“Beyond The Blue Ocean” | Dr Samantha Lavender | TEDxLeicesterSalon

[Applause]

[Applause] my talk actually from space and not just

my talk actually from space and not just

my talk actually from space and not just close to the earth in space but actually

close to the earth in space but actually

close to the earth in space but actually four billion miles away from the earth

four billion miles away from the earth

four billion miles away from the earth in space and this particular image that

in space and this particular image that

in space and this particular image that I’m showing you was taken by the Voyager

I’m showing you was taken by the Voyager

I’m showing you was taken by the Voyager 1 spacecraft looking back at the earth

1 spacecraft looking back at the earth

1 spacecraft looking back at the earth although it’s a very coarse resolution

although it’s a very coarse resolution

although it’s a very coarse resolution image I’m starting with it because I

image I’m starting with it because I

image I’m starting with it because I think it’s amazing to think that we have

think it’s amazing to think that we have

think it’s amazing to think that we have these images the and it’s called the

these images the and it’s called the

these images the and it’s called the blue dot because as you can see and you

blue dot because as you can see and you

blue dot because as you can see and you should be able to see it up there the

should be able to see it up there the

should be able to see it up there the earth looks like a blue dot four million

earth looks like a blue dot four million

earth looks like a blue dot four million miles away and and so this is my my

miles away and and so this is my my

miles away and and so this is my my starting point but most of the data I

starting point but most of the data I

starting point but most of the data I deal with is actually from much closer

deal with is actually from much closer

deal with is actually from much closer to the earth and so we’re now gonna very

to the earth and so we’re now gonna very

to the earth and so we’re now gonna very much zoom in to the type of images I

much zoom in to the type of images I

much zoom in to the type of images I look at every day and I have to say I’m

look at every day and I have to say I’m

look at every day and I have to say I’m very privileged to look at these images

very privileged to look at these images

very privileged to look at these images because I think they’re absolutely

because I think they’re absolutely

because I think they’re absolutely stunning and this couple of images I’m

stunning and this couple of images I’m

stunning and this couple of images I’m showing you now are from a series called

showing you now are from a series called

showing you now are from a series called the Blue Marble and the most recent

the Blue Marble and the most recent

the Blue Marble and the most recent images are collected from a satellite

images are collected from a satellite

images are collected from a satellite called Vyas their is orbiting just above

called Vyas their is orbiting just above

called Vyas their is orbiting just above the earth and as the Earth rotates Fears

the earth and as the Earth rotates Fears

the earth and as the Earth rotates Fears comes around in a polar orbit and so

comes around in a polar orbit and so

comes around in a polar orbit and so it’s taking scans of imagery and what

it’s taking scans of imagery and what

it’s taking scans of imagery and what NASA done in these particular examples

NASA done in these particular examples

NASA done in these particular examples is stitched all those images together to

is stitched all those images together to

is stitched all those images together to create you a full global view and this

create you a full global view and this

create you a full global view and this view is at one kilometer resolution

view is at one kilometer resolution

view is at one kilometer resolution which is why you can see so much detail

which is why you can see so much detail

which is why you can see so much detail in it and they’re pre big to download

in it and they’re pre big to download

in it and they’re pre big to download from the internet I have to say but

from the internet I have to say but

from the internet I have to say but they’re all freely available and out

they’re all freely available and out

they’re all freely available and out there so you can go on NASA’s website

there so you can go on NASA’s website

there so you can go on NASA’s website and pick these up and what you can see

and pick these up and what you can see

and pick these up and what you can see from these images is what we sort of

from these images is what we sort of

from these images is what we sort of expect from from the Blue Marble view

expect from from the Blue Marble view

expect from from the Blue Marble view and we see the clouds in white we see

and we see the clouds in white we see

and we see the clouds in white we see the oceans

the oceans

the oceans in blue and we see the land in a mixture

in blue and we see the land in a mixture

in blue and we see the land in a mixture of brown and green depending on how much

of brown and green depending on how much

of brown and green depending on how much vegetation is growing and is active and

vegetation is growing and is active and

vegetation is growing and is active and you might also see some vertical stripes

you might also see some vertical stripes

you might also see some vertical stripes on these images and that’s actually Sun

on these images and that’s actually Sun

on these images and that’s actually Sun glint so that’s where the Sun is hitting

glint so that’s where the Sun is hitting

glint so that’s where the Sun is hitting the surface of the ocean and bouncing

the surface of the ocean and bouncing

the surface of the ocean and bouncing off so I’m going to start now with the

off so I’m going to start now with the

off so I’m going to start now with the participants questions and we’ll see how

participants questions and we’ll see how

participants questions and we’ll see how this works so I’m going to ask you what

this works so I’m going to ask you what

this works so I’m going to ask you what you think you can see from space so I’m

you think you can see from space so I’m

you think you can see from space so I’m gonna take the example of a satellite

gonna take the example of a satellite

gonna take the example of a satellite called Sentinel 2 and this is from a

called Sentinel 2 and this is from a

called Sentinel 2 and this is from a recent set of satellites there are

recent set of satellites there are

recent set of satellites there are European satellites and have have been

European satellites and have have been

European satellites and have have been launched over the last few years it’s at

launched over the last few years it’s at

launched over the last few years it’s at an altitude of almost 800 kilometers and

an altitude of almost 800 kilometers and

an altitude of almost 800 kilometers and it has a pixel size of 15 meters and so

it has a pixel size of 15 meters and so

it has a pixel size of 15 meters and so what do you think you could see from

what do you think you could see from

what do you think you could see from that could you see the Great Wall of

that could you see the Great Wall of

that could you see the Great Wall of China could you see a house could you

China could you see a house could you

China could you see a house could you see anything that’s bigger than that

see anything that’s bigger than that

see anything that’s bigger than that pixel size or does it not actually

pixel size or does it not actually

pixel size or does it not actually matter what size the object is as to

matter what size the object is as to

matter what size the object is as to whether you can see it so this is I

whether you can see it so this is I

whether you can see it so this is I think where you should now all be using

think where you should now all be using

think where you should now all be using your mobile phones and giving me some

your mobile phones and giving me some

your mobile phones and giving me some sort of poll about oh that’s good

sort of poll about oh that’s good

sort of poll about oh that’s good so I think the audience has got the

so I think the audience has got the

so I think the audience has got the answer right I think so the answer is

answer right I think so the answer is

answer right I think so the answer is you can see all these things from space

you can see all these things from space

you can see all these things from space it really depends on the the pixel

it really depends on the the pixel

it really depends on the the pixel resolution but actually it also doesn’t

resolution but actually it also doesn’t

resolution but actually it also doesn’t because what I where I’m gonna spend

because what I where I’m gonna spend

because what I where I’m gonna spend most this talk talking about is plankton

most this talk talking about is plankton

most this talk talking about is plankton and actually they’re microscopic and we

and actually they’re microscopic and we

and actually they’re microscopic and we can see them from space which i think is

can see them from space which i think is

can see them from space which i think is an amazing thing so I’m gonna carry on

an amazing thing so I’m gonna carry on

an amazing thing so I’m gonna carry on though so what I’m doing now is I’m

though so what I’m doing now is I’m

though so what I’m doing now is I’m unfurling my globe so if you think of

unfurling my globe so if you think of

unfurling my globe so if you think of your globe it’s this 3d structure but to

your globe it’s this 3d structure but to

your globe it’s this 3d structure but to see a map what we need is it’s like

see a map what we need is it’s like

see a map what we need is it’s like peeling an orange you need to take the

peeling an orange you need to take the

peeling an orange you need to take the peel off and flatten it so that you can

peel off and flatten it so that you can

peel off and flatten it so that you can lay it flat on the tape

lay it flat on the tape

lay it flat on the tape and traditionally this is how we’ve

and traditionally this is how we’ve

and traditionally this is how we’ve looked at imagery although although it

looked at imagery although although it

looked at imagery although although it is changing to more 3d views and that’s

is changing to more 3d views and that’s

is changing to more 3d views and that’s because we we tended to have in the past

because we we tended to have in the past

because we we tended to have in the past flat TV screens or flat maps and this is

flat TV screens or flat maps and this is

flat TV screens or flat maps and this is in a particular projection called a

in a particular projection called a

in a particular projection called a Mercator map projection and it has

Mercator map projection and it has

Mercator map projection and it has artifacts within it because we’ve

artifacts within it because we’ve

artifacts within it because we’ve unfurled that 3d structure and put it

unfurled that 3d structure and put it

unfurled that 3d structure and put it flat and so your countries like Africa

flat and so your countries like Africa

flat and so your countries like Africa appear much smaller in proportion to

appear much smaller in proportion to

appear much smaller in proportion to countries further north or sense so

countries further north or sense so

countries further north or sense so often you compare Africa and Greenland

often you compare Africa and Greenland

often you compare Africa and Greenland which you don’t get a true

which you don’t get a true

which you don’t get a true representation of on on this particular

representation of on on this particular

representation of on on this particular map projection but it’s a nice way to

map projection but it’s a nice way to

map projection but it’s a nice way to start because what I’m gonna do next is

start because what I’m gonna do next is

start because what I’m gonna do next is I’m now gonna peel the atmosphere away

I’m now gonna peel the atmosphere away

I’m now gonna peel the atmosphere away and the reason why the ocean looks blue

and the reason why the ocean looks blue

and the reason why the ocean looks blue is primarily the atmosphere 90% of the

is primarily the atmosphere 90% of the

is primarily the atmosphere 90% of the signal is actually coming from

signal is actually coming from

signal is actually coming from scattering in the atmosphere rather than

scattering in the atmosphere rather than

scattering in the atmosphere rather than the signal from the oceans itself and so

the signal from the oceans itself and so

the signal from the oceans itself and so when I start to peel that their

when I start to peel that their

when I start to peel that their atmosphere away what we start to see is

atmosphere away what we start to see is

atmosphere away what we start to see is the color of the ocean and I’m taking

the color of the ocean and I’m taking

the color of the ocean and I’m taking the land away as well because that’s

the land away as well because that’s

the land away as well because that’s relatively bright compared to the ocean

relatively bright compared to the ocean

relatively bright compared to the ocean and you can now see shades of colors so

and you can now see shades of colors so

and you can now see shades of colors so in the deep ocean which we call the

in the deep ocean which we call the

in the deep ocean which we call the ocean gyres you’re seeing the blue but

ocean gyres you’re seeing the blue but

ocean gyres you’re seeing the blue but to the north and south you’re seeing

to the north and south you’re seeing

to the north and south you’re seeing this green coloration and this is our

this green coloration and this is our

this green coloration and this is our phytoplankton are microscopic plants

phytoplankton are microscopic plants

phytoplankton are microscopic plants living in the ocean and this is a color

living in the ocean and this is a color

living in the ocean and this is a color composite so we’re using bands

composite so we’re using bands

composite so we’re using bands approximately red green and blue to show

approximately red green and blue to show

approximately red green and blue to show you what it would be like to have

you what it would be like to have

you what it would be like to have something like a color photo taken from

something like a color photo taken from

something like a color photo taken from space what I’m next gonna change to is a

space what I’m next gonna change to is a

space what I’m next gonna change to is a chlorophyll map so what what we do with

chlorophyll map so what what we do with

chlorophyll map so what what we do with that is we actually then apply some

that is we actually then apply some

that is we actually then apply some mathematics and we calculate the

mathematics and we calculate the

mathematics and we calculate the concentration of the the green pigment

concentration of the the green pigment

concentration of the the green pigment the chlorophyll in the plankton and then

the chlorophyll in the plankton and then

the chlorophyll in the plankton and then we can show that as about and I’m going

we can show that as about and I’m going

we can show that as about and I’m going to show you the annual time series and

to show you the annual time series and

to show you the annual time series and so this is gonna run as a slow animation

so this is gonna run as a slow animation

so this is gonna run as a slow animation so you can see it

so you can see it

so you can see it what I will point out at the start is

what I will point out at the start is

what I will point out at the start is you’ll see the northern and southern

you’ll see the northern and southern

you’ll see the northern and southern extents moving and this is because we’re

extents moving and this is because we’re

extents moving and this is because we’re moving through the seasons so as you

moving through the seasons so as you

moving through the seasons so as you move into the winter in the northern

move into the winter in the northern

move into the winter in the northern hemisphere it gets darker earlier in the

hemisphere it gets darker earlier in the

hemisphere it gets darker earlier in the day and so the satellite can see less

day and so the satellite can see less

day and so the satellite can see less imagery when it when it goes over

imagery when it when it goes over

imagery when it when it goes over there’s not so much light for it to get

there’s not so much light for it to get

there’s not so much light for it to get a signal back form I’ll in the southern

a signal back form I’ll in the southern

a signal back form I’ll in the southern hemisphere you’ll be getting brighter

hemisphere you’ll be getting brighter

hemisphere you’ll be getting brighter but as we move from the winter and we’re

but as we move from the winter and we’re

but as we move from the winter and we’re now it December with through the spring

now it December with through the spring

now it December with through the spring then you’ll start to see the green

then you’ll start to see the green

then you’ll start to see the green increasing and this is the spring bloom

increasing and this is the spring bloom

increasing and this is the spring bloom so the the plankton in the ocean are

so the the plankton in the ocean are

so the the plankton in the ocean are like the plants on earth as the light

like the plants on earth as the light

like the plants on earth as the light starts to increase in the spring they

starts to increase in the spring they

starts to increase in the spring they start growing and multiplying and

start growing and multiplying and

start growing and multiplying and blooming and you get more activity going

blooming and you get more activity going

blooming and you get more activity going on in the oceans and so we’ve stopped on

on in the oceans and so we’ve stopped on

on in the oceans and so we’ve stopped on April and so you can see if you look

April and so you can see if you look

April and so you can see if you look between the UK and America you can see

between the UK and America you can see

between the UK and America you can see it’s quite green and this is our North

it’s quite green and this is our North

it’s quite green and this is our North Atlantic spring bloom in action if I

Atlantic spring bloom in action if I

Atlantic spring bloom in action if I start to to zoom in then we can see a

start to to zoom in then we can see a

start to to zoom in then we can see a bit closer what’s going on around the UK

bit closer what’s going on around the UK

bit closer what’s going on around the UK and the coastline and what you should be

and the coastline and what you should be

and the coastline and what you should be able to see is that around the coast

able to see is that around the coast

able to see is that around the coast we’re also greener than we are in the

we’re also greener than we are in the

we’re also greener than we are in the open ocean and this is again because we

open ocean and this is again because we

open ocean and this is again because we tend to get an upwelling of nutrients at

tend to get an upwelling of nutrients at

tend to get an upwelling of nutrients at the coastline and particularly near the

the coastline and particularly near the

the coastline and particularly near the UK you’ll see this strong line around

UK you’ll see this strong line around

UK you’ll see this strong line around the UK and that is called the

the UK and that is called the

the UK and that is called the continental shelf and that’s where we go

continental shelf and that’s where we go

continental shelf and that’s where we go from the deep ocean to the much

from the deep ocean to the much

from the deep ocean to the much shallower ocean and the plankton

shallower ocean and the plankton

shallower ocean and the plankton particularly liked to live there because

particularly liked to live there because

particularly liked to live there because there’s a lot of whaling and turbulence

there’s a lot of whaling and turbulence

there’s a lot of whaling and turbulence in the water and what you’re seeing over

in the water and what you’re seeing over

in the water and what you’re seeing over Africa is not some strange artifact but

Africa is not some strange artifact but

Africa is not some strange artifact but is actually a plankton this is a

is actually a plankton this is a

is actually a plankton this is a phytoplankton Sealand or a microscope so

phytoplankton Sealand or a microscope so

phytoplankton Sealand or a microscope so what I’m showing you here is these two

what I’m showing you here is these two

what I’m showing you here is these two views you’ve got the view of the

views you’ve got the view of the

views you’ve got the view of the phytoplankton 800 kilometers away in

phytoplankton 800 kilometers away in

phytoplankton 800 kilometers away in space and in parallel you’ve got the

space and in parallel you’ve got the

space and in parallel you’ve got the view of the plankton under a microscope

view of the plankton under a microscope

view of the plankton under a microscope what it looks like and I think both look

what it looks like and I think both look

what it looks like and I think both look wonderful and show you just how amazing

wonderful and show you just how amazing

wonderful and show you just how amazing these creatures are and they’re really

these creatures are and they’re really

these creatures are and they’re really important for life on Earth so a third

important for life on Earth so a third

important for life on Earth so a third of known species live in the ocean and

of known species live in the ocean and

of known species live in the ocean and these phytoplankton are the basis of

these phytoplankton are the basis of

these phytoplankton are the basis of that food chain so the plants the

that food chain so the plants the

that food chain so the plants the phytoplankton are eaten by the animals

phytoplankton are eaten by the animals

phytoplankton are eaten by the animals the zooplankton who in turn were beaten

the zooplankton who in turn were beaten

the zooplankton who in turn were beaten by the fish and then by us and other

by the fish and then by us and other

by the fish and then by us and other animals also because they’re plants they

animals also because they’re plants they

animals also because they’re plants they take in carbon dioxide and so a third of

take in carbon dioxide and so a third of

take in carbon dioxide and so a third of the carbon dioxide is also taken up by

the carbon dioxide is also taken up by

the carbon dioxide is also taken up by the ocean and then put back out as

the ocean and then put back out as

the ocean and then put back out as oxygen so they’re controlling the amount

oxygen so they’re controlling the amount

oxygen so they’re controlling the amount of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the

of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the

of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the atmosphere as well and as the amount of

atmosphere as well and as the amount of

atmosphere as well and as the amount of carbon dioxide increases you can also

carbon dioxide increases you can also

carbon dioxide increases you can also get problems in the ocean because it

get problems in the ocean because it

get problems in the ocean because it becomes more obsidian

becomes more obsidian

becomes more obsidian due to the absorption of carbon dioxide

due to the absorption of carbon dioxide

due to the absorption of carbon dioxide so this is a really important ecosystem

so this is a really important ecosystem

so this is a really important ecosystem that we often don’t know about because

that we often don’t know about because

that we often don’t know about because if we were on a boat we just see this

if we were on a boat we just see this

if we were on a boat we just see this this blue ocean and so I am now going to

this blue ocean and so I am now going to

this blue ocean and so I am now going to zoom in a bit further and start to look

zoom in a bit further and start to look

zoom in a bit further and start to look at some further detail so so far I’ve

at some further detail so so far I’ve

at some further detail so so far I’ve been using global imagery and they are

been using global imagery and they are

been using global imagery and they are also composite so I’m taking ten years

also composite so I’m taking ten years

also composite so I’m taking ten years of data and adding it together so you

of data and adding it together so you

of data and adding it together so you didn’t see any clouds but we also have

didn’t see any clouds but we also have

didn’t see any clouds but we also have much higher resolution imagery and this

much higher resolution imagery and this

much higher resolution imagery and this is from the satellite Sentinel too

is from the satellite Sentinel too

is from the satellite Sentinel too so whereas before the data I was showing

so whereas before the data I was showing

so whereas before the data I was showing you was a four kilometer pixel size so

you was a four kilometer pixel size so

you was a four kilometer pixel size so four by four kilometer for each point

four by four kilometer for each point

four by four kilometer for each point this is now 15 meter pixel size and what

this is now 15 meter pixel size and what

this is now 15 meter pixel size and what you can see again I’ve I’ve stripped

you can see again I’ve I’ve stripped

you can see again I’ve I’ve stripped away the atmosphere is there again we

away the atmosphere is there again we

away the atmosphere is there again we can see the wonder of what’s going on

can see the wonder of what’s going on

can see the wonder of what’s going on within the ocean so I very much had to

within the ocean so I very much had to

within the ocean so I very much had to saturate the land because it’s very much

saturate the land because it’s very much

saturate the land because it’s very much brighter so you can see this but you can

brighter so you can see this but you can

brighter so you can see this but you can now see this wonderful

now see this wonderful

now see this wonderful combination of physics and biology

combination of physics and biology

combination of physics and biology creating these amazing patterns and this

creating these amazing patterns and this

creating these amazing patterns and this is just off Scotland the Outer Hebrides

is just off Scotland the Outer Hebrides

is just off Scotland the Outer Hebrides this is where this is occurring you

this is where this is occurring you

this is where this is occurring you might also see some some artifacts in

might also see some some artifacts in

might also see some some artifacts in the imagery as well and that’s because

the imagery as well and that’s because

the imagery as well and that’s because Sentinel 2 is not really designed for

Sentinel 2 is not really designed for

Sentinel 2 is not really designed for looking at the oceans it’s more designed

looking at the oceans it’s more designed

looking at the oceans it’s more designed for looking at the land so there are

for looking at the land so there are

for looking at the land so there are some diagonal stripes like this which is

some diagonal stripes like this which is

some diagonal stripes like this which is effect of the scanner and you might also

effect of the scanner and you might also

effect of the scanner and you might also see some lines like this and if you look

see some lines like this and if you look

see some lines like this and if you look carefully you’ll see some white lines

carefully you’ll see some white lines

carefully you’ll see some white lines and it if you’re very careful and if it

and it if you’re very careful and if it

and it if you’re very careful and if it shows up well on this screen you might

shows up well on this screen you might

shows up well on this screen you might see a shadow and that’s contrails in the

see a shadow and that’s contrails in the

see a shadow and that’s contrails in the atmosphere so I’ve not managed to move

atmosphere so I’ve not managed to move

atmosphere so I’ve not managed to move everything of the atmosphere here

everything of the atmosphere here

everything of the atmosphere here because if we have a cloud we actually

because if we have a cloud we actually

because if we have a cloud we actually can’t see underneath it so we’re gonna

can’t see underneath it so we’re gonna

can’t see underneath it so we’re gonna zoom back out again because I don’t want

zoom back out again because I don’t want

zoom back out again because I don’t want to only show you optical data but I also

to only show you optical data but I also

to only show you optical data but I also want to show you another another form of

want to show you another another form of

want to show you another another form of remote sensing and this is an image from

remote sensing and this is an image from

remote sensing and this is an image from the Sentinel one satellite and so this

the Sentinel one satellite and so this

the Sentinel one satellite and so this is a sister satellite you could call it

is a sister satellite you could call it

is a sister satellite you could call it a sentinel 2 there are all part of a

a sentinel 2 there are all part of a

a sentinel 2 there are all part of a european program called Copernicus and

european program called Copernicus and

european program called Copernicus and the Sentinel one satellite is also of a

the Sentinel one satellite is also of a

the Sentinel one satellite is also of a similar spatial resolution 20 meters so

similar spatial resolution 20 meters so

similar spatial resolution 20 meters so we’re looking now at the Dutch coast and

we’re looking now at the Dutch coast and

we’re looking now at the Dutch coast and you can see the land because again it’s

you can see the land because again it’s

you can see the land because again it’s very much brighter and you can see

very much brighter and you can see

very much brighter and you can see fields and other infrastructure on the

fields and other infrastructure on the

fields and other infrastructure on the land but hopefully you should also be

land but hopefully you should also be

land but hopefully you should also be able to see things going on in the ocean

able to see things going on in the ocean

able to see things going on in the ocean as well and so up above my head if you

as well and so up above my head if you

as well and so up above my head if you look very carefully you will see some

look very carefully you will see some

look very carefully you will see some clusters are very small quite faint dots

clusters are very small quite faint dots

clusters are very small quite faint dots and there are actually two sets of wind

and there are actually two sets of wind

and there are actually two sets of wind farms and you can actually really zoom

farms and you can actually really zoom

farms and you can actually really zoom in on this imagery and start to almost

in on this imagery and start to almost

in on this imagery and start to almost see the blades on those wind farms and

see the blades on those wind farms and

see the blades on those wind farms and the bigger dots going across the screen

the bigger dots going across the screen

the bigger dots going across the screen our boat so vessels at sea so what what

our boat so vessels at sea so what what

our boat so vessels at sea so what what the satellite imagery allows us to do is

the satellite imagery allows us to do is

the satellite imagery allows us to do is not only look

not only look

not only look the plankton which are the basis of the

the plankton which are the basis of the

the plankton which are the basis of the food chain but also to look at human

food chain but also to look at human

food chain but also to look at human activities as well the blue economy we

activities as well the blue economy we

activities as well the blue economy we can see what’s going on on the surface

can see what’s going on on the surface

can see what’s going on on the surface of the ocean and one of the impressive

of the ocean and one of the impressive

of the ocean and one of the impressive things about microwave data is it sees

things about microwave data is it sees

things about microwave data is it sees through clouds so for this data we can

through clouds so for this data we can

through clouds so for this data we can look at any weather conditions because

look at any weather conditions because

look at any weather conditions because we’re not blocked by our plant so this

we’re not blocked by our plant so this

we’re not blocked by our plant so this is a wonderful resource but I have to

is a wonderful resource but I have to

is a wonderful resource but I have to say we can’t use it on its own we can’t

say we can’t use it on its own we can’t

say we can’t use it on its own we can’t say we only do satellite remote sensing

say we only do satellite remote sensing

say we only do satellite remote sensing you also have to do modelling and

you also have to do modelling and

you also have to do modelling and measurements from boats as well and so

measurements from boats as well and so

measurements from boats as well and so for my example of ground-based

for my example of ground-based

for my example of ground-based measurements I’m going to show you a

measurements I’m going to show you a

measurements I’m going to show you a citizen science program and this is the

citizen science program and this is the

citizen science program and this is the the sekki disk project that has been

the sekki disk project that has been

the sekki disk project that has been running since 2003

running since 2003

running since 2003 the NOFA key disc is a white disk that’s

the NOFA key disc is a white disk that’s

the NOFA key disc is a white disk that’s lowered into the ocean until it

lowered into the ocean until it

lowered into the ocean until it disappears and you just measure how deep

disappears and you just measure how deep

disappears and you just measure how deep that that measurement is and then that

that that measurement is and then that

that that measurement is and then that tells you how turbid the water is and by

tells you how turbid the water is and by

tells you how turbid the water is and by doing that we start to get a view also

doing that we start to get a view also

doing that we start to get a view also from the ground about what’s happening

from the ground about what’s happening

from the ground about what’s happening in the ocean and then I’m going to

in the ocean and then I’m going to

in the ocean and then I’m going to finish off with something that’s very

finish off with something that’s very

finish off with something that’s very much in the news at the minute and

much in the news at the minute and

much in the news at the minute and that’s microplastics

that’s microplastics

that’s microplastics because I’m sure many of you don’t own

because I’m sure many of you don’t own

because I’m sure many of you don’t own boats and they’re not going to go out

boats and they’re not going to go out

boats and they’re not going to go out into the ocean and take measurements but

into the ocean and take measurements but

into the ocean and take measurements but we all have an impact on the ocean

we all have an impact on the ocean

we all have an impact on the ocean whether it is positive or negative and

whether it is positive or negative and

whether it is positive or negative and this is very much something where we’re

this is very much something where we’re

this is very much something where we’re all putting plastics into the ocean

all putting plastics into the ocean

all putting plastics into the ocean either because we’re using Makeup or

either because we’re using Makeup or

either because we’re using Makeup or other things that contain the little

other things that contain the little

other things that contain the little balls that go down the sink and out the

balls that go down the sink and out the

balls that go down the sink and out the sewers or we’re leaving rubbish on the

sewers or we’re leaving rubbish on the

sewers or we’re leaving rubbish on the beach and that’s ending up in the ocean

beach and that’s ending up in the ocean

beach and that’s ending up in the ocean and ultimately being eaten by fish and

and ultimately being eaten by fish and

and ultimately being eaten by fish and other animals and potentially coming

other animals and potentially coming

other animals and potentially coming back to us as well as that as the food

back to us as well as that as the food

back to us as well as that as the food we eat

we eat

we eat so alongside seeing the ocean is a

so alongside seeing the ocean is a

so alongside seeing the ocean is a wonderful thing we also have to look

wonderful thing we also have to look

wonderful thing we also have to look after it and that that’s a

after it and that that’s a

after it and that that’s a responsibility of everyone so I’d like

responsibility of everyone so I’d like

responsibility of everyone so I’d like to thank you very much for for listening

to thank you very much for for listening

to thank you very much for for listening to this

to this

to this and if I hope you very much enjoyed the

and if I hope you very much enjoyed the

and if I hope you very much enjoyed the presentation

presentation

presentation [Applause]