[Music] [Applause]
[Applause]
[Applause] cells within our bodies communicate with
cells within our bodies communicate with
cells within our bodies communicate with each other just like we do sometimes
each other just like we do sometimes
each other just like we do sometimes with cells next door and other times at
with cells next door and other times at
with cells next door and other times at cells at opposite ends of the body we’ve
cells at opposite ends of the body we’ve
cells at opposite ends of the body we’ve known for quite a while that cells use
known for quite a while that cells use
known for quite a while that cells use neurons and hormones to communicate and
neurons and hormones to communicate and
neurons and hormones to communicate and most of us can relate to adrenaline the
most of us can relate to adrenaline the
most of us can relate to adrenaline the hormone that is released in our
hormone that is released in our
hormone that is released in our bloodstream under stressful situations
bloodstream under stressful situations
bloodstream under stressful situations like giving TED talk turns out that our
like giving TED talk turns out that our
like giving TED talk turns out that our body is in fact a giant factory of these
body is in fact a giant factory of these
body is in fact a giant factory of these teeny tiny nano particles called the
teeny tiny nano particles called the
teeny tiny nano particles called the exosomes and that provides to our body
exosomes and that provides to our body
exosomes and that provides to our body with another mechanism for cell
with another mechanism for cell
with another mechanism for cell communication almost all cells in our
communication almost all cells in our
communication almost all cells in our body are continuously manufacturing
body are continuously manufacturing
body are continuously manufacturing these nanoparticles and secreting them
these nanoparticles and secreting them
these nanoparticles and secreting them into our body fluids into the
into our body fluids into the
into our body fluids into the extracellular environment which is our
extracellular environment which is our
extracellular environment which is our blood or brain or saliva and our urine
blood or brain or saliva and our urine
blood or brain or saliva and our urine once into the body fluid these teeny
once into the body fluid these teeny
once into the body fluid these teeny tiny exosomes float to distant parts of
tiny exosomes float to distant parts of
tiny exosomes float to distant parts of the body and when they do they’re
the body and when they do they’re
the body and when they do they’re carrying these very specific signals and
carrying these very specific signals and
carrying these very specific signals and very specific cargos for the recipient
very specific cargos for the recipient
very specific cargos for the recipient cells mostly with good consequences but
cells mostly with good consequences but
cells mostly with good consequences but sometimes with bad ones too and what
sometimes with bad ones too and what
sometimes with bad ones too and what they’re doing is they’re taking these
they’re doing is they’re taking these
they’re doing is they’re taking these specific signatures specific signals
specific signatures specific signals
specific signatures specific signals from the cell and talking to very
from the cell and talking to very
from the cell and talking to very distant cells in our bodies now to give
distant cells in our bodies now to give
distant cells in our bodies now to give you a size perspective of how small
you a size perspective of how small
you a size perspective of how small these particles are a single exosome is
these particles are a single exosome is
these particles are a single exosome is about a thousand times smaller than a
about a thousand times smaller than a
about a thousand times smaller than a typical cell SI creating it or to put it
typical cell SI creating it or to put it
typical cell SI creating it or to put it another way about a million exosomes
another way about a million exosomes
another way about a million exosomes would fit on the tip of a very very
would fit on the tip of a very very
would fit on the tip of a very very sharp pencil so how come did we miss
sharp pencil so how come did we miss
sharp pencil so how come did we miss this 24-7 nanofactory although they were
this 24-7 nanofactory although they were
this 24-7 nanofactory although they were discovered in the 1980s scientists
discovered in the 1980s scientists
discovered in the 1980s scientists initially thought these exosomes
initially thought these exosomes
initially thought these exosomes were cellular garbage bags throwing out
were cellular garbage bags throwing out
were cellular garbage bags throwing out unwanted
unwanted
unwanted proteins in 2007 the discovery that
proteins in 2007 the discovery that
proteins in 2007 the discovery that exosomes were actually also transferring
exosomes were actually also transferring
exosomes were actually also transferring genetic material between cells suggested
genetic material between cells suggested
genetic material between cells suggested that was there was a larger role of
that was there was a larger role of
that was there was a larger role of these particles in cellular
these particles in cellular
these particles in cellular communication however their small size
communication however their small size
communication however their small size was still a challenge for us scientists
was still a challenge for us scientists
was still a challenge for us scientists seeing is believing and the first step
seeing is believing and the first step
seeing is believing and the first step to understanding too small to be seen
to understanding too small to be seen
to understanding too small to be seen under a regular microscope the only way
under a regular microscope the only way
under a regular microscope the only way to actually look at these particles was
to actually look at these particles was
to actually look at these particles was through electron microscopy a method
through electron microscopy a method
through electron microscopy a method that involved bombarding these fragile
that involved bombarding these fragile
that involved bombarding these fragile particles with electrons under harsh
particles with electrons under harsh
particles with electrons under harsh environmental conditions high vacuum
environmental conditions high vacuum
environmental conditions high vacuum unfortunately the process was too harsh
unfortunately the process was too harsh
unfortunately the process was too harsh and did provide little information if
and did provide little information if
and did provide little information if any one random day in 2010 while talking
any one random day in 2010 while talking
any one random day in 2010 while talking to my balls his friends at UCLA I
to my balls his friends at UCLA I
to my balls his friends at UCLA I understood how frustrated they were by
understood how frustrated they were by
understood how frustrated they were by not being able to see these single
not being able to see these single
not being able to see these single exosomes at the individual particle
exosomes at the individual particle
exosomes at the individual particle level preventing them for studying them
level preventing them for studying them
level preventing them for studying them more effectively and a thought came to
more effectively and a thought came to
more effectively and a thought came to my mind Robert Hooke a famous
my mind Robert Hooke a famous
my mind Robert Hooke a famous seventeenth century scientist had once
seventeenth century scientist had once
seventeenth century scientist had once stated with the help of microscopes
stated with the help of microscopes
stated with the help of microscopes there is nothing so small as to escape
there is nothing so small as to escape
there is nothing so small as to escape our inquiry embracing his idea and as a
our inquiry embracing his idea and as a
our inquiry embracing his idea and as a nanotechnologist and also to satisfy my
nanotechnologist and also to satisfy my
nanotechnologist and also to satisfy my own growing curiosity I decided to
own growing curiosity I decided to
own growing curiosity I decided to examine these particles using the atomic
examine these particles using the atomic
examine these particles using the atomic force microscope an AFM actually feels
force microscope an AFM actually feels
force microscope an AFM actually feels and touches the surface of the particle
and touches the surface of the particle
and touches the surface of the particle using a very very fine mechanical probe
using a very very fine mechanical probe
using a very very fine mechanical probe without damaging the particles the
without damaging the particles the
without damaging the particles the fragile particles under observation and
fragile particles under observation and
fragile particles under observation and that was my first meeting with the
that was my first meeting with the
that was my first meeting with the exosome our group at UCLA was the first
exosome our group at UCLA was the first
exosome our group at UCLA was the first one to use the atomic force microscope
one to use the atomic force microscope
one to use the atomic force microscope to image exosomes what you see on the
to image exosomes what you see on the
to image exosomes what you see on the screen and appears as the galaxies of
screen and appears as the galaxies of
screen and appears as the galaxies of stars are in fact exosomes floating in
stars are in fact exosomes floating in
stars are in fact exosomes floating in our blood a picture
our blood a picture
our blood a picture that I took using our nanoscale
that I took using our nanoscale
that I took using our nanoscale microscopy now with the use of the
microscopy now with the use of the
microscopy now with the use of the atomic force microscope we could do much
atomic force microscope we could do much
atomic force microscope we could do much more than just observe exosomes we could
more than just observe exosomes we could
more than just observe exosomes we could look at their shape their size and their
look at their shape their size and their
look at their shape their size and their structure in greater detail so here is a
structure in greater detail so here is a
structure in greater detail so here is a zoomin of one of such particle in
zoomin of one of such particle in
zoomin of one of such particle in exosome and you can see the particle
exosome and you can see the particle
exosome and you can see the particle exhibiting a vesicular shape something
exhibiting a vesicular shape something
exhibiting a vesicular shape something that was undetectable previously using
that was undetectable previously using
that was undetectable previously using the electron microscopy so because we
the electron microscopy so because we
the electron microscopy so because we were just not observing but also
were just not observing but also
were just not observing but also touching and feeling we could do a lot
touching and feeling we could do a lot
touching and feeling we could do a lot more we could count the number of
more we could count the number of
more we could count the number of particles that floated in our blood at a
particles that floated in our blood at a
particles that floated in our blood at a time we could visualize their shape at
time we could visualize their shape at
time we could visualize their shape at the nano scale we could measure the size
the nano scale we could measure the size
the nano scale we could measure the size of these particles and also we could
of these particles and also we could
of these particles and also we could measure the stickiness of these
measure the stickiness of these
measure the stickiness of these particles a characteristic that helps
particles a characteristic that helps
particles a characteristic that helps them stick to other cells and we could
them stick to other cells and we could
them stick to other cells and we could measure how these particles deformed
measure how these particles deformed
measure how these particles deformed under force when they go through the
under force when they go through the
under force when they go through the harsh bio fluid environments still
harsh bio fluid environments still
harsh bio fluid environments still preserving their precious cargo these
preserving their precious cargo these
preserving their precious cargo these new approaches are enabling us to answer
new approaches are enabling us to answer
new approaches are enabling us to answer more complex questions such as what
more complex questions such as what
more complex questions such as what exactly is the exposome signaling why
exactly is the exposome signaling why
exactly is the exposome signaling why and how is this cell accepting a package
and how is this cell accepting a package
and how is this cell accepting a package through the exosomes coming from a
through the exosomes coming from a
through the exosomes coming from a distant cell and more importantly what
distant cell and more importantly what
distant cell and more importantly what can we do to exploit this exchange of
can we do to exploit this exchange of
can we do to exploit this exchange of signals and cargo between distant cells
signals and cargo between distant cells
signals and cargo between distant cells through the exams to our advantage
through the exams to our advantage
through the exams to our advantage research has shown that X is Ohm’s
research has shown that X is Ohm’s
research has shown that X is Ohm’s typically helped in neural communication
typically helped in neural communication
typically helped in neural communication and boost our immune system they also
and boost our immune system they also
and boost our immune system they also stimulate tissue regeneration wound
stimulate tissue regeneration wound
stimulate tissue regeneration wound healing and prevent infections but
healing and prevent infections but
healing and prevent infections but that’s not always true
that’s not always true
that’s not always true sometimes the exosomes can malfunction
sometimes the exosomes can malfunction
sometimes the exosomes can malfunction as in the case of cancer our group has
as in the case of cancer our group has
as in the case of cancer our group has identified cancer exosomes
identified cancer exosomes
identified cancer exosomes in body fluids of patients with cancer
in body fluids of patients with cancer
in body fluids of patients with cancer and this includes in saliva and blood in
and this includes in saliva and blood in
and this includes in saliva and blood in urine when these cancer
urine when these cancer
urine when these cancer somes float within the body fluids they
somes float within the body fluids they
somes float within the body fluids they have one specific mission cancer
have one specific mission cancer
have one specific mission cancer carrying signals to other non cancerous
carrying signals to other non cancerous
carrying signals to other non cancerous cells what you see here on the screen is
cells what you see here on the screen is
cells what you see here on the screen is a cancer cell that I caught in the act
a cancer cell that I caught in the act
a cancer cell that I caught in the act you can see this burst of X’s ohms
you can see this burst of X’s ohms
you can see this burst of X’s ohms coming out of the of the membrane
coming out of the of the membrane
coming out of the of the membrane surface these are the eggs as ohms that
surface these are the eggs as ohms that
surface these are the eggs as ohms that are carrying the cancer signals signals
are carrying the cancer signals signals
are carrying the cancer signals signals that we now know go far and wide here is
that we now know go far and wide here is
that we now know go far and wide here is another example of exosomes from a
another example of exosomes from a
another example of exosomes from a highly aggressive brain cancer these
highly aggressive brain cancer these
highly aggressive brain cancer these tentacles that you see these are very
tentacles that you see these are very
tentacles that you see these are very fine nano structures about what two
fine nano structures about what two
fine nano structures about what two thousand times smaller than of a human
thousand times smaller than of a human
thousand times smaller than of a human hair and these seem like perfect hooks
hair and these seem like perfect hooks
hair and these seem like perfect hooks for these exosomes
for these exosomes
for these exosomes to latch on to adhere to other non
to latch on to adhere to other non
to latch on to adhere to other non cancer cells and thereby transfer their
cancer cells and thereby transfer their
cancer cells and thereby transfer their hands are carrying signals to other non
hands are carrying signals to other non
hands are carrying signals to other non cancerous cells and thereby spread
cancerous cells and thereby spread
cancerous cells and thereby spread disease what ignites scientists like me
disease what ignites scientists like me
disease what ignites scientists like me to study individual exosomes is the hope
to study individual exosomes is the hope
to study individual exosomes is the hope that they bring to the biomedical field
that they bring to the biomedical field
that they bring to the biomedical field first being able to successfully
first being able to successfully
first being able to successfully identify healthy from diseased exosomes
identify healthy from diseased exosomes
identify healthy from diseased exosomes gives us a powerful tool to actually
gives us a powerful tool to actually
gives us a powerful tool to actually very early on detect diseases such as
very early on detect diseases such as
very early on detect diseases such as Alzheimer’s and cancer just by using a
Alzheimer’s and cancer just by using a
Alzheimer’s and cancer just by using a single drop of blood or even saliva also
single drop of blood or even saliva also
single drop of blood or even saliva also what we can do is we can use their
what we can do is we can use their
what we can do is we can use their natural abilities to pass through the
natural abilities to pass through the
natural abilities to pass through the blood-brain barrier and use them as
blood-brain barrier and use them as
blood-brain barrier and use them as novel drug delivery agents using them as
novel drug delivery agents using them as
novel drug delivery agents using them as novel drug delivery agents we can target
novel drug delivery agents we can target
novel drug delivery agents we can target them to neurodegenerative diseases such
them to neurodegenerative diseases such
them to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s multiple sclerosis and
as Alzheimer’s multiple sclerosis and
as Alzheimer’s multiple sclerosis and different cancers especially the deadly
different cancers especially the deadly
different cancers especially the deadly brain cancers that are very difficult to
brain cancers that are very difficult to
brain cancers that are very difficult to tackle otherwise it is through
tackle otherwise it is through
tackle otherwise it is through nanotechnology that we are deciphering
nanotechnology that we are deciphering
nanotechnology that we are deciphering how exosomes communicate we are trying
how exosomes communicate we are trying
how exosomes communicate we are trying to understand this complex process of
to understand this complex process of
to understand this complex process of the exosomes carrying good signals but
the exosomes carrying good signals but
the exosomes carrying good signals but when the malfunction they carry the bad
when the malfunction they carry the bad
when the malfunction they carry the bad signal
signal
signal and what they do is then spread the
and what they do is then spread the
and what they do is then spread the disease so what could be a good
disease so what could be a good
disease so what could be a good communication it can easily be turned
communication it can easily be turned
communication it can easily be turned into a bad communication so I’m always
into a bad communication so I’m always
into a bad communication so I’m always I’m often asked what do I care so much
I’m often asked what do I care so much
I’m often asked what do I care so much about X’s ohms and nanotechnology my
about X’s ohms and nanotechnology my
about X’s ohms and nanotechnology my father is a doctor and undoubtedly hope
father is a doctor and undoubtedly hope
father is a doctor and undoubtedly hope that I would follow his career path but
that I would follow his career path but
that I would follow his career path but I always wanted to use innovative ways
I always wanted to use innovative ways
I always wanted to use innovative ways to break those code the signals that
to break those code the signals that
to break those code the signals that cells communicate with each other how
cells communicate with each other how
cells communicate with each other how human diseases spread what can we do
human diseases spread what can we do
human diseases spread what can we do through nanotechnology and other
through nanotechnology and other
through nanotechnology and other innovative ways to actually prevent that
innovative ways to actually prevent that
innovative ways to actually prevent that spread and also use the healing powers
spread and also use the healing powers
spread and also use the healing powers of the good exosomes to actually prevent
of the good exosomes to actually prevent
of the good exosomes to actually prevent diseases that are difficult to manage
diseases that are difficult to manage
diseases that are difficult to manage through just the proteomic or the
through just the proteomic or the
through just the proteomic or the genomic methods and find novel ways and
genomic methods and find novel ways and
genomic methods and find novel ways and that’s what inspires me about
that’s what inspires me about
that’s what inspires me about nanotechnology and the exams it is this
nanotechnology and the exams it is this
nanotechnology and the exams it is this this hope to be able to use
this hope to be able to use
this hope to be able to use nanotechnology to look at these small
nanotechnology to look at these small
nanotechnology to look at these small particles understand them at a very
particles understand them at a very
particles understand them at a very precise level and then being able to
precise level and then being able to
precise level and then being able to manipulate them to actually help the
manipulate them to actually help the
manipulate them to actually help the body do more good than the bad and I am
body do more good than the bad and I am
body do more good than the bad and I am hopeful that with the work that we are
hopeful that with the work that we are
hopeful that with the work that we are doing today we will be able to provide a
doing today we will be able to provide a
doing today we will be able to provide a better and healthier future for our kids
better and healthier future for our kids
better and healthier future for our kids the journey of exosomes has just begun
the journey of exosomes has just begun
the journey of exosomes has just begun with nano steps and giant leaps thank
with nano steps and giant leaps thank
with nano steps and giant leaps thank you
”
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