century gene which is the first in net
progression
the idea ends material limits to
mines he’s been experimenting with
concessions said
let’s imagine that I’m at the limit that I
position me badly to us to make it
fixed stars
can I get one
stick of the hand beyond it is absurd
that I thought I see him I’ll tell you
make
and if there is always a new space
to which reach the balloon
it’s a little kit the hints and
extension probably because it’s
so so the concept of a finish from
of a solid reflection and by the same
opportunity they give a magnificent
definition of the work of researcher who
exactly to position oneself to
myths and wait to beat beyond the
research is to repel the
limits of knowledge and for
to overcome the conceptual limits
and technological
so for me that the work at the
limit of the infinitely small in physics
particles
in this area of research
fundamental we can go beyond
limits in many ways it can be
to cross an obstacle
for example it is thanks to a physical
experimental to experiment paris that
can be crossing one of the technologies
but it can also be watching
things if a slightly different angle
and that’s often the case in physics
theoretical
so I’m going to illustrate his friends it’s
with the house and that of the research
of the party more hacked
2 which was discovered at large
hadron collider the lhc in 2010
your following texts the physics of
particles that is to say the study of
the universe end of its constituents
elementary and a pretty discipline
young with a hundred years is
pretty built by round trip between
theoretical developments and
asteria developments button they
make up today on a model the
standard model of physics
particles that lived in one and
mirific equation all the content and the
dynamics of the universe
at the level of food constructions
in a theoretical point of view this
population with a cable
she responds to all possible knowings
the physics the yarn including the
fundamental symmetries of the universe and
from an experimental point of view it is
validated it means that all
parameter values that we want
calculated from this equation
match and with three months a
formidable precision to the observations
mental then how much does the link
between experience and theory it is necessary
to tell each other that circle this equation
corresponds to either a particle the
desecration of a vehicle either
the particle interaction of them
there are three categories of particles
in the standard model of physics
particles
there are also the particles of
matter which is also called the last
that you see here in this table then
we all knew the lectoure at the bottom but
his cousins also the word and to
the territories of the train is so ward
which he and the dice that constitutes
mostly return it then the a12
elementary constituents in matter these
particles interact with each other
by exchanging another type of particle
for me this is the beautiful days
and hours and that corresponds to
interactions
so there is the photon in paris all to
time for interaction
electromagnetic and so
similar
go further for interaction
strong who has the leaders of the cause
nuclear
and then the w the aids for
the peng interaction which she is
responsible for example from the
nuclear disintegration petain and then
all alone in its category
the higgs boson is a beauceron
cameron then this model as I le dinh
has evolved a lot over time and
in the early 60s he was one
very satisfactory cables by stoke
extraordinarily predictive with a
governed problem is that the equation for
respect the fundamental symmetries of
the universe
a tip that particle masses
be strictly mule
but it was built by experience
especially by the wz bosons
to warn it took the genius of these
three gentlemen but it’s open
ids and brutt and many more
to solve cross this
looking at the things they proposed
what is called symmetry breaking
sweet sweet companion then just
for that to add in the passes have
a potential that I present to you here and
which for some obvious reason is a little
the potential ranch to prometic this body
entire and of course symmetrical to
rotation of furnaces vertical axis which
goes through his whole
if the particles in this ancient tale to
this place I assimilate infinite who
all describe the same if the aleve except
that it serve metastable state because
nature prevert the states of over
low energy
as for particles will fall in the
potential for example at this place
there apparently the physics described by
earth of its symmetry as the particle
she chose a particular place of
shrimp format
but the practices on the other hand she has
always kept its symmetry and basically
that’s called a rice field
sweet or spontaneous symmetry his guards
and symmetric the equations under
underlying physics allow them to
physical states to break these symmetry
not to respect
fundamentals of the universe and that’s
thanks to this type of mechanism that
theorists expect to take into account
in the equation
the masses of the particles while
respecting fundamental symmetries
of the universe
so to be able to validate the new
technique with real good it is told him
no it was obviously necessary to observe that
there more specifically speaking towards
are unstable
it means that if you create soon
disintegrate into other particles is
normal when you say so early I do not like
not in some wrinkles it’s about
from 10 – 23 seconds
ie if straw yellow when writing
you for $ 0.5 billion billion 2 0
a bonus to observe and study these
particles installs well in the
products to watch them a momentum that’s
what’s called a collision
particle and proton producers
to prayer
where to buy it only under the
famous einstein e mc2 formula with
them for equal energy even class and
of the light a13 squared and can
from energy mass energy
kinetics of the particles that come into
collision
create new hand
particular obviously more one
accelerates a particle that enchants me
volition then we have energy
available for particles re
massive and for the theory only predicts
not the basis of research articles
as it’s carole bolide is not for
maximize the chances of observing it on
reproduced demolition at the highest
possible energy
that’s one thing but other arms
already played a little earlier in the
evening the quantum mechanics is
governed by probable what is
that means it means that in a
chain vision I do not know to
the advanced what part of the same product
on the other hand I know calculated with it
for the truth what frequency such or
such part more m
and to welcome you to the renewed mayor
on average every 10 billion yuan
at the high energy campus
I need to produce a lot of
collisions and often so to tennis and
the collision rate is the notebook of
charges that must be respected by the lhc for
allow observation of a break on
said that makes it the machine of all
superlatives
I want to make my list so we are at
100 meters underground under the border
franco-swiss you see here we do not
do not want better job white ticket
Believe me this is where visiting
at the cern near geneva and vaud time ci
refusing 27km ring from
circumference and travel at speed
99.9
09/09 injunctions of the woods for his la
speed of light tests almost
at the speed of reign in the sense
schedule for some and in the sense
contrary the others to fix the
Recipe ideas equals one billion
of hour kilometers so basically for
to travel 25 km from there we proton
need a militant for yan zi
thousandths of a second
then these products for us to
common for each particle path to
course of their trajectories have made
reign in the tubes in which they
circulate an ultra vacuum the pressure of
10-13 atmosphere
ie more reasonable fees and
his pressure a cell very quickly and
reigns in the twenty five kilometers
of aullene in some points of death
we diverge slightly the trajectories
bretons of the trajectory quasi
Circular for me Ferrandi
saying that it generates in volumes
extraordinary of a small energy
colossal 13 teraelectron volts
lately I was confident
had joined the vote to fix the
interests and laughter corresponds to
the breathtaking energy of a mosquito
in words and I believe that all of a
blow was losing a repression
mass
yes but at lhc these energies are
concentrated in the thousand columns
billions of times more shots than the
volume and the mystic then the projects
circulate individually at
champagne and like a lot of collision
circulated in the wet hcd and
each of these thousands of packages
contains more than 150 billion decree
like to fix ideas without before
first is about the number of
canvases that it’s true the collection and
to have a lot of questions have
does this third these materials all the
25 billion diane of this world then
Gbagbo is redesigned is actually his
full of emptiness because she claims
it’s tiny it’s ten points 15 m
the word world or paca she stands
cross interspersed I made the
break in two packets are crossed
interpenetrate in fact only a few
products collide and
pictures coming in opposite directions for
increase the chances that what was doing
not if we just get to see the paintings
collisions shook this materials
first said their full dimension
concept that then reach some
something of the order of near because of home
we
the head of the order of 15 walks me and
that it allows that at each crossing of
packets of protons and dozens of
next years collection
how do you do to have a lot of
peasants in a year what they think about
energy to control the trajectory
thousands of little mistakes
had bought the lhc course there are about
just I believe 9,300 magnets that are from
all kinds most impressive
are the 1200 years
hen they fell the reform is
possible it is almost circular
then trade union it takes every hour 14
meters high and five to 35 2
they are in words mainly thought
a final winding we will be happy
it’s titanium novillo and it’s
finally who are doing this micrometers of
diameter is very small are silted
a trick to make cases we can do
a calculation and there are seven thousand six hundred
kilometers of cables in the register in
terms of filaments it’s more than
five round trips staff in 1h02
ultimately superconductors and of course
for these cases to be your origins
superconductors have closed a cold
intense 1,9 degrees kelvin that fits
to our charming 270 degrees celsius and
this temperature concerns 48 tons of
material here for the test and cowardice
and how do we hold a lot of
next volition and high energy
so their disgust vision of particles
unstable are made that disintegrates
have other particles that have been tracked
identified and measured to be able to
go back what happened during the
collision
then to detect particles that
are so small orphan physicist and
considers dimensionless
we use the following principle if we
do not want to see a particle we can see
the traces they leave on their
passage by interacting with the material
in the same way that we can not
book invisible by definition
However we can see his watch
passage for example on the sand wind
beach so around every point of
religion of lhc is installed a
gigantic detector you have atlas
on one side panels and cms on the other these
detectors are sort of
90 million pixel cameras that
records what happens in prison
and it’s the visits and the
instruments of the extremely first
because they are synchronized with
the lhc
that means she takes a picture
solid but then they are very
complex because they are
made up of different sub
detectors that give information
useful on the particles of the ccms
are like technology monsters
carpet is 128 years old by their calm
to fat is a giant he is great like
a ten-story building inflicted
on the flank with his 46 m less than a
meter and diameter and that’s enough
light down scott this young while
crs whose drogba test is almost
twice as many titles and its beautiful
12 8 500 tons then the superlatives do not
do not stop there it concerns for example
if the means – it takes thousands
of physicists engineering students and
technicians work that together they
come from dozens of different countries
and all that to face
we time students if they are a little
particular it took thirty years for
to imagine to lighter the lhc the
vectors and they will be exploited
for dozens of years
and then to finish I will talk about the
data processing that compares to
closed if if we know that since
2009 start the l buy the
collider finished drawn by
hundreds of that day 2 billion
opposition to study then of course the
search it consists of always exceeded
to focus to compel cross
a I’m already in the way not
crossed the 80 for physics we have
guy exacerbation of the higgs boson the
standard model on board
so for the physics of the bottom of
limits it’s going to be looked at what’s going on
pass or monastic life
we know that the whole universe is not
described by me
there for example we do not know that we have
made their famous soft material and for
to be able to do future research
technology is also projected into the
future then as far as the hajj
sect is to balance their accounts and
its energy on the other hand one can
increase pollution levels by
example in account in addition to produce
each pack or by densifying squeeze
to mention more
that’s the project ashrel cowardice that
will take the continuation of lhc around
from 2026 and with this project there at every
crossing of proton packets
we will have to observe several hundred
proton proton stéphanie collisions
against a few dozen jobs and
then for the future already has it
to imagine a new collector
why not a little beast 200 km from
circumference is strong
always in the same ocean place
tradional and it’s a lot less than
the most likeable features of luxury
between human beings is that there is no
limits nor to our thirst for
big curiosity and we sell less to
our imagination
except
[Applause]
”
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