I want to begin by stating the obvious this is a city this is another city and
this is a city this is another city and
this is a city this is another city and this is also a city
all too often we think about cities as
all too often we think about cities as spaces to be seen we think of them as
spaces to be seen we think of them as
spaces to be seen we think of them as landscapes that are made for the eye but
landscapes that are made for the eye but
landscapes that are made for the eye but what would happen if we think about
what would happen if we think about
what would happen if we think about cities less in terms of how they look
cities less in terms of how they look
cities less in terms of how they look and more in terms of how they sound well
and more in terms of how they sound well
and more in terms of how they sound well this is a question that animates my
this is a question that animates my
this is a question that animates my research as a sonic urbanist somebody
research as a sonic urbanist somebody
research as a sonic urbanist somebody who studies the sounds of the city I ask
who studies the sounds of the city I ask
who studies the sounds of the city I ask questions like what sorts of sounds do
questions like what sorts of sounds do
questions like what sorts of sounds do we hear in a given space how long have
we hear in a given space how long have
we hear in a given space how long have those sounds lived there and how do
those sounds lived there and how do
those sounds lived there and how do others listen to those same sounds or do
others listen to those same sounds or do
others listen to those same sounds or do they listen to them at all now I argue
they listen to them at all now I argue
they listen to them at all now I argue that we have a lot to learn by tuning
that we have a lot to learn by tuning
that we have a lot to learn by tuning into the everyday sounds that surround
into the everyday sounds that surround
into the everyday sounds that surround us that in sound we can hear the
us that in sound we can hear the
us that in sound we can hear the tensions over how spaces are used and
tensions over how spaces are used and
tensions over how spaces are used and how people want to use them the politics
how people want to use them the politics
how people want to use them the politics of the city are made audible sound tells
of the city are made audible sound tells
of the city are made audible sound tells us about what’s going on at the present
us about what’s going on at the present
us about what’s going on at the present moment but sound also has a history and
moment but sound also has a history and
moment but sound also has a history and it calls that past into the present and
it calls that past into the present and
it calls that past into the present and with that knowledge we can make better
with that knowledge we can make better
with that knowledge we can make better decisions about how to build more
decisions about how to build more
decisions about how to build more inclusive cities moving into the future
inclusive cities moving into the future
inclusive cities moving into the future in this sense sound and listening have a
in this sense sound and listening have a
in this sense sound and listening have a lot to contribute to discussions about
lot to contribute to discussions about
lot to contribute to discussions about urban planning and design which by the
urban planning and design which by the
urban planning and design which by the way our process is that what we often
way our process is that what we often
way our process is that what we often think of as being predominantly visual
think of as being predominantly visual
think of as being predominantly visual so I want to begin by thinking about a
so I want to begin by thinking about a
so I want to begin by thinking about a city that I’m sure all of you are
city that I’m sure all of you are
city that I’m sure all of you are familiar with since well we’re in it now
familiar with since well we’re in it now
familiar with since well we’re in it now that’s the City of Vancouver now if you
that’s the City of Vancouver now if you
that’s the City of Vancouver now if you think about your experiences in the City
think about your experiences in the City
think about your experiences in the City of Vancouver what sorts of sounds come
of Vancouver what sorts of sounds come
of Vancouver what sorts of sounds come to mind you might think of the sounds of
to mind you might think of the sounds of
to mind you might think of the sounds of traffic the music of street buskers if
traffic the music of street buskers if
traffic the music of street buskers if you’re down by the harbour you might
you’re down by the harbour you might
you’re down by the harbour you might think of the sounds of sea planes flying
think of the sounds of sea planes flying
think of the sounds of sea planes flying overhead a typical Vancouver sound but
overhead a typical Vancouver sound but
overhead a typical Vancouver sound but there’s also another sound that’s become
there’s also another sound that’s become
there’s also another sound that’s become increasingly audible in Vancouver over
increasingly audible in Vancouver over
increasingly audible in Vancouver over recent years one that can be heard in
recent years one that can be heard in
recent years one that can be heard in neighborhoods throughout the city it
neighborhoods throughout the city it
neighborhoods throughout the city it sounds like this
sounds like this
sounds like this [Music]
now these of course are the sounds of
now these of course are the sounds of construction they’re the sounds of urban
construction they’re the sounds of urban
construction they’re the sounds of urban development they’re the sounds or so
development they’re the sounds or so
development they’re the sounds or so we’ve been told of progress but there’s
we’ve been told of progress but there’s
we’ve been told of progress but there’s also a very different way of thinking
also a very different way of thinking
also a very different way of thinking about these sounds these are also the
about these sounds these are also the
about these sounds these are also the sounds of an impossible real estate
sounds of an impossible real estate
sounds of an impossible real estate market they’re the sounds of a very
market they’re the sounds of a very
market they’re the sounds of a very wealthy urban developer who’s getting
wealthy urban developer who’s getting
wealthy urban developer who’s getting richer they’re the sounds of debt these
richer they’re the sounds of debt these
richer they’re the sounds of debt these are the sounds that raise questions and
are the sounds that raise questions and
are the sounds that raise questions and students minds about whether or not
students minds about whether or not
students minds about whether or not they’ll be able to afford to live in the
they’ll be able to afford to live in the
they’ll be able to afford to live in the city for me these sounds raise questions
city for me these sounds raise questions
city for me these sounds raise questions about my own future in this city and
about my own future in this city and
about my own future in this city and whether or not I have one and we can
whether or not I have one and we can
whether or not I have one and we can only imagine what these sounds might
only imagine what these sounds might
only imagine what these sounds might mean to Vancouver’s low income
mean to Vancouver’s low income
mean to Vancouver’s low income communities and people for whom housing
communities and people for whom housing
communities and people for whom housing is a critical urban issue many of whom
is a critical urban issue many of whom
is a critical urban issue many of whom have ancestors who lived here long
have ancestors who lived here long
have ancestors who lived here long before this was the City of Vancouver
before this was the City of Vancouver
before this was the City of Vancouver and what do these sounds mean to them
and what do these sounds mean to them
and what do these sounds mean to them how do they listen to these sounds now
how do they listen to these sounds now
how do they listen to these sounds now of course Vancouver’s built on a lot
of course Vancouver’s built on a lot
of course Vancouver’s built on a lot more than the sounds of construction
more than the sounds of construction
more than the sounds of construction alone we could think of a countless
alone we could think of a countless
alone we could think of a countless number of moments that communicate to us
number of moments that communicate to us
number of moments that communicate to us precisely the opposite that Vancouver is
precisely the opposite that Vancouver is
precisely the opposite that Vancouver is an inclusive space one that’s
an inclusive space one that’s
an inclusive space one that’s accommodating to its many residents for
accommodating to its many residents for
accommodating to its many residents for instance you take a walk up the drive
instance you take a walk up the drive
instance you take a walk up the drive during the summer chances are good
during the summer chances are good
during the summer chances are good you’re going to be here you’re going to
you’re going to be here you’re going to
you’re going to be here you’re going to be able to hear the voices of people
be able to hear the voices of people
be able to hear the voices of people chatting and laughing as they’re dining
chatting and laughing as they’re dining
chatting and laughing as they’re dining on Street side patios
maybe take a walk through Chinatown most
maybe take a walk through Chinatown most any time of year you’re also likely to
any time of year you’re also likely to
any time of year you’re also likely to hear the voices of residents stopping to
hear the voices of residents stopping to
hear the voices of residents stopping to chat just to say hello to one another as
chat just to say hello to one another as
chat just to say hello to one another as they pass each other in the streets
now these are only two of a countless
now these are only two of a countless number of examples that tell us
number of examples that tell us
number of examples that tell us Vancouver is a space that accommodates
Vancouver is a space that accommodates
Vancouver is a space that accommodates the many diverse communities who live
the many diverse communities who live
the many diverse communities who live here it’s hard to hear these sounds as
here it’s hard to hear these sounds as
here it’s hard to hear these sounds as political per se but when you put them
political per se but when you put them
political per se but when you put them against a backdrop of displacement
against a backdrop of displacement
against a backdrop of displacement gentrification and quote unquote Urban
gentrification and quote unquote Urban
gentrification and quote unquote Urban Development these sounds definitely have
Development these sounds definitely have
Development these sounds definitely have a political dimension now an inclusive
a political dimension now an inclusive
a political dimension now an inclusive city is one that cultivates these types
city is one that cultivates these types
city is one that cultivates these types of sounds an inclusive city is a city
of sounds an inclusive city is a city
of sounds an inclusive city is a city that cultivates the sounds of the many
that cultivates the sounds of the many
that cultivates the sounds of the many diverse communities that live here it’s
diverse communities that live here it’s
diverse communities that live here it’s not one that cultivates the sounds that
not one that cultivates the sounds that
not one that cultivates the sounds that communicate a sense of impossibility
communicate a sense of impossibility
communicate a sense of impossibility like the sounds of construction and how
like the sounds of construction and how
like the sounds of construction and how many of us listen to them how do we know
many of us listen to them how do we know
many of us listen to them how do we know which sounds are inclusive and which
which sounds are inclusive and which
which sounds are inclusive and which sounds are exclusionary how do we hear
sounds are exclusionary how do we hear
sounds are exclusionary how do we hear the politics of sound and this is a
the politics of sound and this is a
the politics of sound and this is a question that I tackle as an instructor
question that I tackle as an instructor
question that I tackle as an instructor at Simon Fraser University where I teach
at Simon Fraser University where I teach
at Simon Fraser University where I teach courses on sound and listening it’s my
courses on sound and listening it’s my
courses on sound and listening it’s my job to cultivate students who are not
job to cultivate students who are not
job to cultivate students who are not only better readers and writers but
only better readers and writers but
only better readers and writers but students who are better listeners and
students who are better listeners and
students who are better listeners and what I tell them is that there’s no
what I tell them is that there’s no
what I tell them is that there’s no single approach to the act of listening
single approach to the act of listening
single approach to the act of listening everybody does it differently but an
everybody does it differently but an
everybody does it differently but an effective listener and an effective
effective listener and an effective
effective listener and an effective listening experience does embody the
listening experience does embody the
listening experience does embody the following few attributes the first of
following few attributes the first of
following few attributes the first of which is curiosity who what where when
which is curiosity who what where when
which is curiosity who what where when how why these are questions that we need
how why these are questions that we need
how why these are questions that we need to learn to ask with and through our
to learn to ask with and through our
to learn to ask with and through our ears in this sense we need to learn to
ears in this sense we need to learn to
ears in this sense we need to learn to develop curious ears patience we need to
develop curious ears patience we need to
develop curious ears patience we need to learn that listening is an effort that
learn that listening is an effort that
learn that listening is an effort that takes time and energy and that the one
takes time and energy and that the one
takes time and energy and that the one thing we’re not doing when we’re
thing we’re not doing when we’re
thing we’re not doing when we’re listening it’s speaking in this sense we
listening it’s speaking in this sense we
listening it’s speaking in this sense we need to learn to listen with patient
need to learn to listen with patient
need to learn to listen with patient ears but above all we need to understand
ears but above all we need to understand
ears but above all we need to understand the limits of our listening we need to
the limits of our listening we need to
the limits of our listening we need to understand that the meaning we attribute
understand that the meaning we attribute
understand that the meaning we attribute to a particular sound can be listened to
to a particular sound can be listened to
to a particular sound can be listened to in any number of ways depending on who
in any number of ways depending on who
in any number of ways depending on who doing the listening now in this sense we
doing the listening now in this sense we
doing the listening now in this sense we need to learn to listen with empathetic
need to learn to listen with empathetic
need to learn to listen with empathetic ears now I want to give you an example
ears now I want to give you an example
ears now I want to give you an example from my own research of how I tried to
from my own research of how I tried to
from my own research of how I tried to put each of these attributes into
put each of these attributes into
put each of these attributes into practice I want to give you an example
practice I want to give you an example
practice I want to give you an example of my own listening an example of my
of my own listening an example of my
of my own listening an example of my learning to listen and it’s an example
learning to listen and it’s an example
learning to listen and it’s an example of what I learned from listening and to
of what I learned from listening and to
of what I learned from listening and to do that we’re going to travel to a part
do that we’re going to travel to a part
do that we’re going to travel to a part of the world that has a lot to teach us
of the world that has a lot to teach us
of the world that has a lot to teach us about community about resilience and
about community about resilience and
about community about resilience and about listening
now these of course are the sounds it’s
now these of course are the sounds it’s the music of the ice cream vendor and
the music of the ice cream vendor and
the music of the ice cream vendor and you were able to recognize it because
you were able to recognize it because
you were able to recognize it because it’s a sound that’s heard in cities
it’s a sound that’s heard in cities
it’s a sound that’s heard in cities around the world
around the world
around the world it’s almost universally recognizable it
it’s almost universally recognizable it
it’s almost universally recognizable it evokes a sense of nostalgia you might
evokes a sense of nostalgia you might
evokes a sense of nostalgia you might have thought of your childhood but in
have thought of your childhood but in
have thought of your childhood but in the city of Havana Cuba where I captured
the city of Havana Cuba where I captured
the city of Havana Cuba where I captured both this recording and this photo the
both this recording and this photo the
both this recording and this photo the sound has a bit of a different meaning
sound has a bit of a different meaning
sound has a bit of a different meaning now of course it still means that ice
now of course it still means that ice
now of course it still means that ice creams being sold and of course it still
creams being sold and of course it still
creams being sold and of course it still sends children running into the streets
sends children running into the streets
sends children running into the streets but it’s also a sound that calls forward
but it’s also a sound that calls forward
but it’s also a sound that calls forward the city’s past into the present and it
the city’s past into the present and it
the city’s past into the present and it gives us clues about where it wants to
gives us clues about where it wants to
gives us clues about where it wants to go into the future as well let me tell
go into the future as well let me tell
go into the future as well let me tell you how so when I captured both this
you how so when I captured both this
you how so when I captured both this recording and this photo I showed them
recording and this photo I showed them
recording and this photo I showed them to my friend while I was living in
to my friend while I was living in
to my friend while I was living in Havana and he was quick to point out
Havana and he was quick to point out
Havana and he was quick to point out that the music of the ice cream vendor
that the music of the ice cream vendor
that the music of the ice cream vendor is a relatively new sound on the streets
is a relatively new sound on the streets
is a relatively new sound on the streets of the city that it had only been heard
of the city that it had only been heard
of the city that it had only been heard over the last couple of years or so and
over the last couple of years or so and
over the last couple of years or so and I asked and I said how could that be
I asked and I said how could that be
I asked and I said how could that be because I was sure that the music of the
because I was sure that the music of the
because I was sure that the music of the ice cream vendor is a lot older than a
ice cream vendor is a lot older than a
ice cream vendor is a lot older than a couple of years and what he told me was
couple of years and what he told me was
couple of years and what he told me was that the beginning of the 1990s
that the beginning of the 1990s
that the beginning of the 1990s following the collapse of Soviet
following the collapse of Soviet
following the collapse of Soviet Communism Cuba entered a moment of
Communism Cuba entered a moment of
Communism Cuba entered a moment of profound economic crisis and during that
profound economic crisis and during that
profound economic crisis and during that time there was barely enough food to eat
time there was barely enough food to eat
time there was barely enough food to eat let alone ice cream to be sold in the
let alone ice cream to be sold in the
let alone ice cream to be sold in the streets so for a period of about 20
streets so for a period of about 20
streets so for a period of about 20 years the music of the ice cream vendor
years the music of the ice cream vendor
years the music of the ice cream vendor fell silent it was gone only over the
fell silent it was gone only over the
fell silent it was gone only over the last couple of years or so have vendors
last couple of years or so have vendors
last couple of years or so have vendors like this gentleman in the blue shirt
like this gentleman in the blue shirt
like this gentleman in the blue shirt reemerged on to the streets of the city
reemerged on to the streets of the city
reemerged on to the streets of the city now so I wondered with needs as pressing
now so I wondered with needs as pressing
now so I wondered with needs as pressing as finding a sufficient amount of
as finding a sufficient amount of
as finding a sufficient amount of nutrition did residents even notice that
nutrition did residents even notice that
nutrition did residents even notice that the music of the ice cream vendor was
the music of the ice cream vendor was
the music of the ice cream vendor was gone and I guess this raises a larger
gone and I guess this raises a larger
gone and I guess this raises a larger question which is how important ice is
question which is how important ice is
question which is how important ice is ice cream and the right answer the right
ice cream and the right answer the right
ice cream and the right answer the right answer all around the world but
answer all around the world but
answer all around the world but especially in Cuba especially in Cuba is
especially in Cuba especially in Cuba is
especially in Cuba especially in Cuba is it’s very important ice cream rights
it’s very important ice cream rights
it’s very important ice cream rights Havana bass journalists even Garcia is
Havana bass journalists even Garcia is
Havana bass journalists even Garcia is one of the favorite treats for Cuba
one of the favorite treats for Cuba
one of the favorite treats for Cuba of all ages and eras it’s a way to cool
of all ages and eras it’s a way to cool
of all ages and eras it’s a way to cool down on a hot day and in Havana most
down on a hot day and in Havana most
down on a hot day and in Havana most days are hot days it’s social it brings
days are hot days it’s social it brings
days are hot days it’s social it brings people out of their homes and into the
people out of their homes and into the
people out of their homes and into the streets where they can chat with one
streets where they can chat with one
streets where they can chat with one another
another
another catch up just shoot the breeze and it’s
catch up just shoot the breeze and it’s
catch up just shoot the breeze and it’s connected to the landscape of course the
connected to the landscape of course the
connected to the landscape of course the main ingredient in ice cream is what
main ingredient in ice cream is what
main ingredient in ice cream is what sugar which has been grown on the island
sugar which has been grown on the island
sugar which has been grown on the island for centuries and so it’s no surprise
for centuries and so it’s no surprise
for centuries and so it’s no surprise then that ice cream vendors have quite a
then that ice cream vendors have quite a
then that ice cream vendors have quite a history in the city of Havana this is
history in the city of Havana this is
history in the city of Havana this is one of the earliest photos of an ice
one of the earliest photos of an ice
one of the earliest photos of an ice cream vendor on the streets of the city
cream vendor on the streets of the city
cream vendor on the streets of the city taken in the 1890s this is a vendor
taken in the 1890s this is a vendor
taken in the 1890s this is a vendor who’s selling a food item with a
who’s selling a food item with a
who’s selling a food item with a tremendous amount of cultural importance
tremendous amount of cultural importance
tremendous amount of cultural importance and so the ways that this vendor sounds
and so the ways that this vendor sounds
and so the ways that this vendor sounds are an incredibly important sound on the
are an incredibly important sound on the
are an incredibly important sound on the streets of the city these are sounds
streets of the city these are sounds
streets of the city these are sounds that have been heard on the streets of
that have been heard on the streets of
that have been heard on the streets of Havana for more than a hundred and
Havana for more than a hundred and
Havana for more than a hundred and twenty years these are the sounds of joy
twenty years these are the sounds of joy
twenty years these are the sounds of joy of enthusiasm of abundance of affluence
of enthusiasm of abundance of affluence
of enthusiasm of abundance of affluence but above all these are the sounds of
but above all these are the sounds of
but above all these are the sounds of community and of resilience in a city
community and of resilience in a city
community and of resilience in a city that’s not being overrun by developers
that’s not being overrun by developers
that’s not being overrun by developers but one that’s being overrun by
but one that’s being overrun by
but one that’s being overrun by international travelers by the growing
international travelers by the growing
international travelers by the growing tourist economy now how would you listen
tourist economy now how would you listen
tourist economy now how would you listen to the audio that I played for you just
to the audio that I played for you just
to the audio that I played for you just a second ago after I’ve told you this
a second ago after I’ve told you this
a second ago after I’ve told you this this story it’s likely that you
this story it’s likely that you
this story it’s likely that you interpret it you interpreted it as
interpret it you interpreted it as
interpret it you interpreted it as nothing more than the music of the ice
nothing more than the music of the ice
nothing more than the music of the ice cream vendor but now you thought you
cream vendor but now you thought you
cream vendor but now you thought you know a little bit more about its history
know a little bit more about its history
know a little bit more about its history how do you listen to that same sound
how do you listen to that same sound
how do you listen to that same sound still means all of the things you
still means all of the things you
still means all of the things you originally associated with it but it
originally associated with it but it
originally associated with it but it also means so much more and in order for
also means so much more and in order for
also means so much more and in order for me to hear to hear that meaning I had to
me to hear to hear that meaning I had to
me to hear to hear that meaning I had to listen with curiosity I had to listen
listen with curiosity I had to listen
listen with curiosity I had to listen with patience but above all I had to
with patience but above all I had to
with patience but above all I had to listen in a way that pushed me outside
listen in a way that pushed me outside
listen in a way that pushed me outside of the original meanings that I
of the original meanings that I
of the original meanings that I attributed to that sound
now I’ll never know what it’s like to
now I’ll never know what it’s like to live through the economic crisis of the
live through the economic crisis of the
live through the economic crisis of the 1990s in Havana but I can do my best to
1990s in Havana but I can do my best to
1990s in Havana but I can do my best to try and understand how that moment of
try and understand how that moment of
try and understand how that moment of crisis and how the history of
crisis and how the history of
crisis and how the history of colonialism more broadly it’s brought to
colonialism more broadly it’s brought to
colonialism more broadly it’s brought to bear in the sounds of the city today and
bear in the sounds of the city today and
bear in the sounds of the city today and in the ways that residents listen to
in the ways that residents listen to
in the ways that residents listen to those sounds and what I understand is
those sounds and what I understand is
those sounds and what I understand is that like the voices of residents
that like the voices of residents
that like the voices of residents chatting with one another in Chinatown
chatting with one another in Chinatown
chatting with one another in Chinatown and the sounds of diners on the drive
and the sounds of diners on the drive
and the sounds of diners on the drive the music of the ice-cream vendor is a
the music of the ice-cream vendor is a
the music of the ice-cream vendor is a sound that tells us Havana is a city
sound that tells us Havana is a city
sound that tells us Havana is a city that’s being lived according to the
that’s being lived according to the
that’s being lived according to the desires and the aspirations of the
desires and the aspirations of the
desires and the aspirations of the people who live there no one other than
people who live there no one other than
people who live there no one other than them it’s a sound that has roots in the
them it’s a sound that has roots in the
them it’s a sound that has roots in the past and that brings it into an
past and that brings it into an
past and that brings it into an inclusive and equitable present it’s a
inclusive and equitable present it’s a
inclusive and equitable present it’s a sound that communicates residents are
sound that communicates residents are
sound that communicates residents are here and in this moment this is their
here and in this moment this is their
here and in this moment this is their space this is their moment and it’s
space this is their moment and it’s
space this is their moment and it’s moments like these that we need to
moments like these that we need to
moments like these that we need to cultivate if we’re gonna try to build
cultivate if we’re gonna try to build
cultivate if we’re gonna try to build more inclusive and equitable cities
more inclusive and equitable cities
more inclusive and equitable cities moving forward now I began the talk with
moving forward now I began the talk with
moving forward now I began the talk with the question what would happen if we
the question what would happen if we
the question what would happen if we think about cities less in terms of how
think about cities less in terms of how
think about cities less in terms of how they look and more in terms of how they
they look and more in terms of how they
they look and more in terms of how they sound and I worked through a handful of
sound and I worked through a handful of
sound and I worked through a handful of examples in both Vancouver and Havana
examples in both Vancouver and Havana
examples in both Vancouver and Havana sounds that communicate a sense of
sounds that communicate a sense of
sounds that communicate a sense of exclusion that tell us the city’s a
exclusion that tell us the city’s a
exclusion that tell us the city’s a space only for a privileged few and
space only for a privileged few and
space only for a privileged few and sounds that communicate a sense of
sounds that communicate a sense of
sounds that communicate a sense of inclusion that tell us the city is
inclusion that tell us the city is
inclusion that tell us the city is accommodating and inviting now we need
accommodating and inviting now we need
accommodating and inviting now we need to be able to decide which is which if
to be able to decide which is which if
to be able to decide which is which if we’re gonna build more equitable
we’re gonna build more equitable
we’re gonna build more equitable inclusive and democratic cities moving
inclusive and democratic cities moving
inclusive and democratic cities moving forward and this is a task that belongs
forward and this is a task that belongs
forward and this is a task that belongs not to designers or planners or decision
not to designers or planners or decision
not to designers or planners or decision makers alone but it’s a task that
makers alone but it’s a task that
makers alone but it’s a task that belongs to all of us the people who make
belongs to all of us the people who make
belongs to all of us the people who make the city what it is now as you leave
the city what it is now as you leave
the city what it is now as you leave today and hopefully think about some of
today and hopefully think about some of
today and hopefully think about some of these ideas I invite you to ask yourself
these ideas I invite you to ask yourself
these ideas I invite you to ask yourself not what type of city do I want to see
not what type of city do I want to see
not what type of city do I want to see but instead what type of city do I want
but instead what type of city do I want
but instead what type of city do I want to hear thank you
to hear thank you
to hear thank you [Applause]
”
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