[Music] [Applause]
[Applause]
[Applause] this is Jacqueline Jie she’s a professor
this is Jacqueline Jie she’s a professor
this is Jacqueline Jie she’s a professor of deaf culture and American Sign
of deaf culture and American Sign
of deaf culture and American Sign Language or ASL we both work at Kent
Language or ASL we both work at Kent
Language or ASL we both work at Kent State University
State University
State University Jackie’s going to be talking today in
Jackie’s going to be talking today in
Jackie’s going to be talking today in her first language which was American
her first language which was American
her first language which was American Sign Language so she’s talking to the
Sign Language so she’s talking to the
Sign Language so she’s talking to the deaf community and she’s not
deaf community and she’s not
deaf community and she’s not interpreting so this is rather unique
interpreting so this is rather unique
interpreting so this is rather unique because usually she’s in an interpreter
because usually she’s in an interpreter
because usually she’s in an interpreter role just saying what I’m saying in sign
role just saying what I’m saying in sign
role just saying what I’m saying in sign language so she’s speaking in her own
language so she’s speaking in her own
language so she’s speaking in her own language which is really exciting so I
language which is really exciting so I
language which is really exciting so I wanted to talk about how this topic came
wanted to talk about how this topic came
wanted to talk about how this topic came about we found this chasm facing u.s.
about we found this chasm facing u.s.
about we found this chasm facing u.s. American deaf education and culture so
American deaf education and culture so
American deaf education and culture so it happened that this deaf student she
it happened that this deaf student she
it happened that this deaf student she was a struggling student and she asked
was a struggling student and she asked
was a struggling student and she asked if the Geography Department could
if the Geography Department could
if the Geography Department could provide a note-taker
provide a note-taker
provide a note-taker so we were discussing this as geography
so we were discussing this as geography
so we were discussing this as geography professors and we said why does she need
professors and we said why does she need
professors and we said why does she need a note-taker if she already has an
a note-taker if she already has an
a note-taker if she already has an interpreter so yes Jackie I said why
interpreter so yes Jackie I said why
interpreter so yes Jackie I said why does she need a note-taker
does she need a note-taker
does she need a note-taker she said that’s because all of the words
she said that’s because all of the words
she said that’s because all of the words in English there’s no sign for so she’s
in English there’s no sign for so she’s
in English there’s no sign for so she’s struggling she needs all the notes she
struggling she needs all the notes she
struggling she needs all the notes she has to memorize every single word so not
has to memorize every single word so not
has to memorize every single word so not only that but I was asking my other
only that but I was asking my other
only that but I was asking my other professor she said what is she Spanish
professor she said what is she Spanish
professor she said what is she Spanish why does she need everything in English
why does she need everything in English
why does she need everything in English and so I started corresponding with the
and so I started corresponding with the
and so I started corresponding with the student I soon realized that her English
student I soon realized that her English
student I soon realized that her English level was very very low and her emails
level was very very low and her emails
level was very very low and her emails to me and I I was very surprised by this
to me and I I was very surprised by this
to me and I I was very surprised by this this jurist together to research this
this jurist together to research this
this jurist together to research this topic that we’re talking about today the
topic that we’re talking about today the
topic that we’re talking about today the low level of education and English so
low level of education and English so
low level of education and English so globally 80 percent of the world 70
globally 80 percent of the world 70
globally 80 percent of the world 70 million deaf have no access to education
million deaf have no access to education
million deaf have no access to education it’s true though in the United States we
it’s true though in the United States we
it’s true though in the United States we do have access to education so what is
do have access to education so what is
do have access to education so what is the problem here
the problem here
the problem here so the problem is there’s still a gap in
so the problem is there’s still a gap in
so the problem is there’s still a gap in language acquisition so 95% of deaf
language acquisition so 95% of deaf
language acquisition so 95% of deaf children have hearing parents the
children have hearing parents the
children have hearing parents the problem being they don’t learn ASL so
problem being they don’t learn ASL so
problem being they don’t learn ASL so here they are thinking well in five
here they are thinking well in five
here they are thinking well in five years
years
years my child’s going to learn English then
my child’s going to learn English then
my child’s going to learn English then we’re going to have some great
we’re going to have some great
we’re going to have some great communication times so but the problem
communication times so but the problem
communication times so but the problem being from zero to five years is the
being from zero to five years is the
being from zero to five years is the time when you need language acquisition
time when you need language acquisition
time when you need language acquisition so you even have a place in your brain
so you even have a place in your brain
so you even have a place in your brain where you make connections it has to
where you make connections it has to
where you make connections it has to have a place to go in order to aid and
have a place to go in order to aid and
have a place to go in order to aid and learning so the learning parent thinks
learning so the learning parent thinks
learning so the learning parent thinks that oh well I’ll just wait till they go
that oh well I’ll just wait till they go
that oh well I’ll just wait till they go to school but in fact when you go to
to school but in fact when you go to
to school but in fact when you go to school for a hundred and thirty seven
school for a hundred and thirty seven
school for a hundred and thirty seven years the deaf community has capped out
years the deaf community has capped out
years the deaf community has capped out at a fourth grade level so this is
at a fourth grade level so this is
at a fourth grade level so this is shocking to us what is going on why are
shocking to us what is going on why are
shocking to us what is going on why are they at a fourth grade level in literacy
they at a fourth grade level in literacy
they at a fourth grade level in literacy so we thought what if there was college
so we thought what if there was college
so we thought what if there was college spon seniors who read at a fourth grade
spon seniors who read at a fourth grade
spon seniors who read at a fourth grade level and wrote it at rode at a fourth
level and wrote it at rode at a fourth
level and wrote it at rode at a fourth grade level in English they’d shut this
grade level in English they’d shut this
grade level in English they’d shut this school down so this seems to be okay for
school down so this seems to be okay for
school down so this seems to be okay for deaf students so how did this happen how
deaf students so how did this happen how
deaf students so how did this happen how is it that that’s okay and they’ve been
is it that that’s okay and they’ve been
is it that that’s okay and they’ve been passed along so we found out that in
passed along so we found out that in
passed along so we found out that in 1880 there was a deaf conference in
1880 there was a deaf conference in
1880 there was a deaf conference in Milan and they decided for the Deaf’s
Milan and they decided for the Deaf’s
Milan and they decided for the Deaf’s benefit in order to fit into hearing
benefit in order to fit into hearing
benefit in order to fit into hearing society that they would now Institute
society that they would now Institute
society that they would now Institute oralism and oralism is basically
oralism and oralism is basically
oralism and oralism is basically lip-reading you’re going to mouth the
lip-reading you’re going to mouth the
lip-reading you’re going to mouth the words a lot of their education is based
words a lot of their education is based
words a lot of their education is based on speaking English even though they
on speaking English even though they
on speaking English even though they have nothing to tie that to so sign
have nothing to tie that to so sign
have nothing to tie that to so sign language was forbidden around the world
language was forbidden around the world
language was forbidden around the world so there were some deaf schools that
so there were some deaf schools that
so there were some deaf schools that still maintained both but for the most
still maintained both but for the most
still maintained both but for the most part oralism became the the mode of
part oralism became the the mode of
part oralism became the the mode of operating so let me just give you a
operating so let me just give you a
operating so let me just give you a little feel for what that’s like
so did y’all get that oh I just did the
so did y’all get that oh I just did the first couple sentences of the Gettysburg
first couple sentences of the Gettysburg
first couple sentences of the Gettysburg Address so we’re getting a feel for that
Address so we’re getting a feel for that
Address so we’re getting a feel for that now another another example is I was in
now another another example is I was in
now another another example is I was in Beijing and this was a crazy trip I took
Beijing and this was a crazy trip I took
Beijing and this was a crazy trip I took two little girls two ten-year-olds one
two little girls two ten-year-olds one
two little girls two ten-year-olds one was my daughter
was my daughter
was my daughter and so I got to the hotel I had I had a
and so I got to the hotel I had I had a
and so I got to the hotel I had I had a lot of help to get there and then they
lot of help to get there and then they
lot of help to get there and then they wanted to eat at the Hard Rock Cafe so I
wanted to eat at the Hard Rock Cafe so I
wanted to eat at the Hard Rock Cafe so I I went down to the front desk and he
I went down to the front desk and he
I went down to the front desk and he said oh well I’ll get you a taxi and I
said oh well I’ll get you a taxi and I
said oh well I’ll get you a taxi and I was like oh okay you know thinking that
was like oh okay you know thinking that
was like oh okay you know thinking that I’m gonna use my English and be fine and
I’m gonna use my English and be fine and
I’m gonna use my English and be fine and so he said oh you’ll need this and he
so he said oh you’ll need this and he
so he said oh you’ll need this and he wrote in a little post at the name of
wrote in a little post at the name of
wrote in a little post at the name of the hotel in Mandarin so so then I’m
the hotel in Mandarin so so then I’m
the hotel in Mandarin so so then I’m meeting at the restaurant I got there
meeting at the restaurant I got there
meeting at the restaurant I got there fine and then I’m out on the street
fine and then I’m out on the street
fine and then I’m out on the street thinking I’m gonna have to get a taxi
thinking I’m gonna have to get a taxi
thinking I’m gonna have to get a taxi and I realized no one around me speaks
and I realized no one around me speaks
and I realized no one around me speaks English
English
English not one person no sign I can read I have
not one person no sign I can read I have
not one person no sign I can read I have no idea what I’m doing and I’m panicking
no idea what I’m doing and I’m panicking
no idea what I’m doing and I’m panicking and the girls are looking at me like yay
and the girls are looking at me like yay
and the girls are looking at me like yay and I’m like I’m having a heart attack
and I’m like I’m having a heart attack
and I’m like I’m having a heart attack that I’m trying not to show it so I’m
that I’m trying not to show it so I’m
that I’m trying not to show it so I’m searching my pocket it’s looking and if
searching my pocket it’s looking and if
searching my pocket it’s looking and if finally I find stuck to the back of a
finally I find stuck to the back of a
finally I find stuck to the back of a bill this post-it note with the with the
bill this post-it note with the with the
bill this post-it note with the with the hotel name on it so I hate a taxi I give
hotel name on it so I hate a taxi I give
hotel name on it so I hate a taxi I give him this little piece of paper you go oh
him this little piece of paper you go oh
him this little piece of paper you go oh yeah yeah he’s talking to me I can’t
yeah yeah he’s talking to me I can’t
yeah yeah he’s talking to me I can’t understand him he can’t understand me
understand him he can’t understand me
understand him he can’t understand me obviously but if we get back to her
obviously but if we get back to her
obviously but if we get back to her hotel but I thought this is what a deaf
hotel but I thought this is what a deaf
hotel but I thought this is what a deaf person has to go through every single
person has to go through every single
person has to go through every single day so that’s nothing new for a deaf
day so that’s nothing new for a deaf
day so that’s nothing new for a deaf person so after these dark ages for the
person so after these dark ages for the
person so after these dark ages for the deaf education in America which I’m
deaf education in America which I’m
deaf education in America which I’m talking about for oralism since that
talking about for oralism since that
talking about for oralism since that time that’s been a fourth grade level so
time that’s been a fourth grade level so
time that’s been a fourth grade level so that’s roughly a hundred and
that’s roughly a hundred and
that’s roughly a hundred and thirty-seven years if anyone is above
thirty-seven years if anyone is above
thirty-seven years if anyone is above that level in their education they’re
that level in their education they’re
that level in their education they’re phenomenal they’re having to memorize
phenomenal they’re having to memorize
phenomenal they’re having to memorize and and to get beyond that level
and and to get beyond that level
and and to get beyond that level extraordinary measures so we’ve looked
extraordinary measures so we’ve looked
extraordinary measures so we’ve looked back into history in the 1800’s there
back into history in the 1800’s there
back into history in the 1800’s there was the enabling act by Abraham Lincoln
was the enabling act by Abraham Lincoln
was the enabling act by Abraham Lincoln because of the level of literacy was so
because of the level of literacy was so
because of the level of literacy was so high at a college level he made in all
high at a college level he made in all
high at a college level he made in all deaf college and that was because there
deaf college and that was because there
deaf college and that was because there was so many people that had ASL as their
was so many people that had ASL as their
was so many people that had ASL as their first language so once you have that ASL
first language so once you have that ASL
first language so once you have that ASL as your first language you’re able to
as your first language you’re able to
as your first language you’re able to learn English then you have a place to
learn English then you have a place to
learn English then you have a place to put your learning in your brain so this
put your learning in your brain so this
put your learning in your brain so this this was before the wind of teachers
this was before the wind of teachers
this was before the wind of teachers were at that literacy level so I want to
were at that literacy level so I want to
were at that literacy level so I want to talk about what goes on in the in the
talk about what goes on in the in the
talk about what goes on in the in the typical college classroom so the Deaf
typical college classroom so the Deaf
typical college classroom so the Deaf student would be in the front row there
student would be in the front row there
student would be in the front row there they’d have to watch the interpreter so
they’d have to watch the interpreter so
they’d have to watch the interpreter so that’s there they’re relying on the
that’s there they’re relying on the
that’s there they’re relying on the interpreter for their information
interpreter for their information
interpreter for their information they’re missing out on maybe what’s on
they’re missing out on maybe what’s on
they’re missing out on maybe what’s on the PowerPoint they might show a video
the PowerPoint they might show a video
the PowerPoint they might show a video they’re gonna have to read those
they’re gonna have to read those
they’re gonna have to read those subtitles then they’re gonna have to
subtitles then they’re gonna have to
subtitles then they’re gonna have to watch what the teachers saying not only
watch what the teachers saying not only
watch what the teachers saying not only that but listening to her for her tone
that but listening to her for her tone
that but listening to her for her tone well how’s the how are they going to do
well how’s the how are they going to do
well how’s the how are they going to do that so all of that peripheral
that so all of that peripheral
that so all of that peripheral information is lost and I can think of a
information is lost and I can think of a
information is lost and I can think of a time where my math teacher said I don’t
time where my math teacher said I don’t
time where my math teacher said I don’t want to hear another peep out of you and
want to hear another peep out of you and
want to hear another peep out of you and I went but thought I was really clever
I went but thought I was really clever
I went but thought I was really clever and she said get out like that and I had
and she said get out like that and I had
and she said get out like that and I had to leave and I thought what would this
to leave and I thought what would this
to leave and I thought what would this deaf student know if there’s grumbling
deaf student know if there’s grumbling
deaf student know if there’s grumbling behind them or or they’re getting all
behind them or or they’re getting all
behind them or or they’re getting all that information that you just hear is
that information that you just hear is
that information that you just hear is all lost so not only is the tone lost
all lost so not only is the tone lost
all lost so not only is the tone lost but also here’s an expression in English
but also here’s an expression in English
but also here’s an expression in English and hearing we don’t really exaggerate
and hearing we don’t really exaggerate
and hearing we don’t really exaggerate our expressions it’s kind of weird to do
our expressions it’s kind of weird to do
our expressions it’s kind of weird to do so so when I was watching these
so so when I was watching these
so so when I was watching these interpreters for Jackie’s parents and
interpreters for Jackie’s parents and
interpreters for Jackie’s parents and the exaggeration I’m like geez you know
the exaggeration I’m like geez you know
the exaggeration I’m like geez you know what’s going on there but in fact in ASL
what’s going on there but in fact in ASL
what’s going on there but in fact in ASL when you’re speaking it you also are
when you’re speaking it you also are
when you’re speaking it you also are giving the tone and and so exaggerated
giving the tone and and so exaggerated
giving the tone and and so exaggerated facial expression really means something
facial expression really means something
facial expression really means something so what is this girl saying who knows
so what is this girl saying who knows
so what is this girl saying who knows right so so in fact that’s another gap
right so so in fact that’s another gap
right so so in fact that’s another gap in education so not only is their
in education so not only is their
in education so not only is their literacy gaps but there’s also the tone
literacy gaps but there’s also the tone
literacy gaps but there’s also the tone of the voice missing and then expression
of the voice missing and then expression
of the voice missing and then expression so think of the tremendous loss and the
so think of the tremendous loss and the
so think of the tremendous loss and the difficulties that they’d have to
difficulties that they’d have to
difficulties that they’d have to overcome for that
overcome for that
overcome for that so there’s also another gap that we
so there’s also another gap that we
so there’s also another gap that we found and that is in culture so this top
found and that is in culture so this top
found and that is in culture so this top picture here is a picture of Jackie’s
picture here is a picture of Jackie’s
picture here is a picture of Jackie’s grandfather when he graduated from high
grandfather when he graduated from high
grandfather when he graduated from high school at the the Ohio School for the
school at the the Ohio School for the
school at the the Ohio School for the Deaf her mother also attended the school
Deaf her mother also attended the school
Deaf her mother also attended the school and they had deaf teachers and they had
and they had deaf teachers and they had
and they had deaf teachers and they had they taught sign language alongside of
they taught sign language alongside of
they taught sign language alongside of oralism so they were really benefiting
oralism so they were really benefiting
oralism so they were really benefiting from this culture wise because culture
from this culture wise because culture
from this culture wise because culture is learned so they had a sense of
is learned so they had a sense of
is learned so they had a sense of belonging a sense of identity and and
belonging a sense of identity and and
belonging a sense of identity and and they just were learning from their first
they just were learning from their first
they just were learning from their first language of American sign language so
language of American sign language so
language of American sign language so the picture below is a picnic I attended
the picture below is a picnic I attended
the picture below is a picnic I attended these are all the folks they now attend
these are all the folks they now attend
these are all the folks they now attend deaf clubs and so it’s pretty much an
deaf clubs and so it’s pretty much an
deaf clubs and so it’s pretty much an older generation thing though now so
older generation thing though now so
older generation thing though now so they have been friends for for ages
they have been friends for for ages
they have been friends for for ages since they were in school together and
since they were in school together and
since they were in school together and they have community and so this was
they have community and so this was
they have community and so this was really cool but it was so strange
really cool but it was so strange
really cool but it was so strange there’s a bunch of people at this picnic
there’s a bunch of people at this picnic
there’s a bunch of people at this picnic completely silent and I’m like
completely silent and I’m like
completely silent and I’m like whispering to Jackie it was just so
whispering to Jackie it was just so
whispering to Jackie it was just so bizarre I thought how could all these
bizarre I thought how could all these
bizarre I thought how could all these people be here not making any noise
people be here not making any noise
people be here not making any noise so what really strikes me though is the
so what really strikes me though is the
so what really strikes me though is the difference between her parents now teddy
difference between her parents now teddy
difference between her parents now teddy her dad he’s there at the ball cap he
her dad he’s there at the ball cap he
her dad he’s there at the ball cap he was from a huge all deaf I mean all
was from a huge all deaf I mean all
was from a huge all deaf I mean all hearing family and he was the only deaf
hearing family and he was the only deaf
hearing family and he was the only deaf and depent
and depent
and depent ten children so they had made up signs
ten children so they had made up signs
ten children so they had made up signs but for the most part did not
but for the most part did not
but for the most part did not communicate with them at all so they
communicate with them at all so they
communicate with them at all so they kind of wave
kind of wave
kind of wave and he was dropped off with his suitcase
and he was dropped off with his suitcase
and he was dropped off with his suitcase at the Kentucky School for the Deaf and
at the Kentucky School for the Deaf and
at the Kentucky School for the Deaf and the parents said goodbye he had no idea
the parents said goodbye he had no idea
the parents said goodbye he had no idea what was happening
what was happening
what was happening they were heartbroken dropping him off
they were heartbroken dropping him off
they were heartbroken dropping him off without knowing what he was what was
without knowing what he was what was
without knowing what he was what was going to happen to him
going to happen to him
going to happen to him so for the first time at nine years old
so for the first time at nine years old
so for the first time at nine years old he learned his name he had never known
he learned his name he had never known
he learned his name he had never known his name before that and he learned
his name before that and he learned
his name before that and he learned American Sign Language and they also
American Sign Language and they also
American Sign Language and they also taught him a trade so he was a printer
taught him a trade so he was a printer
taught him a trade so he was a printer he was a taxpaying citizen and in
he was a taxpaying citizen and in
he was a taxpaying citizen and in contrast oh and he reads at probably a
contrast oh and he reads at probably a
contrast oh and he reads at probably a second grade level and writes as such
second grade level and writes as such
second grade level and writes as such also so contrasting Betty Liu her mother
also so contrasting Betty Liu her mother
also so contrasting Betty Liu her mother she was born to an all-deaf family her
she was born to an all-deaf family her
she was born to an all-deaf family her mother grandparents everything so she
mother grandparents everything so she
mother grandparents everything so she was born into that society and learned
was born into that society and learned
was born into that society and learned the culture she had a sense of belonging
the culture she had a sense of belonging
the culture she had a sense of belonging identity knew why she was being dropped
identity knew why she was being dropped
identity knew why she was being dropped off at the deaf school was happy to go
off at the deaf school was happy to go
off at the deaf school was happy to go there and learn and she reads at a
there and learn and she reads at a
there and learn and she reads at a twelfth grade level she also can write
twelfth grade level she also can write
twelfth grade level she also can write at a twelfth grade level and she worked
at a twelfth grade level and she worked
at a twelfth grade level and she worked for Packard Electric for 25 years
for Packard Electric for 25 years
for Packard Electric for 25 years and also paid taxes and was very much
and also paid taxes and was very much
and also paid taxes and was very much member of society so what’s happening
member of society so what’s happening
member of society so what’s happening now with this culture transfer is it
now with this culture transfer is it
now with this culture transfer is it being transferred in these communities
being transferred in these communities
being transferred in these communities to the new deaf students so here’s my
to the new deaf students so here’s my
to the new deaf students so here’s my answer
answer
answer this is what’s happening with the deaf
this is what’s happening with the deaf
this is what’s happening with the deaf students very very much like hearing
students very very much like hearing
students very very much like hearing students with texting about 7% of
students with texting about 7% of
students with texting about 7% of information comes across in a text
information comes across in a text
information comes across in a text message but this is what you’ll see now
message but this is what you’ll see now
message but this is what you’ll see now it’s kind of a virtual community so is
it’s kind of a virtual community so is
it’s kind of a virtual community so is that a bad thing so it’s not what’s
that a bad thing so it’s not what’s
that a bad thing so it’s not what’s really happened all through history
really happened all through history
really happened all through history here’s this woman she has her toga on
here’s this woman she has her toga on
here’s this woman she has her toga on over her tunic a symbol of a being a
over her tunic a symbol of a being a
over her tunic a symbol of a being a Roman citizen okay but here’s her
Roman citizen okay but here’s her
Roman citizen okay but here’s her daughter running around and just her
daughter running around and just her
daughter running around and just her tunic she’s dropped the toga she’s who
tunic she’s dropped the toga she’s who
tunic she’s dropped the toga she’s who even knows if she’s a Roman citizen
even knows if she’s a Roman citizen
even knows if she’s a Roman citizen anymore so we were thinking isn’t that
anymore so we were thinking isn’t that
anymore so we were thinking isn’t that true that all through history cultures
true that all through history cultures
true that all through history cultures been replaced and the younger generation
been replaced and the younger generation
been replaced and the younger generation were like kids these days
were like kids these days
were like kids these days they’re doing such a thing well is that
they’re doing such a thing well is that
they’re doing such a thing well is that a bad thing that that deaf culture has
a bad thing that that deaf culture has
a bad thing that that deaf culture has kind of turned into this virtual world
kind of turned into this virtual world
kind of turned into this virtual world so we were talking about how the times
so we were talking about how the times
so we were talking about how the times have changed there’s been devastation
have changed there’s been devastation
have changed there’s been devastation though for the deaf community as as a
though for the deaf community as as a
though for the deaf community as as a deaf student you’ve been mainstreamed
deaf student you’ve been mainstreamed
deaf student you’ve been mainstreamed normally or they may be the only deaf
normally or they may be the only deaf
normally or they may be the only deaf student at the school and not only that
student at the school and not only that
student at the school and not only that but you are not a part of a group you
but you are not a part of a group you
but you are not a part of a group you have no culture identity and no sense of
have no culture identity and no sense of
have no culture identity and no sense of belonging so this is a sign here for
belonging so this is a sign here for
belonging so this is a sign here for equality
equality
equality what kind of equality are we talking
what kind of equality are we talking
what kind of equality are we talking about well we were talking about the
about well we were talking about the
about well we were talking about the Equality of language it’s about time
Equality of language it’s about time
Equality of language it’s about time that we can learn about what needs to be
that we can learn about what needs to be
that we can learn about what needs to be done here
done here
done here deaf children really must learn ASL as
deaf children really must learn ASL as
deaf children really must learn ASL as their first language otherwise we’ll
their first language otherwise we’ll
their first language otherwise we’ll never bridge that gap of literacy and
never bridge that gap of literacy and
never bridge that gap of literacy and what we can do by doing that by giving
what we can do by doing that by giving
what we can do by doing that by giving them language we can bridge these
them language we can bridge these
them language we can bridge these culture both the culture and the English
culture both the culture and the English
culture both the culture and the English gap and literacy and by doing that we
gap and literacy and by doing that we
gap and literacy and by doing that we can go back maybe to the 1800s like they
can go back maybe to the 1800s like they
can go back maybe to the 1800s like they once were and be flourishing in society
once were and be flourishing in society
once were and be flourishing in society as poets and literature and now we’ve
as poets and literature and now we’ve
as poets and literature and now we’ve capped them down and oppressed them so
capped them down and oppressed them so
capped them down and oppressed them so that they can cannot overcome that
that they can cannot overcome that
that they can cannot overcome that unless they’re absolutely extraordinary
so thank you
so thank you [Applause]
[Applause]
[Applause] [Music]
”
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