thank you so much we are going to talk about dodging so you can see can’t you
about dodging so you can see can’t you
about dodging so you can see can’t you elephants and there’s a big elephant
elephants and there’s a big elephant
elephants and there’s a big elephant nudging a little elephant and it might
nudging a little elephant and it might
nudging a little elephant and it might be useful to think of the big elephant
be useful to think of the big elephant
be useful to think of the big elephant as very friendly to the little elephant
as very friendly to the little elephant
as very friendly to the little elephant and preserving the little elephant’s
and preserving the little elephant’s
and preserving the little elephant’s freedom of choice so the basic idea here
freedom of choice so the basic idea here
freedom of choice so the basic idea here is that the big Dodger is saying to the
is that the big Dodger is saying to the
is that the big Dodger is saying to the little elephant here’s a way you can go
little elephant here’s a way you can go
little elephant here’s a way you can go if you want to be healthy and prosperous
if you want to be healthy and prosperous
if you want to be healthy and prosperous shortly after that elephant did that
shortly after that elephant did that
shortly after that elephant did that good work the government of the United
good work the government of the United
good work the government of the United Kingdom created something called a nudge
Kingdom created something called a nudge
Kingdom created something called a nudge unit and inside the nudge unit there’s a
unit and inside the nudge unit there’s a
unit and inside the nudge unit there’s a book of that title our tails of things
book of that title our tails of things
book of that title our tails of things like reminders and warnings and
like reminders and warnings and
like reminders and warnings and information preserving initiatives which
information preserving initiatives which
information preserving initiatives which have saved people a lot of money and in
have saved people a lot of money and in
have saved people a lot of money and in some cases extended lives quite
some cases extended lives quite
some cases extended lives quite significantly I was privileged in the
significantly I was privileged in the
significantly I was privileged in the first term of the Obama administration
first term of the Obama administration
first term of the Obama administration to work for the president that was of
to work for the president that was of
to work for the president that was of course the honor of a lifetime and one
course the honor of a lifetime and one
course the honor of a lifetime and one of the less partisan things we were able
of the less partisan things we were able
of the less partisan things we were able to do these are things that did not
to do these are things that did not
to do these are things that did not split Republicans and Democrats are in
split Republicans and Democrats are in
split Republicans and Democrats are in the domain that focusing on here that is
the domain that focusing on here that is
the domain that focusing on here that is strategies that allow people to go the
strategies that allow people to go the
strategies that allow people to go the direction they want to go that are
direction they want to go that are
direction they want to go that are preserving people’s Liberty of choice
preserving people’s Liberty of choice
preserving people’s Liberty of choice but that also work to enable them to
but that also work to enable them to
but that also work to enable them to make better decisions richard thaler the
make better decisions richard thaler the
make better decisions richard thaler the first name on the book nudge won the
first name on the book nudge won the
first name on the book nudge won the Nobel Prize in this year 2017 and what
Nobel Prize in this year 2017 and what
Nobel Prize in this year 2017 and what he won the Nobel Prize for is something
he won the Nobel Prize for is something
he won the Nobel Prize for is something that it’s amazing that hadn’t been done
that it’s amazing that hadn’t been done
that it’s amazing that hadn’t been done before Thaler which is to do economics
before Thaler which is to do economics
before Thaler which is to do economics with real human beings so what we’re
with real human beings so what we’re
with real human beings so what we’re speaking about is doing economics by
speaking about is doing economics by
speaking about is doing economics by taking human beings as they are not as
taking human beings as they are not as
taking human beings as they are not as if they are computers
if they are computers
if they are computers can generate ideal outcomes because they
can generate ideal outcomes because they
can generate ideal outcomes because they have algorithms inside now a knowledge
have algorithms inside now a knowledge
have algorithms inside now a knowledge can be defined as something that is like
can be defined as something that is like
can be defined as something that is like a GPS device it tells you how to get in
a GPS device it tells you how to get in
a GPS device it tells you how to get in the direction that you want to go
the direction that you want to go
the direction that you want to go whether it’s to cure a medical problem
whether it’s to cure a medical problem
whether it’s to cure a medical problem or to make sure a bill is paid on time
or to make sure a bill is paid on time
or to make sure a bill is paid on time or to have resources when you really
or to have resources when you really
or to have resources when you really need them it’s like a GPS device and
need them it’s like a GPS device and
need them it’s like a GPS device and what’s beautiful about GPS devices is
what’s beautiful about GPS devices is
what’s beautiful about GPS devices is that they are respectful of your view
that they are respectful of your view
that they are respectful of your view about what the right destination is and
about what the right destination is and
about what the right destination is and they also give you guidance that you can
they also give you guidance that you can
they also give you guidance that you can reject if you don’t like it so that is
reject if you don’t like it so that is
reject if you don’t like it so that is kind of a defining nudge here is a
kind of a defining nudge here is a
kind of a defining nudge here is a scandalous nudge the only one I have for
scandalous nudge the only one I have for
scandalous nudge the only one I have for the women who are viewing maybe you’ve
the women who are viewing maybe you’ve
the women who are viewing maybe you’ve never seen a urinal before this is
never seen a urinal before this is
never seen a urinal before this is actually what it looks like lovely isn’t
actually what it looks like lovely isn’t
actually what it looks like lovely isn’t it but this isn’t just any urinal this
it but this isn’t just any urinal this
it but this isn’t just any urinal this is a urinal in the Netherlands Airport
is a urinal in the Netherlands Airport
is a urinal in the Netherlands Airport which has a fly painted on it that’s not
which has a fly painted on it that’s not
which has a fly painted on it that’s not a real fly the reason the fly was
a real fly the reason the fly was
a real fly the reason the fly was painted is to reduce the problem of
painted is to reduce the problem of
painted is to reduce the problem of pardon the word spillage and the result
pardon the word spillage and the result
pardon the word spillage and the result of the painted fly was to reduce
of the painted fly was to reduce
of the painted fly was to reduce spillage by 44% apparently men who see
spillage by 44% apparently men who see
spillage by 44% apparently men who see the fly can’t help but aim at it
[Applause]
[Applause] now now the problem of spillage at
now now the problem of spillage at
now now the problem of spillage at airports is not the number one public
airports is not the number one public
airports is not the number one public health problem facing the world today
health problem facing the world today
health problem facing the world today but there’s a general lesson that is in
but there’s a general lesson that is in
but there’s a general lesson that is in many domains not just this one we need
many domains not just this one we need
many domains not just this one we need to have a fly painted so that we can
to have a fly painted so that we can
to have a fly painted so that we can know what we’re supposed to do a friend
know what we’re supposed to do a friend
know what we’re supposed to do a friend of mine from Germany sent me this
of mine from Germany sent me this
of mine from Germany sent me this postcard it’s apparently a real postcard
and it suggests that dodges can’t dodges
and it suggests that dodges can’t dodges can go wrong in terms of public policy
can go wrong in terms of public policy
can go wrong in terms of public policy here we have a situation on our hands in
here we have a situation on our hands in
here we have a situation on our hands in this country and in fact in many
this country and in fact in many
this country and in fact in many countries which is people aren’t saving
countries which is people aren’t saving
countries which is people aren’t saving enough for retirement and the reason is
enough for retirement and the reason is
enough for retirement and the reason is they don’t sign up for pension plans
they don’t sign up for pension plans
they don’t sign up for pension plans which are really often in their economic
which are really often in their economic
which are really often in their economic interest what we know is that a very
interest what we know is that a very
interest what we know is that a very simple tweak to what employers have done
simple tweak to what employers have done
simple tweak to what employers have done for a long time
for a long time
for a long time massively increases people’s money in
massively increases people’s money in
massively increases people’s money in retirement and here’s the tweak switch
retirement and here’s the tweak switch
retirement and here’s the tweak switch from an opt-in design where people have
from an opt-in design where people have
from an opt-in design where people have to sign up to an opt out design where
to sign up to an opt out design where
to sign up to an opt out design where they’re automatically in got it the
they’re automatically in got it the
they’re automatically in got it the basic nudge is to say that often people
basic nudge is to say that often people
basic nudge is to say that often people will follow the path of least resistance
will follow the path of least resistance
will follow the path of least resistance which is to do nothing and if we switch
which is to do nothing and if we switch
which is to do nothing and if we switch to the default rule – they’re
to the default rule – they’re
to the default rule – they’re automatically in whether you’re
automatically in whether you’re
automatically in whether you’re automatically a voter you’re
automatically a voter you’re
automatically a voter you’re automatically a saver that will have a
automatically a saver that will have a
automatically a saver that will have a massive impact on outcomes we know that
massive impact on outcomes we know that
massive impact on outcomes we know that presidents including the one that
presidents including the one that
presidents including the one that preceded the current one and this is not
preceded the current one and this is not
preceded the current one and this is not something the current president has
something the current president has
something the current president has gotten rid of have been keenly
gotten rid of have been keenly
gotten rid of have been keenly interested in the gold medal winner of
interested in the gold medal winner of
interested in the gold medal winner of nudging which is automatic enrollment or
nudging which is automatic enrollment or
nudging which is automatic enrollment or default rule and in the silver medal
default rule and in the silver medal
default rule and in the silver medal winner of nudging which is information
winner of nudging which is information
winner of nudging which is information and warnings and an executive order with
and warnings and an executive order with
and warnings and an executive order with the charming name one three five six
the charming name one three five six
the charming name one three five six three that’s unforgettable actually
three that’s unforgettable actually
three that’s unforgettable actually memorializes that there’s another
memorializes that there’s another
memorializes that there’s another executive order with an equally charming
executive order with an equally charming
executive order with an equally charming name one 3707 which basically says use
name one 3707 which basically says use
name one 3707 which basically says use behavioral science even
behavioral science even
behavioral science even love nudges and while I have no economic
love nudges and while I have no economic
love nudges and while I have no economic stake in this particular product I
stake in this particular product I
stake in this particular product I really like the name and notice if you
really like the name and notice if you
really like the name and notice if you would that the advertisement is itself a
would that the advertisement is itself a
would that the advertisement is itself a nudge because it’s super attractive okay
nudge because it’s super attractive okay
nudge because it’s super attractive okay in Europe one thing that’s been done to
in Europe one thing that’s been done to
in Europe one thing that’s been done to try to make the air cleaner is to switch
try to make the air cleaner is to switch
try to make the air cleaner is to switch from asking people do you want to be
from asking people do you want to be
from asking people do you want to be enrolled in green energy to telling
enrolled in green energy to telling
enrolled in green energy to telling people instead you’re automatically
people instead you’re automatically
people instead you’re automatically enrolled in green energy do you want to
enrolled in green energy do you want to
enrolled in green energy do you want to opt out and save more money it turns out
opt out and save more money it turns out
opt out and save more money it turns out if people are asked whether they want to
if people are asked whether they want to
if people are asked whether they want to opt in the likelihood that they’re in is
opt in the likelihood that they’re in is
opt in the likelihood that they’re in is really low less than 7% if people are
really low less than 7% if people are
really low less than 7% if people are automatically in and asked whether they
automatically in and asked whether they
automatically in and asked whether they want to opt out the percentage is really
want to opt out the percentage is really
want to opt out the percentage is really high almost 70 percent notice if you
high almost 70 percent notice if you
high almost 70 percent notice if you would that this nudge is an extremely
would that this nudge is an extremely
would that this nudge is an extremely inexpensive environmental program that
inexpensive environmental program that
inexpensive environmental program that fully preserves freedom of choice and it
fully preserves freedom of choice and it
fully preserves freedom of choice and it makes the air much cleaner all over the
makes the air much cleaner all over the
makes the air much cleaner all over the world we are seeing nudge units that are
world we are seeing nudge units that are
world we are seeing nudge units that are using tools of this sort freedom
using tools of this sort freedom
using tools of this sort freedom preserving tools to try to make people’s
preserving tools to try to make people’s
preserving tools to try to make people’s lives better the World Bank in 2015
lives better the World Bank in 2015
lives better the World Bank in 2015 basically said if we’re worried about
basically said if we’re worried about
basically said if we’re worried about infectious diseases about poverty about
infectious diseases about poverty about
infectious diseases about poverty about development about environmental and
development about environmental and
development about environmental and other harms think about nudges as an
other harms think about nudges as an
other harms think about nudges as an intervention that might be very
intervention that might be very
intervention that might be very inexpensive and extremely effective okay
inexpensive and extremely effective okay
inexpensive and extremely effective okay what we know from the last years of
what we know from the last years of
what we know from the last years of social science forgive the word social
social science forgive the word social
social science forgive the word social science well we know from the last years
science well we know from the last years
science well we know from the last years of social science is that people don’t
of social science is that people don’t
of social science is that people don’t always and this is kind of intuitive
always and this is kind of intuitive
always and this is kind of intuitive calculate probabilities and figure out
calculate probabilities and figure out
calculate probabilities and figure out what to do they don’t do that what they
what to do they don’t do that what they
what to do they don’t do that what they often do is fall prey they we too
often do is fall prey they we too
often do is fall prey they we too predictable biases and mental shortcuts
predictable biases and mental shortcuts
predictable biases and mental shortcuts and this is a way and I’m going to give
and this is a way and I’m going to give
and this is a way and I’m going to give you some examples of giving concrete
you some examples of giving concrete
you some examples of giving concrete clarity to why the Nobel Prize was won
clarity to why the Nobel Prize was won
clarity to why the Nobel Prize was won in 2017 for the invention of human
in 2017 for the invention of human
in 2017 for the invention of human centered economics human beings are
centered economics human beings are
centered economics human beings are standardly optimistic ninety percent of
standardly optimistic ninety percent of
standardly optimistic ninety percent of drivers believe that they’re better
drivers believe that they’re better
drivers believe that they’re better than the average driver 94% of
than the average driver 94% of
than the average driver 94% of professors and it hurts me to say this
professors and it hurts me to say this
professors and it hurts me to say this believe that they’re better than the
believe that they’re better than the
believe that they’re better than the average professor if you ask a couple
average professor if you ask a couple
average professor if you ask a couple what percentage of the household work do
what percentage of the household work do
what percentage of the household work do you do if the total isn’t over a hundred
you do if the total isn’t over a hundred
you do if the total isn’t over a hundred percent you have a most unusual couple
percent you have a most unusual couple
percent you have a most unusual couple and if you ask people if their senses of
and if you ask people if their senses of
and if you ask people if their senses of humor is better than the average almost
humor is better than the average almost
humor is better than the average almost a hundred percent of people say that
a hundred percent of people say that
a hundred percent of people say that optimistic bias is kind of a good thing
optimistic bias is kind of a good thing
optimistic bias is kind of a good thing but it can create big problems if we
but it can create big problems if we
but it can create big problems if we don’t take precautions people also
don’t take precautions people also
don’t take precautions people also suffer from present bias that’s a way of
suffer from present bias that’s a way of
suffer from present bias that’s a way of saying today really matters tomorrow a
saying today really matters tomorrow a
saying today really matters tomorrow a lot next year not so much and next
lot next year not so much and next
lot next year not so much and next decade not at all this is actually
decade not at all this is actually
decade not at all this is actually hardwired into the brain present bias
hardwired into the brain present bias
hardwired into the brain present bias and it suggests that if we’re talking
and it suggests that if we’re talking
and it suggests that if we’re talking about our health or our financial
about our health or our financial
about our health or our financial situation we will often go get into
situation we will often go get into
situation we will often go get into trouble because the future is a foreign
trouble because the future is a foreign
trouble because the future is a foreign country called later land and we’re not
country called later land and we’re not
country called later land and we’re not sure we’re ever going to visit we know
sure we’re ever going to visit we know
sure we’re ever going to visit we know that people often see subsets of
that people often see subsets of
that people often see subsets of situations and not everything the tale
situations and not everything the tale
situations and not everything the tale of the invisible gorilla is actually a
of the invisible gorilla is actually a
of the invisible gorilla is actually a study of people who are asked to count
study of people who are asked to count
study of people who are asked to count basketball passes that’s not that hard
basketball passes that’s not that hard
basketball passes that’s not that hard and then they rewind the tape and they
and then they rewind the tape and they
and then they rewind the tape and they see there was a gorilla that came on the
see there was a gorilla that came on the
see there was a gorilla that came on the screen and started pounding his chest
screen and started pounding his chest
screen and started pounding his chest and they didn’t see the gorilla at all
and they didn’t see the gorilla at all
and they didn’t see the gorilla at all this is the mirror image of the painted
this is the mirror image of the painted
this is the mirror image of the painted fly urinal because there are often
fly urinal because there are often
fly urinal because there are often aspects of situations it might be a
aspects of situations it might be a
aspects of situations it might be a medical condition it might be a credit
medical condition it might be a credit
medical condition it might be a credit card it might be a mortgage that’s like
card it might be a mortgage that’s like
card it might be a mortgage that’s like an invisible gorilla you just don’t see
an invisible gorilla you just don’t see
an invisible gorilla you just don’t see it even though it matters a whole lot to
it even though it matters a whole lot to
it even though it matters a whole lot to your life a few years ago in New York
your life a few years ago in New York
your life a few years ago in New York and other parts of the country people
and other parts of the country people
and other parts of the country people were really scared that they were gonna
were really scared that they were gonna
were really scared that they were gonna get Ebola even though more Americans had
get Ebola even though more Americans had
get Ebola even though more Americans had married Kardashians that had died of
married Kardashians that had died of
married Kardashians that had died of Ebola
Ebola
Ebola and people weren’t saying oh my god I
and people weren’t saying oh my god I
and people weren’t saying oh my god I might marry a Kardashian the reason for
might marry a Kardashian the reason for
might marry a Kardashian the reason for the excessive fear of Ebola was people
the excessive fear of Ebola was people
the excessive fear of Ebola was people thought I know of a case in which
thought I know of a case in which
thought I know of a case in which someone died there was one case and the
someone died there was one case and the
someone died there was one case and the existence of a case that’s really
existence of a case that’s really
existence of a case that’s really available to the mind can make people
available to the mind can make people
available to the mind can make people hysterical and the absence of a case
hysterical and the absence of a case
hysterical and the absence of a case when you can’t think of one can make you
when you can’t think of one can make you
when you can’t think of one can make you complacent it’s called the availability
complacent it’s called the availability
complacent it’s called the availability heuristic it means we might need a nudge
heuristic it means we might need a nudge
heuristic it means we might need a nudge people hate losses and gains that are
people hate losses and gains that are
people hate losses and gains that are equivalent at magnitude aren’t as
equivalent at magnitude aren’t as
equivalent at magnitude aren’t as wonderful as a loss is terrible a little
wonderful as a loss is terrible a little
wonderful as a loss is terrible a little tax at a grocery store for bringing for
tax at a grocery store for bringing for
tax at a grocery store for bringing for asking for a Pape for a plastic bag
asking for a Pape for a plastic bag
asking for a Pape for a plastic bag greatly discourages paper bag usage
greatly discourages paper bag usage
greatly discourages paper bag usage where as a little bonus for bringing
where as a little bonus for bringing
where as a little bonus for bringing your own bag basically has no effect
your own bag basically has no effect
your own bag basically has no effect people like Gaines yes but they dislike
people like Gaines yes but they dislike
people like Gaines yes but they dislike losses a lot more okay we know from now
losses a lot more okay we know from now
losses a lot more okay we know from now years of work that simplicity is really
years of work that simplicity is really
years of work that simplicity is really important that there is an architecture
important that there is an architecture
important that there is an architecture choice architecture behind our decisions
choice architecture behind our decisions
choice architecture behind our decisions whether we’re on a website in a
whether we’re on a website in a
whether we’re on a website in a government office in a doctor’s office
government office in a doctor’s office
government office in a doctor’s office or working with friends in a place of
or working with friends in a place of
or working with friends in a place of employment there’s an architecture
employment there’s an architecture
employment there’s an architecture between behind our choices here’s an
between behind our choices here’s an
between behind our choices here’s an example if candy bars are in a green
example if candy bars are in a green
example if candy bars are in a green wrapper people who care about health and
wrapper people who care about health and
wrapper people who care about health and the environment will go for it even if
the environment will go for it even if
the environment will go for it even if it’s completely sugar filled milk
it’s completely sugar filled milk
it’s completely sugar filled milk chocolate it’s green they’ll go for it
chocolate it’s green they’ll go for it
chocolate it’s green they’ll go for it people will sign forms at the beginning
people will sign forms at the beginning
people will sign forms at the beginning if they do they’re more likely to be
if they do they’re more likely to be
if they do they’re more likely to be honest than if they sign a form at the
honest than if they sign a form at the
honest than if they sign a form at the end because signing at the beginning
end because signing at the beginning
end because signing at the beginning you’re kinda on the line signing at the
you’re kinda on the line signing at the
you’re kinda on the line signing at the end you might say yeah whatever and
end you might say yeah whatever and
end you might say yeah whatever and that’s choice architecture our decisions
that’s choice architecture our decisions
that’s choice architecture our decisions have an architecture behind them and
have an architecture behind them and
have an architecture behind them and they really affect choices I’m going to
they really affect choices I’m going to
they really affect choices I’m going to tell you now about two programs
tell you now about two programs
tell you now about two programs government programs that tell us
government programs that tell us
government programs that tell us something about the power of nudging
something about the power of nudging
something about the power of nudging children in the United States are
children in the United States are
children in the United States are entitled to free school meals lunches
entitled to free school meals lunches
entitled to free school meals lunches and breakfasts if
and breakfasts if
and breakfasts if they’re poor but children have not been
they’re poor but children have not been
they’re poor but children have not been signed up by their parents for reasons
signed up by their parents for reasons
signed up by their parents for reasons that we don’t fully understand but it
that we don’t fully understand but it
that we don’t fully understand but it has something to do with the fact that
has something to do with the fact that
has something to do with the fact that filling out a form to sign up for a
filling out a form to sign up for a
filling out a form to sign up for a program isn’t the most fun thing and it
program isn’t the most fun thing and it
program isn’t the most fun thing and it might be a little scary if the
might be a little scary if the
might be a little scary if the government is asking you to sign
government is asking you to sign
government is asking you to sign something what would you do to try to
something what would you do to try to
something what would you do to try to get the kids in the solution to get the
get the kids in the solution to get the
get the kids in the solution to get the kids in that the government shows it’s
kids in that the government shows it’s
kids in that the government shows it’s called direct certification
called direct certification
called direct certification it’s like automatic enrollment in
it’s like automatic enrollment in
it’s like automatic enrollment in retirement programs or in green energy
retirement programs or in green energy
retirement programs or in green energy the kids are automatically in if the
the kids are automatically in if the
the kids are automatically in if the school district knows that they’re poor
school district knows that they’re poor
school district knows that they’re poor and I have a statistic for you that is
and I have a statistic for you that is
and I have a statistic for you that is somewhere north of 13 million at one
somewhere north of 13 million at one
somewhere north of 13 million at one point in the recent past that’s a number
point in the recent past that’s a number
point in the recent past that’s a number but if you saw a tiny subset of that
but if you saw a tiny subset of that
but if you saw a tiny subset of that group of children walking into this room
group of children walking into this room
group of children walking into this room right now I don’t think there’d be a dry
right now I don’t think there’d be a dry
right now I don’t think there’d be a dry eye on the house and the reason that
eye on the house and the reason that
eye on the house and the reason that program is working is because of a
program is working is because of a
program is working is because of a simple nudge just switch the default
simple nudge just switch the default
simple nudge just switch the default rule here’s what was the US government’s
rule here’s what was the US government’s
rule here’s what was the US government’s basic program for advising people of how
basic program for advising people of how
basic program for advising people of how to eat healthy it’s called the food
to eat healthy it’s called the food
to eat healthy it’s called the food pyramid imagine you’re a student or a
pyramid imagine you’re a student or a
pyramid imagine you’re a student or a teacher or a parent figuring what what
teacher or a parent figuring what what
teacher or a parent figuring what what to eat there’s someone it’s not clear if
to eat there’s someone it’s not clear if
to eat there’s someone it’s not clear if it’s a man or a woman marching to the
it’s a man or a woman marching to the
it’s a man or a woman marching to the top of a pyramid a little white triangle
top of a pyramid a little white triangle
top of a pyramid a little white triangle do you know what that white triangle is
do you know what that white triangle is
do you know what that white triangle is is that death is it is it heaven is it
is that death is it is it heaven is it
is that death is it is it heaven is it thinness then you can see various
thinness then you can see various
thinness then you can see various stripes do you know what the stripes are
stripes do you know what the stripes are
stripes do you know what the stripes are about I work on this stuff I have no
about I work on this stuff I have no
about I work on this stuff I have no idea can you recognize the foods that
idea can you recognize the foods that
idea can you recognize the foods that the US government is asking you to eat
the US government is asking you to eat
the US government is asking you to eat to be healthy there’s basically nothing
to be healthy there’s basically nothing
to be healthy there’s basically nothing that’s recognizably a food except on the
that’s recognizably a food except on the
that’s recognizably a food except on the bottom right can you see that that’s a
bottom right can you see that that’s a
bottom right can you see that that’s a shoe
is the government telling you eat your
is the government telling you eat your shoe this was replaced by the food
shoe this was replaced by the food
shoe this was replaced by the food pyramid which is basically clear and
pyramid which is basically clear and
pyramid which is basically clear and simple
simple
simple it’s a nudge it says make half your
it’s a nudge it says make half your
it’s a nudge it says make half your plate fruits and vegetables this
plate fruits and vegetables this
plate fruits and vegetables this particular knowledge is having a massive
particular knowledge is having a massive
particular knowledge is having a massive effect on outcomes all over the United
effect on outcomes all over the United
effect on outcomes all over the United States and its advantages its simplicity
States and its advantages its simplicity
States and its advantages its simplicity frequently when people don’t like
frequently when people don’t like
frequently when people don’t like guidance from anyone it’s because they
guidance from anyone it’s because they
guidance from anyone it’s because they don’t understand it not because they
don’t understand it not because they
don’t understand it not because they disagree with it
disagree with it
disagree with it here are three policies in the United
here are three policies in the United
here are three policies in the United States that have massive had massive
States that have massive had massive
States that have massive had massive effects automatic enrollment is
effects automatic enrollment is
effects automatic enrollment is increasing retirement savings by
increasing retirement savings by
increasing retirement savings by significant amounts for people who are
significant amounts for people who are
significant amounts for people who are going to be comfortable when they when
going to be comfortable when they when
going to be comfortable when they when they’re unhealthy or old it’s working
they’re unhealthy or old it’s working
they’re unhealthy or old it’s working simplification of the form for financial
simplification of the form for financial
simplification of the form for financial aid has the same impact in getting kids
aid has the same impact in getting kids
aid has the same impact in getting kids to go to college as a several thousand
to go to college as a several thousand
to go to college as a several thousand dollar increase in the subsidy
dollar increase in the subsidy
dollar increase in the subsidy simplification better than increasing
simplification better than increasing
simplification better than increasing the subsidy yes taxpayers don’t have to
the subsidy yes taxpayers don’t have to
the subsidy yes taxpayers don’t have to foot the bill a little form telling
foot the bill a little form telling
foot the bill a little form telling people how much electricity used they’re
people how much electricity used they’re
people how much electricity used they’re using compared to their peers has the
using compared to their peers has the
using compared to their peers has the same effect in increasing energy
same effect in increasing energy
same effect in increasing energy conservation as an eight to twenty
conservation as an eight to twenty
conservation as an eight to twenty percent spike in the short-term cost of
percent spike in the short-term cost of
percent spike in the short-term cost of electricity that’s a nudge my final
electricity that’s a nudge my final
electricity that’s a nudge my final words are from maybe the greatest
words are from maybe the greatest
words are from maybe the greatest english-language poet of the 20th
english-language poet of the 20th
english-language poet of the 20th century William Butler Yeats who said do
century William Butler Yeats who said do
century William Butler Yeats who said do not wait till strike to strike until the
not wait till strike to strike until the
not wait till strike to strike until the iron is hot but make it hot by striking
iron is hot but make it hot by striking
iron is hot but make it hot by striking now there’s a nudge
now there’s a nudge
now there’s a nudge [Applause]
[Applause]
[Applause] you
”
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