[Music]
[Music]
a billion years ago in a region
very remote of the universe two holes
black two gigantic objects of the cosmos
they approached slowly in a dance
mortal and they ended up merging one
in the other provoking waves of the
perturbations in the fabric itself of the
space and time of the waves
gravity in September 2015
these waves that have crossed
the universe for a billion years is
you have been registered here on earth by two
tools that are part of a single
broad experiment in the United States and
then they were registered again by
other cosmic events also by others
instruments
recently also from the instrument
italian virgo near pisa
this discovery that had been predicted
from albert einstein one hundred years ago is one
discovery that opens us a new world a
universe to be discovered and is for
this that has had the nobel prize for
physics this year this is one of
those discoveries that bring us closer to
what we do not know
what we do not know is much more
important of what we already know
and in this little short adventure
through science together with me
I will understand why when I was 6 years old
I dreamed of being an astronomer but then I was
they also interested other things ad
example, the theater in fact my first
role has however been linked
to astronomy because I was a star
comet in a Christmas show the
my career has taken other ways
and in the end, however, I ended up in the place
just to live the adventure live
of science and to further cultivate it
my passion for science at cern a
geneva to be a personal assistant
of the general director of the epoch a
Nobel prize for Italian physics today
I do not do science, I’m not one
researcher but I tell her the story
everyone is a communicator
scientific and the story as
an adventure documenting it not only from the
cern that however my base but also
from very extreme places like Antarctica
that you see in this photograph here are
common
colony of adelie penguins or
the arctic space bases and even from
deserts aridi very high these this the
atacama desert in the chile andes
where there is an astronomical observatory
fantastic alma 60 antennas that do
radio astronomy and see signs that
they come from a different far away I am
south millimeter signals of the spectrum
electromagnetic us with our eyes
we see a very small part i
telescopes can see from the rays
range that are very powerful until
weaker waves here alma is the first and
the only instrument that sees these waves
sublime trick and that bring us signals
from a very distant universe and that open us
yet another window on what
we do not know
but back to cern has my base the
largest scientific laboratory at
world
here you study science more
fundamental of all the physics of the
elementary particles that tells us
what is done at the end of everything
what exists from our cells
from the air we breathe this stage i
planets interstellar space between us
and the other stars and the whole universe
he studies at the smallest level of the
matter and the forces that hold it
together the sky was created in 54
to 12 European member states to do
regain the primacy in Europe
physics he had lost in the war
worldwide but also to encourage one
peaceful collaboration between peoples and
today the greatest conquest of the cern
it’s just that of being one
global citadel of science where it is
he works peacefully is a kind of
prototype of an ideal world a world
where there are over 17 thousand people who
they come from all over the world from all
continents also from continents in war
among them and they are above all young
the average age 27 are researchers in
PhD or post doc stage come from
countries that do not recognize
to the other the right to exist
some of them work together
they work peacefully because they are
animated by the same passion for the
science from a universal value that
it transcends any political difference
of creed of ethnicity and so on
what they come to do at cern ha
now let’s do another little one
Scientific brackets come because
here they find the tools that the
they serve the biggest, most powerful ones
to do their research
this is a satellite image of the
the Swiss free zone around Geneva
we recognize the lemane lake the trail
of the geneva airport and that circle
big red is the last of the great ones
elementary particle accelerators
that are the tools that these
guys use to understand what it is
done everything
let’s look at it more closely this is l
hc in the same area that was seen before
by satellite we always recognize
however lake the airport runway
we understood that it is an instrument
huge 27 kilometers of circumference
underground 100 meters in the zoomed
let’s see how it’s done twenty-seven
kilometers of superconducting magnets
made of new materials invented not
you buy anywhere or in the HCs
do with the minds of everyone put together
and dizzying performance
just tell you that at the same time the
the hottest place is the hottest place
of our hottest galaxy because
inside about compartment beams of
protons we see them here in their to be a
empty that when they collide
among them they reach a temperature
100,000 more times hot than that of the
sun but to work these magnets
superconductors are cooled at least
275 degrees celsius and then one
temperature so colder than that
there is no between in the solar system
these collisions are then read these
about 1 parallel beams are made
Collide in four points are
collisions that are read by others
tools other tools that are
as many teams of young physicists
they think they are planning them
they build and then make them work
3000 physicists in cms 4,000 in at last are
two big experiments around the points
of collision of lhc reading 40
millions of collisions per second for
see what happened
the collision is huge here we see a
human being of normal size and a
another at the center of the atlas detector
five are under construction
super sophisticated electronic plans
innovator completely made in
laboratory precisely by these great
teams of above all young people
they serve to see what then many
they think that when protons collide
between them they break and see what
it’s inside it’s not what’s done
in particle accelerators
particular collider what you do e
they launch these beams of protons ha
a very high energy the speed of the
light what happens
these products are no longer protons
when i am in this condition i am
pure energy for which they are clashes of
energy in a very small point a lot
dense as the empty tube of lhc is
what happens when this energy
it collides with another energy happens
what he had predicted einstein is
equal emmeciquadro that the energy is
it transforms into matter
this means the most famous formula
of science that if we concentrate
a lot of energy in one point
very small dense completely
empty this energy gives life to matter
this happened at the big moment
bang is how the universe was born for
this einstein is so famous
they call the engineer of the universe
because he understood how he was born
the universe from the big bang
so if we want in lhc we see stars
under the ground we see the universe in his
As the beginning of a very young universe
young not just at the beginning but a
one billionth of a second after the big bang
lhc arrived here so far and telescopes
particle accelerators at the end yes
they complement each other in their work e
we understood that the universe at 13.7
billions of years we have understood all of them
its phases
lele hc is the only one with the able udeur
to study the primordial phase
of the universe because because telescopes
even if they can see the whole spectrum
electromagnetic however they need
of light, light is nothing but photons
I see you and you see me because i
photons that you emanate ok hand me
they arrive
our retina and create images of the
brain that we see the telescopes are
only the eyes that are much more powerful
they have a very large range but anyway
they are limited by light and not light
The announcement was born immediately in the universe
It was born when the universe was 380,000
years direct a universe of 35 to 7
billions of years and 380 thousand a universe
child yes, however, as when yes
conceives a child is very important
understand the conception of the universe
because when you conceive a child
it is there that he forms and decides his
DNA and therefore all that he will be
and in the primordial universe they decide
the basic building blocks of the atoms i
nuclei that then will make the stars and the
nuclei that then will make the carbon the
iron and therefore life then
very important to understand everything but we have
said that telescopes and he is certain of
particles have understood many things but
they understood everything in reality not that
that we do not know
despite all these efforts these
tools is much more than what
we know is the demonstration has arrived
in recent years always from astronomy
this is an image taken from the very
large telescope one of the large telescopes
in the atacama desert in Chile as al
but not far from the image of
orbits of stars within galaxies
that go much faster than the
physics would tell us that they have to go
because because there is no mass
sufficient visible that justifies
this speed is then one of the
conclusions
this happened about ten years ago
at the beginning there was a bit of span and
there must be an obscure mass that does not
he does not see it, but it’s because he is
we see the gravitational effects well
hubble saw the same thing he saw
other gravitational anomalies around
of the clusters of galaxies these are
of the stars whose trajectory
completely deviated are deformed and
even there the mass that is seen not
justifies this deformation and therefore
telescope after telescope from the earth
everyone has seen these from space
large deformations one of the telescopes
who saw them I mentioned the very first
large telescope this a photo taken
from the drone from my partner with whom I go
to make these adventures
around the world hunting for science
and this instead another image then
they are very precise indirect measures
yes because we do not see directly
this matter because it does not give off anything
but they are such precise measures as to make them
a map we know where this matter is
dark in the sky in the universe e
we know all the effects
gravitational that to this map in
particular is very powerful and a lot
recent has measured effects
abnormal gravitational data on 26 million
galaxies
therefore matter obscures matter that
there is but not seen is one of many i
boundaries of the world we do not know e
the problem is one is a big problem
is that there is a lot of dark matter
more than ordinary matter that
ordinary that makes us and very little
with respect to all matter
of the universe only 4 percent
so we only know 4 percent
of what is 26 percent
the rest should be dark matter
dark energy another great enigma of
which is better not to speak for which it is true
answer to the question why it is
what we do not know is not important
it is only because studying what
we do not know how to build tools
amazing that bring us the world wide
web that was invented at cern that
they lead us to magnetic resonance
nuclear pet bring us mobile phones
and all modern communication that does not
transit would exist without transistors
it would not exist without the laws of
maxwell and so the relativity absence
relativity we could never
use the gps without the corrections
for einsteinian relativity it is
important because it gives us technology but
not for everyone is important because
know only 4 percent maybe a bit
frustrating for us to be smart
but perhaps there are also those who are content with
know that what 4 percent
made of atoms the rest boh no value
true that I learned from this adventure
with science it is the lesson that there
they give all these young people who work
together the fields so difficult that
I imagine they build tools
very complex put them 100 meters
below ground 5 thousand meters of altitude on the
cama in was born on the sea level
Antarctica then make models
very complex analyze petabytes of
data make very precise predictions on the
basis of what they see young people
they come to all the countries of the world
this is the cms ad collaboration
example they work in not competing
there is also a lot of competition between one
experiment and the other but it is not true
competition here is petition
collaboration and competition together is
an extremely healthy thing they know
enhance the other they need
others need the person
different from them having different ideas
different cultures different ethnic groups because
think differently and just think
differently allows these
young people to take steps forward and
write other pages in the book of
knowledge without an innovative idea not
they can go on it was great
that need each other for
this I said the cern and model of
ideal of peace and an ideal city of
how the world I should be
started by saying it was baby I had
a dream that concerned the stars too
today a dream about the stars
what I dream today is that between
trigri and euphrates in the ancient
mesopotamia today siria iraq iran turkey
and so on
many telescopes should be built
because there are ideal conditions
like those of the atacama desert
at least geo physically are conditions
ideal legacy that gives dt dezza of the
images and then desert then there is not
light and there is no bright perturbation
for these purposes you and then there is one
great tradition because
astronomy and western birth with i
Sumerians and the Babylonian Assyrians that there
they left so many conquests that
still today they are used in
astronomy
so my dream of a child is
build telescope in places like racca
mosul kabul extraordinary telescopes that
they can not only return to these
they land their sky that sky that the
he gave birth to astronomy but
above all give back to the children of
these of these areas
a better future, thank you
[Applause]
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