well I’ll tell you today it ‘s a
history about equipment that is
being built in meadows as was
mentioned that today is among the
more sophisticated equipment that is
being built in the world and that he
equipment to examine exactly
in this scale of the drawing that is there
that the scale of the acts
so before I got to the equipment
and this story I will tell
you involve more or less more than 30
years of several people who are many
Brazilian players like me right here
this project for almost nine years
this new accelerator but what they are
seeing that today we take with a
almost obvious thing we all in
and spoke and it took centuries to
become a reality that is what
we call the hypothesis and atomic the
that all the stuff that we know
on our scale which is composed of
certain acts this allows you
understand how it works from our
human body even with the materials
function simply by using this
idea illustrates this idea with a
example everyone will get
easily identify which is the
difference between the right diamond and all
world, maybe a good part of the people
the team is using there is a ring
graphite diamond on the tip of a
pencil
I had asked my wife she
thought it was not advisable to bring
her ring here so I give up the
idea to show something but both
diamond as the tip of a pencil
they are with the different materials is
with distinct values and properties
but both are composed of
only by the same type of carbon act
certain that is also in our body
in many ways but in this case in
particular is only the carbon atom and
Why then do you have the same?
type of atom composing these two
materials they are so different
because it is not enough to know the atoms that
make up the material but it is important
also knowing how they are is
connected in the space with the structure that
these atoms are occupying right
This you need some kind of
tool as I can see and
understand these questions that I am
putting you and you are not
so fundamental to us
understand the subject that is what the
atoms that make up the most
in addition what is the distribution and
their structure in space or as
He calls us, so we leave.
tools
We are used to it.
answer questions people use as
tools if I want to
look at something that is small one
magnifying glass and so it will be then let’s see
how physicists do to
see between quotation marks
these things that are so small they
do something that is illustrated
in this drawing there is something to play in the
matter
and this something can be varied you today
they are seeing seeing everybody
because I have a light source that
hit me and arrive at the detector
extremely developed that the eye
yours
sure and has a processor that is the
brain that processes images but you
You need me to play it in me to
to get to you to learn
about me and that’s what we do
commonly to learn about the subject
We throw things at her and these things.
can be the light as we call it
of electromagnetic radiation it only
a little bit of radiation
electromagnetic
but they can be particles like
Talking people can celebrate the neutrons
then this basic idea is that
have been using for a long time.
to investigate the structure of matter
Very well for this I need to
tools right
the light that agents are using to
to see it has no properties
appropriate for me to study something in the
range of acts
So how can I study this?
scale
and then there had to have a set of
several characters in a story that
took more than a century and one of them
first is this bearded gentleman there
top broke yesterday that in 1900 1895 he
discovered something he did not even know what
was and called it x – ray and all
you know the importance of x- ray in
truth was one of the findings that more
quickly
application of one of the applications of
immediately went with his wife
one of the first images he made
She was ask his wife put
hand she had a ring and we
sees the hand of the wife of the
roundabout with the ring
immediately it had application in
medicine but he called it x – ray that
I had no idea what it was
that
It is true that at the beginning
the right stuff and the people
I had no idea what it is and no
they knew it was something like
this light that you are seeing is not
I knew that yet
there the young man who is there
mustachioed means bald in the middle of it
thought here is that this x-ray was
fact what we call waves
electromagnetic
only with the other is the frequency of
oscillation and spoke how I can try
prove it from there
and he wondered if this greeting
of oscillation of this wave was similar
with the distance of the atoms
I’ll realize when playing this x-ray one
certain material
the effect of this interaction will
appear and that is exactly what he
did right
he did an experiment similar to
that is in this drawing where he had
an x – ray source he had a crystal
he played and he realized that this x-ray
was spread in very
specific characteristics or
indicated that this was a wave
electromagnetic father son of the drawing
that is underneath that are the blogs
he immediately sees that the dates are
similar they immediately perceived
that what the lauro was using
to prove that the electromagnetic wave
they could use it to find out where the
acts are in space
and for the first time in history people
now had a tool that could
say how atoms organized themselves in the
space and they did this experiment
the first time with kitchen salt
was the first structure that we beings
humans discovered using an x-ray
where do you put the composition and where?
they are distributed in space
diamond I put the image there in the
I start them in sequence one year
then they were the first to say
any structure of the diamond now to
people knew what the atoms were like
were organized in space
this had such an important impact
sure that today there is the top image
who are looking who are all
molecules linked to life biology
dna
right the double helix on the other side
proteins on the other side of the
virus they use x- rays to know
I do not see this structure as one of the
discoveries more important than
humanity did that was the structure of
DNA rely on these inventions such
discoveries and of this development to
power is you know what is where
so the key of a certain way of life that
the structure of the dna very well continuing
our history
the teams remained concerned about the
structure not only of how the
organization of the atoms was but
is the internal structure of the act itself
Certain what the deed is, in fact.
something indivisible atom has a
structure of what is composed of
this internal structure and you needed
of something besides x-ray for example
In this case, this gentleman here is the
fight on the side of his collaborator
that manages it, everyone must already have
heard the gaga detector
This is the guy who invented the detector.
they were precisely because it
asking at the time what is the
structure within a certain act and to
they used this same idea
to play things in the field
only in the case they used that the
people called it a radioactive source
it was mentioned that we did
nuclear explosions and this will appear
geologically is like a brand of ours
on the land and we only
because these people
started to use these techniques
to understand the structure of matter
so he
he used these radioactive sources
played in the story and discovered that the act
was composed of a core where all the
positive charge was concentrated and
environment had the electrons it was the
first that he has now uncovered which
would be this real structure
the act alone he realized that
to continue to understand what it is for
example the compound core that has
inside the core etc to follow this
way of unraveling the structure of
natural radioactive sources
that he had at his disposal
would be sufficient
he needed sources with greater
energy is an alternative would be the
that many people at the time used
including a Brazilian physicist perhaps
This one has heard the cesar lattes
which used many so-called rays
cosmic particles that had high
energy but he wanted something more
manageable what he is proposing
was then the construction of
particle accelerators for you
be able to accelerate these
increasingly controlled form
energy for you could focus on
and learn about the structure of
and this is what physicists
making since 1930
here is a photo is with strong russia
that the one I just mentioned in the
with two of his students who were
the first to have broken the nucleus
using a
particles down many of you
must have heard accompanied in the
news the great accelerator is in the
the Swiss border crossing the
that recently discovered the
call is the bosom of rics then you
see there has been a continuous progress for
higher energies a consequent
understanding more and more the structure
of the matter
Coming back now, where’s Brazil coming in?
in this story
I’ll now show you there at the end
from the 40’s
physicists were using
accelerators and there is a scene
in the photo in black and white to
you see they will observe a
a light coming out of their accelerator
initially they thought it was
a defect in the accelerator but then they
realized that this was something that
had been predicated on the fact that
which charges when accelerated and
when you have the charges on the accelerator
they are accelerated as we are
riding a car is accelerated
she
emitting radiation or light is the
electromagnetic radiation in the
broad frequency spectrum is the light
that we are using to always call
this lusa that visible from the spectrum a
small part but they are realized that
they had observed for the first time
this light that we call today light
I feel very well
the physicists asked for permission to
the particle physicists who were
building your own accelerators to
fix things
they asked for permission or permission to
these particle physicists to them and
Let’s open a hole in the
the accelerator of these personnel to
extract this simple radiation and
to do this they started to use
this synchrotron radiation that in the
had the right x-ray to investigate the
This has proved so potent.
so important that from the 80’s
you start to have the construction of
dedicated accelerators so the
little diverge because they are part
the same family but it diverges to
the construction of dedicated accelerators
for the extraction of this light that I already
I’ll speak now from now on
about her and nowadays you have
dozens of these five years around the world
right and is a continuous pursuit of the same
way that particle hazards
builds accelerators every time with
greater energy to be able to investigate
internal structure of matter, which
physicists or scientists who use
this synchrotron radiation is the
that we call ever increasing
these machines and they illustrate the
with this drawing that is there with this
image that compares a flashlight with this
hence it is a laser pointer
If the light ends here, someone has a
flashlight
will be a much more useful person to
be followed by what I am with this
laser pointer right because because the
flashlight it has a large area and
angular aperture of this light is great and
good for illuminating large objects
large spaces she made for it
When are we going to take a
x-ray in the hospital
this is what you want even power
illuminate a large part of your body
but see if I want to study something in
range of the right
most of this light is going to
losing will not hit that region
she is not efficient the screen has low
brightness is much better something like
a certain laser tip
and precisely these machines generate
a certain high-brightness x – ray
unlike the equipment you
Are you in the hospital and what do you want?
build accelerators that have the
brightness higher and higher to power
experiments on a scale that
nobody can or with a speed
that nobody can and can explore
situations that are impossible today
to be measured
this growth is a growth
exponential graph there
although he is on a straight line is a
graphic logarithm then this
growth has been exponentially long
of years passing through different
the first and third generations and these
equipment completely changed the
study of matter
right today they are the equipment
more sophisticated than you have price
of matter and because of this all
countries have built five more tones
you see that there is a distribution
huge of him by the right globe due to the
its importance and Brazil was a pioneer
in the southern hemisphere
sure if you go look here have a
a lot of distributed accelerators
the northern hemisphere and has only two
flags or dots in the hemisphere
south and one in australia and brazil
only Brazil was a pioneer to build
the first and this is the dream of
some people in the early
80 who believed that Brazil was capable
to build equipment like this
Certain, we did not have people.
was not aware and we did not
I had no money to build this.
there
but these people did not care
none of these difficulties and have
something very important that today is the
People, I’m going to tell you from here.
little how we are doing
benefiting from this was training people
today someone spoke in the morning lecture
technology is important but more
important of what technology people this
is true and that is exactly what this
project is a project about people
that is had the courage to decide that
in Brazil it was possible to build something
sophisticated as that same
practically everyone did not think
it was possible
it took them ten years of 87 and 97
contract hire young graduates
young physicists and engineers percent
build and put to work this
accelerator if pedro that stays in campinas
and that until today is operating today he
receives more than a thousand people from the
various chemical physical areas
geophysicists
who will do their experiments in
laboratory open in any
Brazil researcher can use is
just submitted the proposal and try
used there very well but where the world
‘re the questions of point of view
people came very well when I
I told you I started a story, it’s in the
beginning of the last century we
construct a series of tools and
we learned a lot about the structure of
matter
certain of what we are made of than the
world is actually done than the
whole universe effect but the questions
and today we have a set of lectures
which address important issues
linked to nutrition and energy
alternatives to health the understanding of
brain and tetra
they involve systems that you want
more than just seeing the structure
atom of a given region of
system
this system I’m showing here a
battery battery could be the battery
of the cars we read in the newspaper that
the countries are all migrating to have
electric cars that in the next 15
years 10 years 20 years is being eliminated
fossil fuels or even engines
combustion
you need better batteries or
these from here like those on cell phones
Ultimately, this battery
has lithium-ion batteries in
lithium are now the most widely used
you have the right website that has to okay
structured and nano particles that
interfaces and
Do you want to see all this set?
in this scale or brain as it once was
mentioned that it is one of the structures
the more complex we have and that
you have to since the scale of the vaccine
those of interaction is where you have
molecules that are exchanged between
neurons to the neurons in
transport them to the organization
these neurons to see these
things and for this you need
of new equipment and this is what the
Brazil is building here today and that
in a sense it is one of the projects
most advanced in the world
So if you remember that one of mine?
first second third
generation where the world today is
where the world is today Brazil is
leading in the fourth generation since
2012 Brazil started to grow in 2009
was the start of the project in 2012
You actually started building
in this new generation that Brazil is
building a new accelerator that will
having one of the brightest is greater than
right world he is actually being
built for when entering
operation that the world ‘s greatest brightness
that will allow you to do
experiments that is not that brazil
has never done any experiments that
world were never made
we are building stations
tomography work.
cells where you can see
and we will have resolution
sufficient to understand the structure of the
dna wrapped inside the right core
this is the kind of experiment the
people are thinking of doing is us
children and we are developing with
is a 100% Brazilian project with
Brazilian technology involving
Brazilian companies that it was impossible to
many said that we would not have
Brazilian companies capable of providing
This is an image of him and is not
100% current is under construction the people
hopes to have the first made us
talks next year and all areas of the
knowledge will benefit
unlike accelerators that focus on
particles in one structure
accelerator fifty years it generates this
ultra-bright x-ray that can
benefit any area of the
knowledge mainly in the world
like today where we both have
issues related to the economy of
knowledge as related to issues
in which we need to understand
better like 11 so matter
environmental issues work with
soil actions nutrition issues
to conclude this story that I came
here to tell you about the project
most successful acim
the Brazilian who started more than 30
years ago and it had a huge impact on
not only in high-impact science
but in the training of human resources
mainly in high technology is
innovation is positioning the
country today is on the international stage
today this is an equipment that is
respect worldwide and leading is
the name of Brazil
it’s not that there’s something great
I like this one here, thank you.
by fifa
[Applause]
”
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