woken up this morning kick
00:01:44off the conference I think it’s a fun
00:01:45story but I also think it’s a story that
00:01:48can speak to some of the issues around
00:01:51what we do and it can teach us little
00:01:54things about what we’ve chosen to do for
00:01:56a living and it can teach us great big
00:01:58things and in particular one of the
00:02:01great big things I think that this story
00:02:02can teach us is why we do this stuff so
00:02:06here’s what I’m going to do I’m gonna
00:02:08tell you the story and then I’m gonna
00:02:10circle bet around at the end and I’m
00:02:12gonna try and make the case that this
00:02:14story has little things to teach us and
00:02:16great big things to teach us about how
00:02:18we
00:02:19spend their time so here goes here’s my
00:02:21story it’s the summer of 1969 and it’s
00:02:28hot I mean it’s really hot and when it
00:02:31gets hot like this people go a little
00:02:33crazy sometimes Society goes a little
00:02:35crazy and here in the summer of 1969 it
00:02:38seems like everything is going crazy in
00:02:41the United States they’re a huge and
00:02:43growing protest sometimes violent
00:02:45protests against the Vietnam War
00:02:47here in Europe at times whole countries
00:02:49France for example have been shut down
00:02:52in the last year as people take to the
00:02:54streets demonstrating for better
00:02:56education a fairer society a better
00:02:59government and it’s not just the you
00:03:03know civil unrest that seems a little
00:03:05crazy here in the summer of 1969 there’s
00:03:08also the pace of technological change
00:03:10because here in the summer of 1969 there
00:03:13are a few people there’s not very many
00:03:16of them but there are a few people who
00:03:18work with computers they’re a little odd
00:03:20but they’re basically harmless but here
00:03:24in the summer of 1969 the technology is
00:03:26changing so fast that these people who
00:03:29work with computers have had to learn a
00:03:31new word that word is megabyte because
00:03:34here in the summer of 1969 it is now
00:03:38possible to buy a computer with not one
00:03:41not two but four megabytes of RAM can
00:03:46you believe that four megabytes of RAM
00:03:48and that memory will only cost you a
00:03:52hundred thousand US dollars per megabyte
00:03:56it’s just insane but if you want real
00:04:00crazy look no further than the Cold War
00:04:04here in the summer of 1969 the Cold War
00:04:08has been going on for 25 years this
00:04:13beautiful city here in the summer of
00:04:151969 is divided Germany is divided
00:04:19Europe is divided the world is divided
00:04:23on one side is the United States and
00:04:25what we call the West and on the other
00:04:27side is the Soviet Union and and
00:04:30basically Eastern Europe and if
00:04:32to other countries and they have these
00:04:35suicides have been locked in this not
00:04:38quite peace not quite were thing for 25
00:04:42years for 25 years they’ve been facing
00:04:46each other armed to the teeth each side
00:04:49waiting for the other side to make the
00:04:52first move or make the first mistake or
00:04:55the sneeze and you better hope nobody
00:04:58sneezes because they no matter who they
00:05:02are from your point of view they have
00:05:04thousands of nuclear weapons we have
00:05:07thousands of nuclear weapons so let me
00:05:09tell you if those bombs start flying if
00:05:12those bombs start flying we all have
00:05:14about 15 minutes to live
00:05:16so here in the summer of 1969 we are
00:05:18hanging on by our fingernails living
00:05:21life 15 minutes at a time but for once
00:05:25for once the newspaper is here in the
00:05:29summer of 1969 are not filled with news
00:05:32of the Cold War or the heat or the
00:05:34technology or the civil unrest for once
00:05:37it’s something else
00:05:39it’s Apollo it’s the project to land a
00:05:43person on the moon but don’t get me
00:05:47wrong
00:05:48Apollo is all about the Cold War you see
00:05:51in the late 1950s in the early 1960s the
00:05:54Soviets were doing all these marvelous
00:05:56things in space they launched the first
00:05:59or satellite they put the first person
00:06:02in orbit they got the first picture of
00:06:05the far side of the Moon really really
00:06:09crappy picture but it was a marvelous
00:06:12there were the less and the Cold War was
00:06:15like a chess game right they make a move
00:06:17we make a move and when you’re going or
00:06:19all around the world saying hey be on
00:06:22our side we’re the smart ones we’re
00:06:24gonna win you cannot afford to have the
00:06:27other side do all the spectacular
00:06:28amazing stuff and not do something so
00:06:33John Kennedy was President of the United
00:06:35States at the time and it was the United
00:06:37States that felt like they had to do
00:06:39something about what the Soviets were
00:06:41doing in space so Kennedy got his
00:06:44advisers together and they came up
00:06:46with the strategy and the strategy they
00:06:48came up with was based on the idea that
00:06:50if you’re behind in a race the way we or
00:06:53the US was behind in the space thing
00:06:56it’s better to be behind in a very long
00:06:59race in a marathon than it is in a very
00:07:01short race because in a long race you
00:07:04have time to catch up so Kennedy just
00:07:06decided the declarer marathon where can
00:07:09we go he asked where can we go in space
00:07:13that’s far away that’ll turn this into a
00:07:16marathon
00:07:17Kennedy’s adviser said well the moon’s
00:07:19pretty far away can we said fine we’re
00:07:21going to the moon it’s just completely
00:07:23arbitrary goal and we need a deadline
00:07:26we need a stake in the calendar 1970 is
00:07:30a nice round number we are going to the
00:07:33moon by 1970 it’s completely arbitrary
00:07:36goal completely arbitrary deadline no
00:07:40one here has ever experienced that have
00:07:42you so Kennedy got up in front of the US
00:07:46Congress and he said we are going to go
00:07:50to the moon by 1970 we’re gonna take a
00:07:52person land them safely on the moon
00:07:54return them to the earth by 1970 and a
00:07:57funny thing happened after Kennedy gave
00:07:59that speech you know people maybe you’re
00:08:01walking down the street and you see your
00:08:03friend and you start talking and you say
00:08:05have you heard this Kennedy thing the
00:08:07moon we’re going to the moon I mean
00:08:10Jules Verne and HG Wells we are going to
00:08:13the moon who cares if it’s about the
00:08:15Cold War and it’s funny you could tell
00:08:17that Kennedy caught a little bit of that
00:08:19excitement that fever because a few
00:08:22months after he made the first speech he
00:08:23made a second speech and in that second
00:08:26speech Kennedy said words more or less
00:08:29we choose to go to the moon not because
00:08:32it’s easy but because it’s hard so how
00:08:36hard is it to go to the moon what really
00:08:38all depends on how far the moon is away
00:08:41and so I have a tennis ball here right
00:08:46you because whenever you talked about
00:08:47astronomical distances right you need an
00:08:49analogue right so here’s my tennis ball
00:08:51this is the earth right then they have
00:08:53this little rubber ball and if this is
00:08:56the moon about the right size for the
00:08:58moon
00:08:58now how far apart do you think the earth
00:09:00and the moon are think about you know
00:09:02when you’re in school there is always
00:09:03that picture in your textbook you know
00:09:06the picture I’m talking about this is
00:09:08how tides where I can remember that
00:09:09picture this is how the lunar eclipse
00:09:12happens with the shadows there’s always
00:09:14a picture in the earth on the moon or
00:09:15about this far apart the earth in the
00:09:18moon let me tell you are not this far
00:09:20apart that picture is about getting the
00:09:23earth and the moon on the same page the
00:09:25earth and the moon are not this far
00:09:26apart they’re not this far apart they’re
00:09:29not this far apart my arms aren’t long
00:09:31enough to be about two meters at the
00:09:33scale so when Kennedy said that we’re
00:09:38going to meters by an arbitrary deadline
00:09:40a few people had gone out in the space
00:09:43handful of Russians one American do you
00:09:46know how far they’ve gotten into space
00:09:48not quite as high as the fuzz on this
00:09:52tennis ball they hadn’t made it out of
00:09:54the fuzz yet and suddenly we’re going to
00:09:56meters by an arbitrary deadline it’s
00:09:59just a completely insane project so if
00:10:04you have this incredibly hard project
00:10:06and this impossible deadline how do you
00:10:09even start like what’s the right thing
00:10:12to do to start well I don’t know what
00:10:15the right thing to do is but I do know
00:10:17what they actually did which is they did
00:10:20everything everything all at the same
00:10:23time they tried to think of everything
00:10:25that would have to be done to get people
00:10:28to the moon right the goal is to take a
00:10:30person land safely on the moon return
00:10:32them to the earth well they tried to
00:10:34think of everything that would have to
00:10:36be done and they started doing them all
00:10:38all at the same time and the prayer was
00:10:41that it would all come together at the
00:10:43last minute perfectly because that’s
00:10:46always a good plan so one of the things
00:10:50they did what’s the ask themself what’s
00:10:53the simplest thing that could possibly
00:10:55work here right go is person land them
00:10:59on the moon return them the earth but we
00:11:01can’t do that right at the beginning so
00:11:04what’s the simplest thing that we can do
00:11:05right now that will work so how do we
00:11:08simplify it well it’s pretty obvious
00:11:11could leave the person out right if you
00:11:13just sent a machine to the moon and
00:11:15landed it on the moon and returned it to
00:11:17the earth that has got to be easier than
00:11:19people cuz you know people like to
00:11:21breathe and eat they don’t like
00:11:23radiation and all that stuff so if you
00:11:26leave the person out that would make it
00:11:27simpler maybe that’s something we could
00:11:29do right up front but could we make it
00:11:31simpler still easier still sure if
00:11:34you’re just sending a machine and
00:11:36landing it on the moon you don’t have to
00:11:38bring it back you can cut the trip in
00:11:39half so that’s got to be easier right
00:11:42but is that the easiest thing we could
00:11:45possibly do not quite we need to talk
00:11:49about what this word land means right
00:11:52what if we read the fine land let’s go
00:11:56screaming into the surface of the Moon
00:11:58it you know five thousand kilometers per
00:12:00hour right that would be landing of a
00:12:02sort and we could take some pictures as
00:12:04the moon got closer and closer and
00:12:05closer thus was born project Ranger a
00:12:09project they hit the moon with the
00:12:12spaceships Ranger one was launched in
00:12:16August of 1961 it was kind of a weird
00:12:19project right it’s the goal is to crash
00:12:23the spaceship so Ranger one actually
00:12:27exceeded expectations certainly it was
00:12:29ahead of schedule Ranger one crashed
00:12:32into the Atlantic Ocean
00:12:34Ranger two did better it crashed into
00:12:36the Pacific Ocean
00:12:38Ranger three in all seriousness did
00:12:41better it made it all the way out to the
00:12:44orbit of the Moon Moon one there at the
00:12:47time and two Rangers three just went
00:12:50sailing on by out into the great beyond
00:12:53Ranger three is still out there let’s
00:12:57say Ranger four actually hit the moon
00:12:59Ranger four hit the moon but it died on
00:13:02the way to the moon it died
00:13:04electronically and the stone dead brick
00:13:07of a spaceship hit the moon is that
00:13:11success no not really
00:13:12let’s see five Ranger five was
00:13:16apparently worried about Ranger three
00:13:19and joined it and the great beyond
00:13:22Ranger six had a textbook three-day trip
00:13:27to the moon takes about three days to
00:13:28get to the moon and on the morning about
00:13:31there a day the people behind Ranger 6
00:13:33realized hey the spaceships working and
00:13:35now it’s falling towards the moon
00:13:37neither God nor Isaac Newton is gonna
00:13:39keep this thing from hitting the moon
00:13:41and the only thing left to do was turn
00:13:44on the TV cameras and get these cool
00:13:45pictures of the moon getting bigger and
00:13:47bigger and the commander of the cameras
00:13:50to go on and nothing happens and Ranger
00:13:53six went screaming into the moon blind
00:13:56as a bat
00:13:57razor seven actually worked
00:14:00Ranger seven actually worked and it took
00:14:04these pictures as it got closer and
00:14:07closer and closer to the moon and this
00:14:09last picture is kind of a symbol of
00:14:12Ranger 7 working because it took the
00:14:14whole picture and it was radioing it
00:14:16back and it got about halfway through
00:14:18radioing the picture back when the
00:14:20lights went out
00:14:21and so you can bet that when this
00:14:23picture showed up the people behind
00:14:25Ranger 7 were slapping each other on the
00:14:27back and drinking champagne but you can
00:14:30also bet that they were thinking my god
00:14:33it took us seven tries and two years to
00:14:38do the simplest thing that could
00:14:40possibly work how are we ever gonna do
00:14:43the whole thing and the answer is they
00:14:45were doing everything all at the same
00:14:47time so while they were trying to hit
00:14:49the hit the moon with Rangers they
00:14:51realized that well they were also
00:14:53building these giant going to the moon
00:14:55rockets but those Rockets were not going
00:14:58to be ready in time to train people
00:15:01train the astronauts train the people at
00:15:03Mission Control on the things they
00:15:05needed to know to actually make it to
00:15:08the moon so they built this whole
00:15:09separate thing
00:15:10well Gemini which is a two-person
00:15:12spaceship that would go up in the orbit
00:15:14just so that the astronauts could
00:15:17practice those going to the moon skills
00:15:19and they learned a lot in Gemini one of
00:15:23the things they learned is about
00:15:24steering rockets every spaceship has
00:15:27these Rockets all over it little tiny
00:15:30Rockets steering rockets and they make
00:15:33it turn left turn right nose out and
00:15:35those down
00:15:35spin it’s the kind of thing an airplane
00:15:37does with flaps in a rudder but there’s
00:15:39no air in space so you have these little
00:15:41rockets what they discovered in Gemini
00:15:44is what happens if one of those Rockets
00:15:48goes on and stays on and will not shut
00:15:52off and the answer is that your
00:15:55spaceship starts to spin slowly at first
00:15:57but then faster and faster and faster
00:15:59and the other thing they learned was
00:16:02that when that happens the people inside
00:16:05the spaceship after a while they can’t
00:16:07see anymore as the world literally go
00:16:09spinning around but the other thing they
00:16:12learned was that if you haven’t asked
00:16:14not in that spinning spaceship hookahs
00:16:17calm enough to work the problem while
00:16:20he’s literally spinning out of control
00:16:21and can find the controls the switches
00:16:25the throw without being able to see what
00:16:27he’s doing
00:16:28this is a survivable accident and
00:16:31survived they did that is something to
00:16:34know while they’re trying to hit the
00:16:37moon with Rangers while they’re sending
00:16:39people up in Gemini they’re building
00:16:41these enormous workshops and they’re
00:16:43building these workshops so that they
00:16:45have a place to build these gigantic
00:16:47going to the moon rockets and the end
00:16:49result of that is this this is the
00:16:54largest rocket ever built it stands
00:16:56about 27 stories tall it weighs about
00:16:59three million kilograms and it only has
00:17:01one purpose one purpose to throw the
00:17:05very pointy bit at the top the very you
00:17:08can barely see it up there at the moon
00:17:10because the very pointy bit you see if
00:17:13that are here at the top is the result
00:17:17of yet another project this is the
00:17:19Apollo mothership and this is a
00:17:23spaceship designed to keep three people
00:17:25alive for two weeks take them to the
00:17:28moon bring them back it’s got it’s a
00:17:31marvel of 1960s technology
00:17:33it’s got shielding they keep the
00:17:35radiation out it can carry food and
00:17:38water and air for three people for two
00:17:40weeks it’s got this big rocket engine on
00:17:42the bottom to blast them back to the
00:17:44earth it’s got a heat shield and
00:17:46parachutes and it floats because
00:17:48lands in the ocean it is a brilliant
00:17:51piece of technology and there’s only one
00:17:53thing wrong with it
00:17:54with all the heat shields and the
00:17:56parachutes and the big rocket engine and
00:17:59all the rest of it it’s actually too
00:18:01heavy to land on the moon it can go from
00:18:05the earth to the moon
00:18:07you can orbit around the moon and it can
00:18:09come back but it can’t make the last 50
00:18:1260 kilometer trip down to the moon so
00:18:15for that we have this this
00:18:18bizarre-looking contraption is a
00:18:21specialized little spaceship and it’s
00:18:25designed to take two of the three people
00:18:26from orbit around the moon down to the
00:18:29surface of the moon so two people get in
00:18:32this thing and go down to the moon one
00:18:34guy stays in orbit to watch the
00:18:36mothership so the plan is to send these
00:18:40two spaceships out carrying these guys
00:18:43this is a the crew of Apollo 11 they are
00:18:47the people first people to try to land
00:18:48on the surface of the moon and this guy
00:18:51here is Buzz Aldrin and he is an expert
00:18:55in space navigation or to put it another
00:18:58way in not flying off into the great
00:19:00beyond right can you imagine why they
00:19:02have him on the trip god he is one of
00:19:05the Buzz Aldrin is one of the two people
00:19:07were actually gonna try and land on the
00:19:08moon the guy on the other side is Neil
00:19:11Armstrong and we’ve already met Neil
00:19:13Armstrong Neil Armstrong was the guy in
00:19:16the spinning out of out of control
00:19:18spaceship who could work the problem
00:19:20without being able to see what he was
00:19:22doing
00:19:23can you imagine why they picked him the
00:19:26guy in the middle his name is Mike
00:19:28Collins and the guy in the middle is the
00:19:30guy who gets to stay in the mothership
00:19:32instead of landing on the moon and he’s
00:19:34got the suckiest job in the universe I
00:19:37guess his job sucks not just because he
00:19:42doesn’t get the land on the moon oh
00:19:43that’s part of it his job sucks because
00:19:46of the what else what if something
00:19:49happens to the other two on the way down
00:19:50to the moon what if something happens to
00:19:53them on the moon once they can’t get
00:19:54back in that case Colin’s job is the
00:19:58turnaround and make the three day silent
00:20:02sad journey back home leaving his
00:20:05friends behind can you that is the worst
00:20:07job in the universe it is July 20th 1969
00:20:15so Sunday it’s about I would think of it
00:20:19as four o’clock in the afternoon maybe
00:20:20you’d think of it as 1600 a few days ago
00:20:23Apollo 11 took off they’ve had a
00:20:25textbook journey to the moon a few hours
00:20:28ago this weird-looking spaceship with
00:20:31armstrong and aldrin and them separated
00:20:34and they’ve been on their way down to
00:20:36the surface of the Moon ever since they
00:20:39are about to enter the critical last 10
00:20:42minutes of that journey a part of the
00:20:44journey that NASA calls powered the sent
00:20:48back on Earth’s at Mission Control there
00:20:51is a room full of people arming for war
00:20:53their job is to watch the data streaming
00:20:57down from that weird-looking spaceship
00:20:59and be the third fourth fifth 27th pair
00:21:03of eyes making sure it’s working
00:21:04properly and they are deadly serious
00:21:07many of these people are in their late
00:21:1020s or early 30s and they have spent a
00:21:12big portion of their adult lives getting
00:21:15ready for this moment the door is locked
00:21:19there’s an armed guard on the other side
00:21:21of the door no one is getting in or out
00:21:23until this thing is over
00:21:25they’ve locked down the circuit breakers
00:21:27almost there electrical equipment they
00:21:29would rather risk a fire than have the
00:21:32lights go out at the wrong moment
00:21:34outside of Mission Control than the rest
00:21:37of the United States and in various
00:21:39places around the world there is a
00:21:40blanket of pension it’s right around now
00:21:44it’s right around 1600 in the United
00:21:47States that something weird starts to
00:21:49happen on the streets there’s very few
00:21:51cars to start with because most people
00:21:53are inside glued to their televisions
00:21:56but just right around now it’s right
00:21:58around 1600 that the cars that are on
00:22:01the roads start to pull off on city
00:22:03streets they find a place to park on
00:22:06highways that go off onto the shoulder
00:22:08on rural roads they just stop the
00:22:12drivers can’t drive and
00:22:14until their radio listen to what’s going
00:22:17on above the moon at the same time
00:22:20in this very Monst house in Philadelphia
00:22:24on the east coast of the United States a
00:22:26ten-year-old boy and his dad are sitting
00:22:29on their couch watching the coverage on
00:22:31TV it’s right around now it’s right
00:22:34around 1600 that the dad gets up walks
00:22:37about halfway to the TV gets down and
00:22:41puts his hand on his head and that’s the
00:22:44way he’ll stay until it’s over they’re
00:22:47watching this guy this is Walter
00:22:50Cronkite they’re watching you on TV
00:22:51Walter Cronkite is the kind of the king
00:22:54of TV news guys in the United States the
00:22:57Cronkite’s thing is that nothing upsets
00:23:00him nothing bothers him he regularly
00:23:03goes to war zones where people are
00:23:05shooting at him and report to them this
00:23:07very even voice what slate they have
00:23:10people tried to kill you it is 1605 just
00:23:15right at the beginning about last 10
00:23:17minutes down to the surface of the Moon
00:23:19Armstrong and Aldrin are at 15,000
00:23:22meters they’ve gone through about a
00:23:23quarter of their fuel to get here and
00:23:25things are not going well the problem is
00:23:29that their radio is not really working
00:23:32right they can talk to the ground for a
00:23:35few minutes but then look at these huge
00:23:37bursts of static and even worse it’s not
00:23:40just the voice their data is dropping
00:23:42out as well and they need that third
00:23:44fourth twenty seven pair of eyes
00:23:46watching this machine so Armstrong and
00:23:49Aldrin they’re doing what you would
00:23:50expect people to do when the radio isn’t
00:23:52working they’re changing channels and
00:23:55adjusting the antenna so they basically
00:23:57have their heads down playing with the
00:23:58technology and fortunately they have
00:24:01time to do that because they are not
00:24:03actually flying the spaceship there is a
00:24:06new cool gadget that’s flying that
00:24:08spaceship it’s called a computer and
00:24:11while it’s the rockets and the
00:24:14spacesuits and all the other flashy
00:24:15technology that gets all of the all of
00:24:18the press the computer in that little
00:24:21spaceship and the especially the
00:24:24software in that computer is no less of
00:24:27a leap into the
00:24:28just barely possible and in fact the
00:24:31woman who designed the software that is
00:24:34flying that little spaceship let me
00:24:37pause here for a minute and say that
00:24:39again someone got to say this often
00:24:41enough the woman who designed that
00:24:44software a woman named Margaret Hamilton
00:24:47has realized that what she’s doing is
00:24:50different than the software that people
00:24:52have been we’re doing before it’s
00:24:54different because it’s doing 25 things
00:24:57all at the same time and it’s
00:24:58prioritizing its job and it’s doing
00:25:00everything in real time and so Hamilton
00:25:04she comes up with a new term for the
00:25:07kind of software development she’s doing
00:25:11she calls it software engineering and
00:25:15Hamilton software the reason that they
00:25:18have Hamilton software in that computer
00:25:20is that Apollo 11 is not just trying to
00:25:23generically land someplace on the moon
00:25:25they are trying to land at a particular
00:25:27pre-selected spot on the moon now when
00:25:34they were planning the mission when they
00:25:37were planning the mission there was a
00:25:38certain amount of controversy over where
00:25:40they should land on the one side there
00:25:42were the scientists and the geologists
00:25:45who are saying yeah yeah yeah this is
00:25:47all about the Cold War but this is the
00:25:48scientific opportunity of a lifetime we
00:25:51have got to land someplace
00:25:52scientifically interesting and on the
00:25:55other side there are the astronauts and
00:25:57the rocket scientists kind of bored
00:25:59saying yeah okay what’s scientifically
00:26:01interesting and the geologists and the
00:26:04scientists are like the bottom of a
00:26:06valley would be good but you know it
00:26:08would be better you know it would be
00:26:09better but the bottom of a canyon the
00:26:13very bottom of a can no no even better
00:26:16the top of a mountain the summit of a
00:26:19mountain but you have to get all the way
00:26:20at the top no no even better the rim of
00:26:24a crater right right there on the rim to
00:26:30which the astronauts and the rocket
00:26:33scientists say yeah no we’re not landing
00:26:35anywhere near any of those places and so
00:26:38in the end it’s the rocket scientists
00:26:40who win the
00:26:41and so Apollo 11 is aimed at the
00:26:44flattest dullest most geologically
00:26:46uninteresting spot that NASA can
00:26:48possibly find the computers flying them
00:26:51there it is 1610 five minutes into that
00:26:5510 minute flight down to the moon
00:26:57Armstrong and Aldrin are down to 11,000
00:26:59meters they’ve gone through about 50% of
00:27:02their fuel and good news the radio is
00:27:04working nobody knows why the radio
00:27:06wasn’t working but now it’s working
00:27:08great and you got to believe that
00:27:10Armstrong and Aldrin or maybe taking a
00:27:12breath and thinking well maybe it’s
00:27:14gonna go well from here you know maybe
00:27:15that was our problem when a display in
00:27:18front of them lights up and it says 1202
00:27:211202 is a message from their computer
00:27:24now I know none of us here are really
00:27:27that familiar with those old computers
00:27:29so let me see if I can translate 1202
00:27:32and there’s something just a little more
00:27:34modern
00:27:35or maybe this right bunch of programmers
00:27:39their computer is glitching Armstrong
00:27:43radios down to Mission Control 1202
00:27:46what’s 1202 because there’s hundreds of
00:27:49these error codes the people in Mission
00:27:51Control they have this moment a frozen
00:27:53horror
00:27:53what’s 1202 there’s hundreds of these
00:27:56codes and there’s one guy in that room
00:27:58he’s in his twenties his name is Steve
00:28:00bales and he is an expert on Margaret
00:28:03Hamilton software and he knows that 1202
00:28:06means that the program that the software
00:28:08is falling behind it’s being called on
00:28:11the do more stuff than it can get to but
00:28:14he also knows that when that happens the
00:28:17programs do the most important things
00:28:19first and right now there’s only one
00:28:21important thing fly the darn spaceship
00:28:23so they he has maybe three seconds to
00:28:28make this decision and he just says just
00:28:33ignored the 1202 it’s just keep going
00:28:35just don’t pay no attention so they
00:28:39radiate this up to the astronauts but
00:28:41the astronauts they just can’t quite
00:28:43ignore the 1202 z– for one thing
00:28:46there’s a bad user interface design
00:28:48there’s a bad user interface design they
00:28:50have to the 1202 appears and they have
00:28:53to physically push a button the clear
00:28:55and if they don’t it just sits there and
00:28:57they kind of want to see what the next
00:28:58error code is because she ignored the
00:29:001202 s but what if the next ones 867
00:29:03which means the engine fell off or
00:29:05something right
00:29:06so they both have their heads down and
00:29:08they’re pushing these buttons clearing
00:29:10the error codes it is sixteen twelve
00:29:14seven minutes into that last ten minute
00:29:16of flight they’re down to 600 meters
00:29:19they’ve gone through four-fifths of
00:29:20their fuel and good news the twelve or
00:29:23twos go away nobody knows why they came
00:29:25nobody knows why they’re gone but
00:29:27they’re gone and finally finally finally
00:29:31Armstrong has a chance to look up and
00:29:33look out the window right he’s got these
00:29:36this little triangular window in front
00:29:39of them now if you’re flying into Berlin
00:29:43or New York or London and your airplanes
00:29:46at 600 meters that means you’re getting
00:29:48ready to land right your tray table is
00:29:50up your seatbelt is fastened you can
00:29:53look out the window and see individual
00:29:55cars you can see people and you can see
00:29:57if those people are carrying their
00:29:58shopping right at 600 meters Berlin or
00:30:02London or New York it’s not the place on
00:30:05the map it’s not you know where the
00:30:08conference is next week it’s not that
00:30:11place you’re going to at 600 meters
00:30:13Berlin or New York or London
00:30:15it’s a place it’s all around you
00:30:19Armstrong looks out the window at 600
00:30:21meters and for the first time in human
00:30:24history the moon is not that light up in
00:30:27the sky it’s not this geopolitical we’re
00:30:31gonna kick the Russians butts by getting
00:30:33there first thing it is a place it’s all
00:30:36around them he can look down and they
00:30:38can see the ground scrolling beneath
00:30:40them and there’s rocks and hills and
00:30:42things like that he can look in the
00:30:44distance and he can see a mountain on
00:30:46the horizon and the mountain is higher
00:30:48than he is six hundred meters the moon
00:30:51is a place now nobody really knows what
00:30:56went through Armstrong’s mind at that
00:30:59moment right only you would know like
00:31:01imagine if you were him what would go
00:31:04through your mind I know exactly how I
00:31:07would feel looking
00:31:09out that window and the word what I
00:31:11would feel feel and the word is fear the
00:31:16moon is a place it’s the wrong place
00:31:20Armstrong has been studying maps and
00:31:23photographs they’ve made little plaster
00:31:25models he knows exactly what he should
00:31:27see when he looks out that window and
00:31:29this is not it and then it gets worse
00:31:33because on that window there is this
00:31:36scale and Armstrong can kind of use the
00:31:40scales like a gunsight you Linus I up
00:31:43and look down at the ground and he can
00:31:45see where the computer is taking them
00:31:46the land so he does that he lines us I
00:31:49where’s this thing taking us and he sees
00:31:52that a very geologically interesting
00:31:57crater and even where the crater is not
00:32:00that big craters about the size of a
00:32:02football stadium yours or mine is a
00:32:04matter but the crater is surrounded by a
00:32:07huge debris field of boulders river
00:32:10right what’s a crater big rock comes
00:32:11down from the sky boom right there stuff
00:32:14all over the place and so there’s this
00:32:17huge debris field of boulders Armstrong
00:32:21looks at that for a few seconds and he
00:32:23makes a very Neil Armstrong decision he
00:32:27turns off the autopilot and he does two
00:32:30things
00:32:30he kills most of their downward the sin
00:32:33and he starts zooming forward he does
00:32:37that because he thinks he can see in the
00:32:39distance past the boulder field it looks
00:32:42like there’s a reasonably flat place to
00:32:44land and he’s got to get there before
00:32:47they run out of fuel meanwhile back at
00:32:51Mission Control right they can see
00:32:53Armstrong turn off the autopilot and
00:32:56they can see them kill most of the
00:32:58downward descent they can see him
00:32:59zooming forward the one thing they
00:33:01cannot see is the crater there’s no live
00:33:04video feed but there is something else
00:33:06they can see they can see aren’t strong
00:33:09heart rate he’s got heart monitors and
00:33:11things all over his body and they’re
00:33:13watching this heart monitor and at the
00:33:16beginning of the powered descent
00:33:17Armstrong’s heart was beating at about
00:33:2080 beats per second probably slower than
00:33:23right now he’s only landing on the moon
00:33:25right and it slowly has crept up to
00:33:28about a hundred and now in the last few
00:33:31seconds as he turns off the autopilot
00:33:33and start zooming forward it spikes up
00:33:37to one hundred and fifty clearly
00:33:39something is up the reaction of the
00:33:43people in that room in Mission Control
00:33:45to whatever emergency is going on they
00:33:48don’t know what it is but something is
00:33:50clearly up their reaction is
00:33:52extraordinary what they do is nothing
00:33:56and in fact they shut up the guy running
00:33:59the show in Mission Control towles tells
00:34:02everyone in that room he doesn’t want
00:34:03anybody talking to the astronauts
00:34:05anymore
00:34:06he only wants to send up one bit of
00:34:07information periodically how much time
00:34:11do they have left how much time before
00:34:13they run out of fuel it is sixteen
00:34:18fourteen nine minutes into that last
00:34:2010-minute flight Armstrong and Aldrin
00:34:22are down to five percent of their fuel
00:34:24they’re down to a hundred meters and
00:34:26they are it’s zooming over the boulder
00:34:28field and the edge of the boulder field
00:34:30is getting closer and closer and it
00:34:32really does look like there’s a decent
00:34:33place to land out there they don’t know
00:34:35how fast they’re going
00:34:37no one ever imagined they’d be going
00:34:39this fast this close to the ground so
00:34:41their speedometer is off the scale high
00:34:44with the edge of the boulder field is
00:34:46coming up and they feel like maybe they
00:34:48can make it it is 16 16 11 minutes into
00:34:53that 10-minute flight Armstrong and
00:34:55Aldrin are down to 10 meters they’re
00:34:57down to 3 percent of their fuel and
00:34:59they’re past the boulders and this does
00:35:01look like a decent place and Armstrong
00:35:03is jamming on the brakes to get the
00:35:05things stopped so we can lower it like a
00:35:06helicopter and it’s right around now
00:35:09that the first ominous warning comes up
00:35:11from the earth it’s just two words 60
00:35:14seconds you have one minute of fuel left
00:35:16Armstrong barely hears him because now
00:35:19he has screeched to a halt and he’s
00:35:21luring the thing down he’s trying to
00:35:23find the ground he’s trying to find the
00:35:25ground and at some point they lose sight
00:35:27of the ground because their rocket
00:35:29engine is now blowing up the huge cloud
00:35:31of dust but he knows the ground is down
00:35:34there and it’s right around now that the
00:35:36get the second warning 30 seconds for
00:35:39God’s sake land this thing
00:35:42Armstrong barely hear some cuss Kenny’s
00:35:44just trying to find the ground
00:35:46Aldrin looks out the window and he
00:35:48reports that he can see a shadow on the
00:35:49ground it’s the shadow of the spaceship
00:35:51they are really close now and then our
00:35:54Aldrin looks at the instrument panel and
00:35:56there’s a little amber light and it’s
00:35:59labeled contact and as he looks at if
00:36:01the astronauts call it the contact light
00:36:03and as he looks at it it comes on
00:36:07contact light means that the sensors on
00:36:10the landing gear of this weird-looking
00:36:12thing if touched something hard contact
00:36:16light means they’ve landed contact light
00:36:19means that these two guys are not gonna
00:36:21die and better they’re not going to fail
00:36:25contact light means that Armstrong and
00:36:28Aldrin that those people at Mission
00:36:30Control that the United States of
00:36:32America that humanity has arrived but
00:36:38Armstrong and Aldrin are not quite done
00:36:42the plan had been to fly the thing to
00:36:45about half a meter over the surface and
00:36:48turn off the rocket engine and let it
00:36:49fall the rest of the way but Armstrong
00:36:51and Aldrin you know they were too busy
00:36:53not dying to do that so now they’re
00:36:55sitting on the surface burning the last
00:36:57of their rocket fuel and they need to
00:36:59turn off this complicated dangerous
00:37:01machine full of explosives very
00:37:04carefully and so they have a shutdown
00:37:06checklist that they go through and they
00:37:08do it together one of them will you know
00:37:11do the step and the other one will read
00:37:13it and check the pair astronaut and so
00:37:16Armstrong starts he says shut down and
00:37:18then Aldrin says okay engine stop ACA
00:37:21out of detent and they go through this
00:37:23long chain of mumbo-jumbo as they’re
00:37:26shutting all the systems down meanwhile
00:37:28the people back on earth right they can
00:37:30see that the spaceship is stopped moving
00:37:34data is streaming down they can see that
00:37:36they can watch the system’s get shut off
00:37:38and they get here Armstrong a tall drink
00:37:40going through the shutdown checklist and
00:37:42you would think that at this moment
00:37:44somebody would say something momentous
00:37:46something historical it’s not really how
00:37:49people are
00:37:50guy on the ground radios up the
00:37:53completely obvious statement we think he
00:37:55landed right Armstrong
00:37:59really doesn’t respond to that he gets
00:38:01the last step on the shutdown checklist
00:38:03he says engine arm off and then he says
00:38:06the words they had made up the words
00:38:08that he had practiced the words that he
00:38:10wanted to be the first words spoken from
00:38:13another world
00:38:14he says Houston that’s where Mission
00:38:16Control is tranquility base here I’m
00:38:20sharing an alternate land in the place
00:38:21on the moon called The Sea of
00:38:22Tranquility the Eagle that’s the name of
00:38:26the little spaceship has landed and with
00:38:30those words there’s highly disciplined
00:38:34nerdy engineers and Mission Control with
00:38:36their white shirts and their black ties
00:38:38and their crew cuts as a group stand up
00:38:42and start shouting you can imagine this
00:38:46some shouting going on in those cars
00:38:48right remember the cars pulled off to
00:38:50the side of the road right what would
00:38:51you do if you’re sitting on that car
00:38:52listening to this right steering wheel
00:38:55shout look around see if anybody’s
00:38:58watching you you know certainly they’re
00:39:00shouting going on in that house in
00:39:02Philadelphia takes a ten-year-old boy
00:39:04just a few seconds to realize hey
00:39:06they’ve done that they’ve done this this
00:39:07is really did it and then he realizes
00:39:10that his dad is no longer down in that
00:39:12crouch but his dad is jumping up and
00:39:14down is shouting and shouting louder
00:39:16he’s never heard his dad shell and then
00:39:19the boy realized it’s not just this dad
00:39:21who’s shouting it’s the people next door
00:39:23it’s the people on the other side some
00:39:25people across the street the whole
00:39:27neighborhood is shouting and it’s the
00:39:29kind of noise that you don’t exactly
00:39:30hear if you feel in your stomach and it
00:39:33comes in waves so it’ll be really layout
00:39:35and then a little trail off and you
00:39:36think it’s gonna stop it no it gets
00:39:38really loud again and amidst all the
00:39:41shouting the boy focuses back on the
00:39:43television and he sees the second
00:39:46incredible thing of the day it’s there
00:39:49on TV it was just for a second the
00:39:50camera cut away just for a second but he
00:39:53saw it he did saw it just for a second
00:39:57there was Walter Cronkite prying
00:40:07that is my story um I say that I say
00:40:13it’s my story it’s not really it’s your
00:40:19story if you think about that story
00:40:23everything that was done in that story
00:40:25was done by people like you
00:40:27if you roll out of bed in the morning
00:40:29and you just want to build the next cool
00:40:32thing story belongs to you right it is
00:40:35part of our common cultural heritage and
00:40:38I don’t care if you grew up in the
00:40:40United States like I did or the old
00:40:42Soviet Union here in Germany elsewhere
00:40:45in Europe Asia it doesn’t matter if
00:40:47you’re one of us this story belongs to
00:40:50you but I did say that this story had
00:40:55lessons to teach us things to teach us
00:40:57so let me try and make the case that
00:40:58other than just being kind of a fun
00:41:00story it has things that teach us and it
00:41:03has little things to teach us in great
00:41:04big things to teach us so let me start
00:41:07with the little things you know what
00:41:08this story teaches us about little
00:41:10things in a complicated technical
00:41:12project like either software or going to
00:41:14the moon little things can kill you
00:41:17right let’s talk about the things that
00:41:20went wrong in that last 10 minutes right
00:41:23why did their radio stopped working
00:41:25right for five minutes their radio
00:41:28didn’t really work why was that well it
00:41:30turns out that has to do with the
00:41:32steering rockets from steering rockets
00:41:34well the problem wasn’t that the
00:41:36steering rockets on this thing didn’t
00:41:39function the problem was that the
00:41:42engineers behind this weird-looking
00:41:44spaceship a few months before it took
00:41:47off got worried that the steering
00:41:49rockets would actually burn through the
00:41:51skin of the spaceship some of these
00:41:53steering rockets were kind of pointed
00:41:54close to parts of the skin so they put
00:41:56these shields on it they keep the
00:41:59steering deflect the rocket exhaust so
00:42:01if they can get you know burn through
00:42:02the skin and those shields worked really
00:42:04well at the flexing the rocket exhaust
00:42:06it also worked really well at reflecting
00:42:08the radio signals and at certain angles
00:42:11it would screw up the radio
00:42:13communications guess which angles
00:42:15the earth is like right here when you’re
00:42:17trying to land on the moon they had
00:42:18never done that before
00:42:19right little things can kill you a
00:42:21couple of pieces of sheet metal can kill
00:42:24you and you know here’s a here’s a
00:42:26machine that has two million parts
00:42:28somebody puts a couple of pieces of
00:42:29sheet metal on it and it almost fails
00:42:32why did their computer crash their
00:42:36computer crashed because I had a couple
00:42:38of different modes one mode was tracked
00:42:41the ground that’s the mode it should
00:42:43have been in right pay no attention
00:42:44anything else tracked the grounds the
00:42:47mode it was actually in there was a
00:42:49switch you could select the mode the
00:42:51mode it was actually in was tracked the
00:42:53ground and the mothership at the same
00:42:55time well it turned out it couldn’t
00:42:57actually do that and started fall behind
00:42:59because the switch was in the wrong
00:43:01place right switch is in the wrong place
00:43:03that can kill you couple of pieces of
00:43:05sheet metal can kill you why were they
00:43:08off course they had this pinpoint
00:43:10landing picked out how did they get off
00:43:12course for that we need to go a few
00:43:14hours before the landing when these two
00:43:17spaceships were hooked together when
00:43:19they were hooked together there was like
00:43:20a tunnel that ran between them so the
00:43:21people could go back and forth and when
00:43:24they were getting ready to separate they
00:43:25closed the hatch at one end of the
00:43:27tunnel close the hatch at the other end
00:43:28and what they were supposed to do was
00:43:31pump all the air out of that tunnel well
00:43:33maybe they’re in a hurry maybe their
00:43:35minds were on other things didn’t quite
00:43:37get all of the air out of the tunnel so
00:43:39when they separated there was a puff of
00:43:41air that changed the speed of the lander
00:43:45by one kilometer per hour thing is going
00:43:481,700 kilometers per hour and it gets
00:43:51bumped and so that speed changes by one
00:43:53kilometer per hour what possible
00:43:55difference could one kilometer per hour
00:43:57make over two hours two kilometers the
00:44:02distance between a nice flat boring
00:44:04landing site and the crater of death
00:44:07right little things can kill you but you
00:44:11know what else
00:44:12the reason they overcame the thing the
00:44:15little things that almost killed this
00:44:17effort was trust think about the people
00:44:21in Mission Control when Armstrong he
00:44:25turned off the autopilot they did not
00:44:27radio up to him
00:44:28Neal you’ve turned off your targeting
00:44:30computer what’s the matter
00:44:31they simply they simply you know went
00:44:36trusted him
00:44:38when the computer crashed
00:44:41Armstrong asked Mission Control Mission
00:44:44Control asked Steve bales Steve bales
00:44:46basically trusted Margaret Hamilton and
00:44:49our software this was a chain of trust a
00:44:52quarter of a million miles long right
00:44:55Trust is what overcame the little things
00:44:58that went wrong there’s also I think
00:45:02something we can learn about leadership
00:45:04you need real leadership to do something
00:45:07like this you need real leadership to do
00:45:09the kind of stuff we do but in
00:45:13particular you need to know the
00:45:14difference between a leader and a hero I
00:45:16think we in the software industry we
00:45:20spend too much of our time worrying
00:45:21about heroes and heroics and what we
00:45:23really need are leaders like take this
00:45:26picture
00:45:27as an American I got to tell you I look
00:45:29at this picture every time and it grabs
00:45:30me right it’s very heroic and that’s the
00:45:33problem with it it looks like it was
00:45:35perfect it looks like there was this guy
00:45:38and he flew this perfect trip to the
00:45:40moon and he got out and he took this
00:45:41lovely picture and it was all flawless
00:45:43we know that’s not the case we know that
00:45:46this was thing was a struggle every step
00:45:49of the way I like instead of this
00:45:53picture you know what I like I like the
00:45:55shutdown checklist
00:45:56I like the shutdown checklist because it
00:46:01speaks to me of leadership right these
00:46:05are the words of two guys trying to get
00:46:07the job done at the end of a really bad
00:46:11day I like these words especially it
00:46:15makes me feel closer to this thing
00:46:16because these are the kind of thing this
00:46:18is the kind of mumbo-jumbo jargon that
00:46:21we speak to each other with all the time
00:46:23right our jargon is a little different
00:46:26than this jargon but it’s the same kind
00:46:27of incomprehensible nonsense right I
00:46:29could be saying something almost this
00:46:32incomprehensible bit as this when I go
00:46:34to work you you to these are the words
00:46:36of people like us you know what else
00:46:39these are these are the first word
00:46:42spoken from another world I like that
00:46:44they’re real words I like that they’re
00:46:46people trying to finish the job that’s
00:46:49something to remember that’s leadership
00:46:51and that that kind of brings me to the
00:46:54bigger lessons I think of the moon
00:46:57landing and I think the big lesson of
00:47:01the moon landing starts with the idea
00:47:03that when you do something technically
00:47:05difficult something technically cool you
00:47:08cannot predict the outcome right and so
00:47:13for example we went to the moon
00:47:15to win the cold war and kick the
00:47:16Russians butts and a funny thing
00:47:19happened on the way to the moon funny
00:47:21thing happened on the way to the moon we
00:47:23look back we looked over our shoulder
00:47:25and we saw that we see ourselves we saw
00:47:30a place in the universe now I know for
00:47:33maybe everybody here most of you anyway
00:47:37pictures like this they’re just kind of
00:47:39part of the wallpaper you seen them a
00:47:40thousand times right they don’t even
00:47:42register anymore people put them on
00:47:44t-shirts they’re the backgrounds on
00:47:46computers I would like for you to try to
00:47:49imagine that you have gotten to a
00:47:51certain point in your life having never
00:47:52seen a picture like this before and then
00:47:55one day somebody comes and slaps it down
00:47:57in front of you how would it make you
00:47:59feel what would you say I can tell you
00:48:04you say holy mother of God that’s
00:48:07everything that’s all of us it’s all
00:48:09we’ve ever known that is every birthday
00:48:13it’s every first day of school it’s
00:48:15every graduation it’s every first date
00:48:17it’s every love-affair – every marriage
00:48:20it’s every wedding anniversary it’s
00:48:23every funeral it’s every birthday so all
00:48:26we are it’s everything we’ve ever known
00:48:28it’s beautiful it’s tiny it’s out there
00:48:33in the black and then you think for a
00:48:35second and you think maybe we should
00:48:38take care of it
00:48:39it’s no coincidence in my opinion that
00:48:44pictures like this coincide almost
00:48:46exactly with modern environmentalism as
00:48:49a mass political movement you look at
00:48:52the picture and it just comes to you
00:48:53right
00:48:55do something difficult you do something
00:48:56technically sweet and you cannot predict
00:48:59the outcome which and that kind of
00:49:04brings me to what I think of is the big
00:49:06lesson kind of the why lesson of the
00:49:09story and it’s something I have a hard
00:49:11time putting into words and mostly I
00:49:14think of it as a conversation I think of
00:49:16it as maybe you and I go out and have a
00:49:19beer you think we could find a beer in
00:49:20Berlin you and I go out and have a beer
00:49:23and maybe one of us it doesn’t matter
00:49:26which has an idea and it doesn’t matter
00:49:28what the idea is maybe you want to get
00:49:29rich selling pet food on the internet
00:49:31maybe I want to create a new programming
00:49:33language or a database or something
00:49:35doesn’t matter right now maybe you’re
00:49:38against the idea and so you’re trying to
00:49:39argue me out of the idea and you could
00:49:42tell me it’s a bad idea you know no one
00:49:46will be interested or it won’t you know
00:49:47it won’t make any money and sure we
00:49:49could talk about that you could tell me
00:49:51that maybe they’ll just make society
00:49:53more unfair that it’ll be bad for people
00:49:56and sure you know we could talk about
00:49:57that or it’ll make your hair fall out of
00:49:59your teeth right I don’t know you know
00:50:01and we’re gonna talk about all these
00:50:02things the one thing you can’t tell me
00:50:05one thing I just won’t believe is that
00:50:08it is not possible
00:50:11I just won’t believe you see I’m
00:50:13familiar with the impossible I saw it on
00:50:16a TV when I was a kid for me the
00:50:20ultimate lesson of Apollo is that when
00:50:23you do something hard when you do
00:50:24something technically sweet well
00:50:26congratulations you have the thing great
00:50:28but there’s this other effect that goes
00:50:31out from it it’s like a wave it’s a wave
00:50:34of belief if she can do that maybe I can
00:50:39do that it’s a it makes people believe
00:50:43in the possibilities if he can do that
00:50:45maybe I can do something like that makes
00:50:47people believe in themselves I can do it
00:50:50I know this for a fact I know this for a
00:50:53fact because I am the result of one of
00:50:56those ways I am a child of Apollo I sat
00:51:01on that couch and my life changed it got
00:51:05off of whatever path have had been on
00:51:08and it got on a different path a path
00:51:10that led me to the University and to
00:51:12engineering and programming a little
00:51:15while after that to writing books and a
00:51:18little while after that to being here
00:51:20with you this morning for me the
00:51:23ultimate lesson of Apollo really has
00:51:26very little to do with space travel or
00:51:29astronauts or any of that stuff and it
00:51:31has everything to do with belief now I
00:51:35said that the story belongs to you and
00:51:37it does but the story comes with a
00:51:39challenge and challenge is to do the
00:51:44best thing to build the best thing that
00:51:47you possibly can you build it because
00:51:49it’s worth building you build it because
00:51:52it will inspire your co-workers you
00:51:56build it because it will inspire the
00:51:59people coming up through the profession
00:52:02behind you you build it for the next
00:52:05bunch of 10 year olds so for me the
00:52:09ultimate lesson of Apollo is all the way
00:52:13back so the words that started it all
00:52:16all those decades ago we choose to go to
00:52:20the moon not because it’s easy but
00:52:24because it’s hard go do something hard
00:52:28thank you
00:52:38you
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