[Music] for centuries humankind has dreamed of
for centuries humankind has dreamed of
for centuries humankind has dreamed of living among the stars and this really
living among the stars and this really
living among the stars and this really took off to the 1950s and 60s with
took off to the 1950s and 60s with
took off to the 1950s and 60s with science fiction books and movies of
science fiction books and movies of
science fiction books and movies of outposts on the moon and adventures on
outposts on the moon and adventures on
outposts on the moon and adventures on colonies on Mars and who was not
colonies on Mars and who was not
colonies on Mars and who was not captivated a year ago with the movie the
captivated a year ago with the movie the
captivated a year ago with the movie the Martian by best-selling author Andy weir
Martian by best-selling author Andy weir
Martian by best-selling author Andy weir of an astronaut who gets left for dead
of an astronaut who gets left for dead
of an astronaut who gets left for dead in a sandstorm only to revive and that
in a sandstorm only to revive and that
in a sandstorm only to revive and that having to survive in the harsh
having to survive in the harsh
having to survive in the harsh environment of the red planet Mars
environment of the red planet Mars
environment of the red planet Mars closer to home though and reality is
closer to home though and reality is
closer to home though and reality is Elon Musk’s of SpaceX whose real dream
Elon Musk’s of SpaceX whose real dream
Elon Musk’s of SpaceX whose real dream is to settle Mars with the spaceship
is to settle Mars with the spaceship
is to settle Mars with the spaceship going there from him as early as 2024
going there from him as early as 2024
going there from him as early as 2024 and in 50 years having factories and
and in 50 years having factories and
and in 50 years having factories and pizza joints so the premise here is that
pizza joints so the premise here is that
pizza joints so the premise here is that planetary settlement is not a question
planetary settlement is not a question
planetary settlement is not a question of if but rather a question of when and
of if but rather a question of when and
of if but rather a question of when and the and the reasons why are getting very
the and the reasons why are getting very
the and the reasons why are getting very interesting in the discussion is much
interesting in the discussion is much
interesting in the discussion is much more than the traditional values of
more than the traditional values of
more than the traditional values of science and exploration and discovery
science and exploration and discovery
science and exploration and discovery over the last few years that discuss
over the last few years that discuss
over the last few years that discuss discussions have centered around human
discussions have centered around human
discussions have centered around human sustainability and human survivability
sustainability and human survivability
sustainability and human survivability becoming a multi-planet species to
becoming a multi-planet species to
becoming a multi-planet species to become risk-averse of some catalysts
become risk-averse of some catalysts
become risk-averse of some catalysts cataclysmic event that might wipe wipe
cataclysmic event that might wipe wipe
cataclysmic event that might wipe wipe out the whole human race and the
out the whole human race and the
out the whole human race and the dinosaurs certainly knew about
dinosaurs certainly knew about
dinosaurs certainly knew about extinction didn’t they 66 million years
extinction didn’t they 66 million years
extinction didn’t they 66 million years ago a large comet or astronaut asteroid
ago a large comet or astronaut asteroid
ago a large comet or astronaut asteroid impacted into the southern part of the
impacted into the southern part of the
impacted into the southern part of the Gulf of Mexico and the Yucatan Peninsula
Gulf of Mexico and the Yucatan Peninsula
Gulf of Mexico and the Yucatan Peninsula and it produced a huge tsunami that
and it produced a huge tsunami that
and it produced a huge tsunami that wiped out the plant and animal life all
wiped out the plant and animal life all
wiped out the plant and animal life all across North America but worse it
across North America but worse it
across North America but worse it a huge upwelling of debris and material
a huge upwelling of debris and material
a huge upwelling of debris and material that shrouded our planet and prevented
that shrouded our planet and prevented
that shrouded our planet and prevented the solar energy from the Sun from
the solar energy from the Sun from
the solar energy from the Sun from reaching the surface resulting in a
reaching the surface resulting in a
reaching the surface resulting in a cooling-off period and the extinction of
cooling-off period and the extinction of
cooling-off period and the extinction of the dinosaurs
the dinosaurs
the dinosaurs some have comically said that the
some have comically said that the
some have comically said that the extinction of the dinosaurs was because
extinction of the dinosaurs was because
extinction of the dinosaurs was because they didn’t have a space program but
they didn’t have a space program but
they didn’t have a space program but we’ve got a space program and the debate
we’ve got a space program and the debate
we’ve got a space program and the debate is whether to go to the Moon or Mars
is whether to go to the Moon or Mars
is whether to go to the Moon or Mars some say we need to just bypass the moon
some say we need to just bypass the moon
some say we need to just bypass the moon do not pass go do not collect $200 go
do not pass go do not collect $200 go
do not pass go do not collect $200 go straight to Mars with maybe a couple
straight to Mars with maybe a couple
straight to Mars with maybe a couple hundred people to become multi-planet
hundred people to become multi-planet
hundred people to become multi-planet species others say now forget Mars let’s
species others say now forget Mars let’s
species others say now forget Mars let’s just go the direct to the moon I and
just go the direct to the moon I and
just go the direct to the moon I and other scientists and engineers think we
other scientists and engineers think we
other scientists and engineers think we ought to go to Mars but by way of the
ought to go to Mars but by way of the
ought to go to Mars but by way of the moon using the moon to test the
moon using the moon to test the
moon using the moon to test the technologies and the concepts and
technologies and the concepts and
technologies and the concepts and develop the ideas for how we can live
develop the ideas for how we can live
develop the ideas for how we can live off the planet because the moon is only
off the planet because the moon is only
off the planet because the moon is only three days away where Mars there’s a
three days away where Mars there’s a
three days away where Mars there’s a year and a half away and who does not
year and a half away and who does not
year and a half away and who does not remember the first footstep on the moon
remember the first footstep on the moon
remember the first footstep on the moon with Neil Armstrong on Apollo 11 but who
with Neil Armstrong on Apollo 11 but who
with Neil Armstrong on Apollo 11 but who remembers the last footstep December
remembers the last footstep December
remembers the last footstep December 1972 Apollo 17 was the last manned lunar
1972 Apollo 17 was the last manned lunar
1972 Apollo 17 was the last manned lunar mission to the moon it ended the 10
mission to the moon it ended the 10
mission to the moon it ended the 10 years of the Apollo program it sat on
years of the Apollo program it sat on
years of the Apollo program it sat on the moon for ten days and over over
the moon for ten days and over over
the moon for ten days and over over three days
three days
three days they conducted three long spacewalks
they conducted three long spacewalks
they conducted three long spacewalks even riding around an electric car they
even riding around an electric car they
even riding around an electric car they found orange soil on their exploration
found orange soil on their exploration
found orange soil on their exploration which was orange glass from volcanic
which was orange glass from volcanic
which was orange glass from volcanic eruptions millions of years ago it even
eruptions millions of years ago it even
eruptions millions of years ago it even included the first scientist on the moon
included the first scientist on the moon
included the first scientist on the moon a geologist dr. Harrison Jack Schmitt
a geologist dr. Harrison Jack Schmitt
a geologist dr. Harrison Jack Schmitt but when they left many of us thought
but when they left many of us thought
but when they left many of us thought just a few years we’ll be back to
just a few years we’ll be back to
just a few years we’ll be back to exploring the moon with humans again or
exploring the moon with humans again or
exploring the moon with humans again or maybe we’ll use the Apollo program as
maybe we’ll use the Apollo program as
maybe we’ll use the Apollo program as the stepping stone to now move on to
the stepping stone to now move on to
the stepping stone to now move on to Mars but it was not to be it has been 45
Mars but it was not to be it has been 45
Mars but it was not to be it has been 45 years
years
years since we’ve had a footstep on the moon
since we’ve had a footstep on the moon
since we’ve had a footstep on the moon it is time to go back to the moon the
it is time to go back to the moon the
it is time to go back to the moon the moon is very different today than it was
moon is very different today than it was
moon is very different today than it was during the Apollo program in the time
during the Apollo program in the time
during the Apollo program in the time period of Apollo we thought it was not
period of Apollo we thought it was not
period of Apollo we thought it was not only airless but waterless that any
only airless but waterless that any
only airless but waterless that any water that might exist would just
water that might exist would just
water that might exist would just sublimate away how wrong we were how
sublimate away how wrong we were how
sublimate away how wrong we were how very wrong we were since 2008
very wrong we were since 2008
very wrong we were since 2008 we have known that there’s water on the
we have known that there’s water on the
we have known that there’s water on the moon lots of water one estimate
moon lots of water one estimate
moon lots of water one estimate indicates that there could be 10 billion
indicates that there could be 10 billion
indicates that there could be 10 billion metric tons of water that’s billion with
metric tons of water that’s billion with
metric tons of water that’s billion with the be enough water that would fill the
the be enough water that would fill the
the be enough water that would fill the Great Salt Lake in Utah and the water is
Great Salt Lake in Utah and the water is
Great Salt Lake in Utah and the water is a game-changer for us it exempts new
a game-changer for us it exempts new
a game-changer for us it exempts new capabilities for resources say on the
capabilities for resources say on the
capabilities for resources say on the International Space Station in orbits
International Space Station in orbits
International Space Station in orbits the earth in low-earth orbit every 90
the earth in low-earth orbit every 90
the earth in low-earth orbit every 90 minutes but is totally dependent on the
minutes but is totally dependent on the
minutes but is totally dependent on the earth for supplies this is totally
earth for supplies this is totally
earth for supplies this is totally reliant on the earth for food for water
reliant on the earth for food for water
reliant on the earth for food for water for air for for clothing for propellant
for air for for clothing for propellant
for air for for clothing for propellant and as we go on to expand humanity among
and as we go on to expand humanity among
and as we go on to expand humanity among the stars we can’t operate that way
the stars we can’t operate that way
the stars we can’t operate that way we’re we’re dependent on the earth we
we’re we’re dependent on the earth we
we’re we’re dependent on the earth we have to become not earth reliant but
have to become not earth reliant but
have to become not earth reliant but earth and dependent and be able to live
earth and dependent and be able to live
earth and dependent and be able to live in a different type of model one that is
in a different type of model one that is
in a different type of model one that is called living off the land the
called living off the land the
called living off the land the Polynesian voyagers really understood
Polynesian voyagers really understood
Polynesian voyagers really understood this concept up into this point when
this concept up into this point when
this concept up into this point when they began voyage across the oceans
they began voyage across the oceans
they began voyage across the oceans maybe a thousand years ago mankind was
maybe a thousand years ago mankind was
maybe a thousand years ago mankind was moving along the continents through land
moving along the continents through land
moving along the continents through land bridges but the Polynesian voyagers in a
bridges but the Polynesian voyagers in a
bridges but the Polynesian voyagers in a sense became the first astronauts they
sense became the first astronauts they
sense became the first astronauts they went in uncharted oceans in the Pacific
went in uncharted oceans in the Pacific
went in uncharted oceans in the Pacific between Polynesia Easter Island the
between Polynesia Easter Island the
between Polynesia Easter Island the Hawaiian Islands and back that great
Hawaiian Islands and back that great
Hawaiian Islands and back that great triangle and when they meet these made
triangle and when they meet these made
triangle and when they meet these made these journeys they didn’t take years
these journeys they didn’t take years
these journeys they didn’t take years and years to supplies with them of food
and years to supplies with them of food
and years to supplies with them of food and water and clothes they took just
and water and clothes they took just
and water and clothes they took just enough to make the journey to where they
enough to make the journey to where they
enough to make the journey to where they would get to the destination and then
would get to the destination and then
would get to the destination and then once arriving there they would live off
once arriving there they would live off
once arriving there they would live off the land
the land
the land we call this a very special name in situ
we call this a very special name in situ
we call this a very special name in situ resource utilization in situ meaning
resource utilization in situ meaning
resource utilization in situ meaning that where you are the location you are
that where you are the location you are
that where you are the location you are resource utilization meaning to use
resource utilization meaning to use
resource utilization meaning to use those resources where you are to sustain
those resources where you are to sustain
those resources where you are to sustain yourself over a long period of time and
yourself over a long period of time and
yourself over a long period of time and the water becomes the big game changer
the water becomes the big game changer
the water becomes the big game changer it is the gold of space because not only
it is the gold of space because not only
it is the gold of space because not only can we drink it but we can separate the
can we drink it but we can separate the
can we drink it but we can separate the water into its elemental components of
water into its elemental components of
water into its elemental components of hydrogen and oxygen we can breathe the
hydrogen and oxygen we can breathe the
hydrogen and oxygen we can breathe the oxygen but we can also use the gases of
oxygen but we can also use the gases of
oxygen but we can also use the gases of hydrogen oxygen for reactants for fuel
hydrogen oxygen for reactants for fuel
hydrogen oxygen for reactants for fuel cell for energy but most importantly we
cell for energy but most importantly we
cell for energy but most importantly we can use it for propellant cryogenic
can use it for propellant cryogenic
can use it for propellant cryogenic hydrogen and cryogenic oxygen are the
hydrogen and cryogenic oxygen are the
hydrogen and cryogenic oxygen are the most powerful propellants for rocket
most powerful propellants for rocket
most powerful propellants for rocket engines so what this allows us to do is
engines so what this allows us to do is
engines so what this allows us to do is not have to lift all the propellant in a
not have to lift all the propellant in a
not have to lift all the propellant in a rocket to escape earth we can just put
rocket to escape earth we can just put
rocket to escape earth we can just put enough to get away from earth and then
enough to get away from earth and then
enough to get away from earth and then refill up at a gas station a fill Depot
refill up at a gas station a fill Depot
refill up at a gas station a fill Depot in or around the moon to allow our
in or around the moon to allow our
in or around the moon to allow our planetary journeys to continue
planetary journeys to continue
planetary journeys to continue construction material is very similar in
construction material is very similar in
construction material is very similar in resource utilization well we go to moon
resource utilization well we go to moon
resource utilization well we go to moon in Mars to make these outposts or
in Mars to make these outposts or
in Mars to make these outposts or settlements we’re not going to take
settlements we’re not going to take
settlements we’re not going to take steel and an iron with us from the earth
steel and an iron with us from the earth
steel and an iron with us from the earth we’re not going to take rebar we’re not
we’re not going to take rebar we’re not
we’re not going to take rebar we’re not gonna go to Home Depot and load a bunch
gonna go to Home Depot and load a bunch
gonna go to Home Depot and load a bunch of lumber in a spaceship and launch it
of lumber in a spaceship and launch it
of lumber in a spaceship and launch it to Mars ain’t gonna happen it’s just not
to Mars ain’t gonna happen it’s just not
to Mars ain’t gonna happen it’s just not gonna be like that
gonna be like that
gonna be like that we’ll use what’s there we use the
we’ll use what’s there we use the
we’ll use what’s there we use the volcanic material the the lava the
volcanic material the the lava the
volcanic material the the lava the basalt for building landing pads for
basalt for building landing pads for
basalt for building landing pads for shelters for roads for sidewalks and our
shelters for roads for sidewalks and our
shelters for roads for sidewalks and our whole thinking of civil engineering has
whole thinking of civil engineering has
whole thinking of civil engineering has to change because now on Mars were in
to change because now on Mars were in
to change because now on Mars were in 140 on the moon we’re in 160 so what
140 on the moon we’re in 160 so what
140 on the moon we’re in 160 so what does that mean in terms of construction
does that mean in terms of construction
does that mean in terms of construction standards and codes for load bearing
standards and codes for load bearing
standards and codes for load bearing wallets and non load-bearing walls on
wallets and non load-bearing walls on
wallets and non load-bearing walls on those areas and of course we’ll also use
those areas and of course we’ll also use
those areas and of course we’ll also use this for materials on on the for making
this for materials on on the for making
this for materials on on the for making electronics and tools and then also
electronics and tools and then also
electronics and tools and then also resource prosper
resource prosper
resource prosper we want to go find out what the water
we want to go find out what the water
we want to go find out what the water where the water is what is the
where the water is what is the
where the water is what is the constituency of the water what does it
constituency of the water what does it
constituency of the water what does it look like where is the best place to
look like where is the best place to
look like where is the best place to mine we’re the easiest place to have
mine we’re the easiest place to have
mine we’re the easiest place to have access and are there some places that we
access and are there some places that we
access and are there some places that we could build a landing or an outpost site
could build a landing or an outpost site
could build a landing or an outpost site that’s co-located with some of these
that’s co-located with some of these
that’s co-located with some of these deposits so prospecting much less in the
deposits so prospecting much less in the
deposits so prospecting much less in the gold rush days and the this time instead
gold rush days and the this time instead
gold rush days and the this time instead of for water is going to be critical in
of for water is going to be critical in
of for water is going to be critical in this in this resource utilization effort
this in this resource utilization effort
this in this resource utilization effort and then lastly using resources on men
and then lastly using resources on men
and then lastly using resources on men or Mars to make solar rays to collect
or Mars to make solar rays to collect
or Mars to make solar rays to collect solar energy for power and also thermal
solar energy for power and also thermal
solar energy for power and also thermal energy for keeping warm at night the the
energy for keeping warm at night the the
energy for keeping warm at night the the concept of this is very interesting as
concept of this is very interesting as
concept of this is very interesting as we see some of the these mission
we see some of the these mission
we see some of the these mission scenarios play out in almost every case
scenarios play out in almost every case
scenarios play out in almost every case that I see humans don’t go first like we
that I see humans don’t go first like we
that I see humans don’t go first like we did in Apollo the robots and Rovers go
did in Apollo the robots and Rovers go
did in Apollo the robots and Rovers go first to prospect and find the water and
first to prospect and find the water and
first to prospect and find the water and begin assembling the outpost to make
begin assembling the outpost to make
begin assembling the outpost to make landing pads all robotically to begin
landing pads all robotically to begin
landing pads all robotically to begin putting the outpost and hooking them
putting the outpost and hooking them
putting the outpost and hooking them together like Lego sets to build
together like Lego sets to build
together like Lego sets to build infrastructure and sidewalks and then
infrastructure and sidewalks and then
infrastructure and sidewalks and then the humans come to work side-by-side
the humans come to work side-by-side
the humans come to work side-by-side with the humans so let’s envision what
with the humans so let’s envision what
with the humans so let’s envision what one of those scenarios might be let’s
one of those scenarios might be let’s
one of those scenarios might be let’s say we get a large Lander and put down a
say we get a large Lander and put down a
say we get a large Lander and put down a very powerful energy system because you
very powerful energy system because you
very powerful energy system because you can’t do anything without power that’s
can’t do anything without power that’s
can’t do anything without power that’s number one and secondly we would have a
number one and secondly we would have a
number one and secondly we would have a high bandwidth communication device on
high bandwidth communication device on
high bandwidth communication device on the spacecraft to allow us to do tell a
the spacecraft to allow us to do tell a
the spacecraft to allow us to do tell a robotic operations from Earth to all
robotic operations from Earth to all
robotic operations from Earth to all these Rovers the robots that are doing
these Rovers the robots that are doing
these Rovers the robots that are doing the construction for us and then much
the construction for us and then much
the construction for us and then much like a military sortie when we go into a
like a military sortie when we go into a
like a military sortie when we go into a remote area we want to collate co-locate
remote area we want to collate co-locate
remote area we want to collate co-locate all those assets right so we’ll bring
all those assets right so we’ll bring
all those assets right so we’ll bring down our second Lander close to the
down our second Lander close to the
down our second Lander close to the first Lander and all that sounds great
first Lander and all that sounds great
first Lander and all that sounds great doesn’t it but it doesn’t work that way
doesn’t it but it doesn’t work that way
doesn’t it but it doesn’t work that way on Moon and Mars here on earth when we
on Moon and Mars here on earth when we
on Moon and Mars here on earth when we fire a rocket engine and it interfaces
fire a rocket engine and it interfaces
fire a rocket engine and it interfaces with the dust of Earth the thick
with the dust of Earth the thick
with the dust of Earth the thick atmosphere of Earth creates these big
atmosphere of Earth creates these big
atmosphere of Earth creates these big dust clouds these boiling clouds but on
dust clouds these boiling clouds but on
dust clouds these boiling clouds but on Mars and the moon where there’s little
Mars and the moon where there’s little
Mars and the moon where there’s little or no atmosphere it doesn’t work that
or no atmosphere it doesn’t work that
or no atmosphere it doesn’t work that way at all and
way at all and
way at all and act on the Moon and Mars instead of
act on the Moon and Mars instead of
act on the Moon and Mars instead of billowing clouds is the very thick sheet
billowing clouds is the very thick sheet
billowing clouds is the very thick sheet of very tense dense dust the dust on the
of very tense dense dust the dust on the
of very tense dense dust the dust on the moon is about a hundred and fifty
moon is about a hundred and fifty
moon is about a hundred and fifty microns in diameter it’s about the size
microns in diameter it’s about the size
microns in diameter it’s about the size of talcum powder like flour but it’s not
of talcum powder like flour but it’s not
of talcum powder like flour but it’s not soft like talc it’s very brittle very
soft like talc it’s very brittle very
soft like talc it’s very brittle very hard it’s it’s essentially shards of
hard it’s it’s essentially shards of
hard it’s it’s essentially shards of broken glass over millions of years
broken glass over millions of years
broken glass over millions of years micro meteorites and cosmic rays have
micro meteorites and cosmic rays have
micro meteorites and cosmic rays have just broken all the lunar soil up in the
just broken all the lunar soil up in the
just broken all the lunar soil up in the Marcille into very small fragments so
Marcille into very small fragments so
Marcille into very small fragments so you’ve got this very thick dust sheet of
you’ve got this very thick dust sheet of
you’ve got this very thick dust sheet of glass that is about two degrees off the
glass that is about two degrees off the
glass that is about two degrees off the horizon very close to the horizon and it
horizon very close to the horizon and it
horizon very close to the horizon and it travels close to 2,000 meters per second
travels close to 2,000 meters per second
travels close to 2,000 meters per second almost escape velocity for the moon far
almost escape velocity for the moon far
almost escape velocity for the moon far faster than a sandblaster in the Apollo
faster than a sandblaster in the Apollo
faster than a sandblaster in the Apollo days that’s interesting the astronauts
days that’s interesting the astronauts
days that’s interesting the astronauts tell me that when the engines were
tell me that when the engines were
tell me that when the engines were running just after touchdown these dust
running just after touchdown these dust
running just after touchdown these dust sheets were created and they could see
sheets were created and they could see
sheets were created and they could see the tops of boulders very clearly but
the tops of boulders very clearly but
the tops of boulders very clearly but the dust sheet and blow was obscured by
the dust sheet and blow was obscured by
the dust sheet and blow was obscured by this dense sheet and when the engines
this dense sheet and when the engines
this dense sheet and when the engines stopped they could see the tail of the
stopped they could see the tail of the
stopped they could see the tail of the dust sheet heading away from the lunar
dust sheet heading away from the lunar
dust sheet heading away from the lunar spacecraft and then out and over the
spacecraft and then out and over the
spacecraft and then out and over the horizon incredible so it’s a major
horizon incredible so it’s a major
horizon incredible so it’s a major problem because anything that’s in line
problem because anything that’s in line
problem because anything that’s in line of side of that fast-moving dust sheet
of side of that fast-moving dust sheet
of side of that fast-moving dust sheet solar arrays radiators Rovers
solar arrays radiators Rovers
solar arrays radiators Rovers settlements could just be blown away
settlements could just be blown away
settlements could just be blown away destroyed so this has led us to a
destroyed so this has led us to a
destroyed so this has led us to a requirement that we need to first off
requirement that we need to first off
requirement that we need to first off when we get there build a landing pad to
when we get there build a landing pad to
when we get there build a landing pad to stabilize the surface to control the
stabilize the surface to control the
stabilize the surface to control the dust this is one that we built
dust this is one that we built
dust this is one that we built robotically in Hawaii about 18 months
robotically in Hawaii about 18 months
robotically in Hawaii about 18 months ago we got similar material dust in
ago we got similar material dust in
ago we got similar material dust in Hawaii this light Moon and Mars we
Hawaii this light Moon and Mars we
Hawaii this light Moon and Mars we cooked it in a kiln and made one foot by
cooked it in a kiln and made one foot by
cooked it in a kiln and made one foot by one foot pavers like brick pavers each
one foot pavers like brick pavers each
one foot pavers like brick pavers each weighing about 20 pounds and then the
weighing about 20 pounds and then the
weighing about 20 pounds and then the rover with a front blade did leveling
rover with a front blade did leveling
rover with a front blade did leveling and grading and compaction just like we
and grading and compaction just like we
and grading and compaction just like we would do a sidewalk or a street and then
would do a sidewalk or a street and then
would do a sidewalk or a street and then a robotic arm put these 100 pavers down
a robotic arm put these 100 pavers down
a robotic arm put these 100 pavers down in a 10 by 10 matrix to make a landing
in a 10 by 10 matrix to make a landing
in a 10 by 10 matrix to make a landing pad but I intentionally did not grout in
pad but I intentionally did not grout in
pad but I intentionally did not grout in between the gaps of the pavers because I
between the gaps of the pavers because I
between the gaps of the pavers because I wanted to see
wanted to see
wanted to see what would happen in worst case with
what would happen in worst case with
what would happen in worst case with gaps if we did a rocket engine firing so
gaps if we did a rocket engine firing so
gaps if we did a rocket engine firing so I went and bought a 2000 pound rocket
I went and bought a 2000 pound rocket
I went and bought a 2000 pound rocket engine put it on a fixed service
engine put it on a fixed service
engine put it on a fixed service structure of gantry over the landing pad
structure of gantry over the landing pad
structure of gantry over the landing pad and lit the thing off and this is what
and lit the thing off and this is what
and lit the thing off and this is what it looked like the gases got down in
it looked like the gases got down in
it looked like the gases got down in between the the pavers and you see the
between the the pavers and you see the
between the the pavers and you see the pad lift and settle and then lift again
pad lift and settle and then lift again
pad lift and settle and then lift again with the gases and then it’s just throws
with the gases and then it’s just throws
with the gases and then it’s just throws these 20-pound pavers around like tinker
these 20-pound pavers around like tinker
these 20-pound pavers around like tinker toys it was amazing I didn’t think we’d
toys it was amazing I didn’t think we’d
toys it was amazing I didn’t think we’d have that much damage
have that much damage
have that much damage and I went ah you know this is a good
and I went ah you know this is a good
and I went ah you know this is a good you know back to the drawing board
you know back to the drawing board
you know back to the drawing board you know it did quite work like I
you know it did quite work like I
you know it did quite work like I thought it was going to work totally
thought it was going to work totally
thought it was going to work totally destroyed the pad and you know what also
destroyed the pad and you know what also
destroyed the pad and you know what also figured out is is that unlike the space
figured out is is that unlike the space
figured out is is that unlike the space shuttle program that I directed when we
shuttle program that I directed when we
shuttle program that I directed when we go to settle on Moon and Mars we need
go to settle on Moon and Mars we need
go to settle on Moon and Mars we need different academic skills we need civil
different academic skills we need civil
different academic skills we need civil engineers we need architects we need
engineers we need architects we need
engineers we need architects we need geologists and volcanologists or
geologists and volcanologists or
geologists and volcanologists or roboticists we need people that
roboticists we need people that
roboticists we need people that understand farming and and growing
understand farming and and growing
understand farming and and growing plants inside domes like we saw in the
plants inside domes like we saw in the
plants inside domes like we saw in the Martian so it’s a whole new thinking
Martian so it’s a whole new thinking
Martian so it’s a whole new thinking also of skills that we need when we go
also of skills that we need when we go
also of skills that we need when we go to Moon and Mars and then interesting
to Moon and Mars and then interesting
to Moon and Mars and then interesting enough there’s also the concept of doing
enough there’s also the concept of doing
enough there’s also the concept of doing 3d printing to make these shelters
3d printing to make these shelters
3d printing to make these shelters today’s technology I don’t know if you
today’s technology I don’t know if you
today’s technology I don’t know if you know but we can 3d print a house with
know but we can 3d print a house with
know but we can 3d print a house with concrete in 48 hours with conduit so we
concrete in 48 hours with conduit so we
concrete in 48 hours with conduit so we could take that same approach to the
could take that same approach to the
could take that same approach to the moon instead of using concrete we use
moon instead of using concrete we use
moon instead of using concrete we use the batch material that is the fine
the batch material that is the fine
the batch material that is the fine grain the flour that’s on Moon and Mars
grain the flour that’s on Moon and Mars
grain the flour that’s on Moon and Mars to make these shelters and so as we look
to make these shelters and so as we look
to make these shelters and so as we look forward to going to Moon and Mars we’re
forward to going to Moon and Mars we’re
forward to going to Moon and Mars we’re gonna have a little different mindset I
gonna have a little different mindset I
gonna have a little different mindset I am a child of Apollo as many of you are
am a child of Apollo as many of you are
am a child of Apollo as many of you are I I was two or three years short of
I I was two or three years short of
I I was two or three years short of being able to work on the lunar programs
being able to work on the lunar programs
being able to work on the lunar programs the moon has very always been very
the moon has very always been very
the moon has very always been very passionate to me I think in the next few
passionate to me I think in the next few
passionate to me I think in the next few years we’re going to be seeing
years we’re going to be seeing
years we’re going to be seeing technology demonstrations on the moon
technology demonstrations on the moon
technology demonstrations on the moon that lay the groundwork for settlements
that lay the groundwork for settlements
that lay the groundwork for settlements for on the Moon and Mars
for on the Moon and Mars
for on the Moon and Mars imagine making the first brick on the
imagine making the first brick on the
imagine making the first brick on the moon or drilling for the first time on
moon or drilling for the first time on
moon or drilling for the first time on the moon or figuring out what kind of
the moon or figuring out what kind of
the moon or figuring out what kind of ice it is on the moon we just don’t know
ice it is on the moon we just don’t know
ice it is on the moon we just don’t know but it’s going to lead us in all these
but it’s going to lead us in all these
but it’s going to lead us in all these concepts as we test them in the close
concepts as we test them in the close
concepts as we test them in the close proximity of the moon to earth as we
proximity of the moon to earth as we
proximity of the moon to earth as we develop and feed-forward those concepts
develop and feed-forward those concepts
develop and feed-forward those concepts for settlement on Mars so as we say in
for settlement on Mars so as we say in
for settlement on Mars so as we say in Hawaii Mahalo Nui lo ah thank you very
Hawaii Mahalo Nui lo ah thank you very
Hawaii Mahalo Nui lo ah thank you very much for allowing me to come and share
much for allowing me to come and share
much for allowing me to come and share with you today Mahalo
”
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