hello everyone today we’ll be talking about how the universe behaves at its
about how the universe behaves at its
about how the universe behaves at its smallest of scales but what I hope you
smallest of scales but what I hope you
smallest of scales but what I hope you understand from it is truly nothing on
understand from it is truly nothing on
understand from it is truly nothing on December 2004 a lecture was given by
December 2004 a lecture was given by
December 2004 a lecture was given by Frank we’ll check in it he emphasized
Frank we’ll check in it he emphasized
Frank we’ll check in it he emphasized that the mass of the protons and the
that the mass of the protons and the
that the mass of the protons and the neutrons that makes up the atom comes
neutrons that makes up the atom comes
neutrons that makes up the atom comes from about 90% of empty space or from
from about 90% of empty space or from
from about 90% of empty space or from nothing
nothing
nothing well that isn’t nothing that we’ll be
well that isn’t nothing that we’ll be
well that isn’t nothing that we’ll be talking about today
talking about today
talking about today to understand this further let’s go to
to understand this further let’s go to
to understand this further let’s go to the Year in 1907 where Einstein is
the Year in 1907 where Einstein is
the Year in 1907 where Einstein is celebrating his newly discovered theory
celebrating his newly discovered theory
celebrating his newly discovered theory of special relativity and decides to
of special relativity and decides to
of special relativity and decides to take on another challenge and he decides
take on another challenge and he decides
take on another challenge and he decides to take the biggest villain of all
to take the biggest villain of all
to take the biggest villain of all theories gravity well it sucks I know it
theories gravity well it sucks I know it
theories gravity well it sucks I know it pull things at the time almost all the
pull things at the time almost all the
pull things at the time almost all the physics community were convinced that
physics community were convinced that
physics community were convinced that gravity is complete and it’s well
gravity is complete and it’s well
gravity is complete and it’s well described by the well-known classical
described by the well-known classical
described by the well-known classical gravity presented by Sir Isaac Newton
gravity presented by Sir Isaac Newton
gravity presented by Sir Isaac Newton but little did Newton know although his
but little did Newton know although his
but little did Newton know although his theory was capable of describing the
theory was capable of describing the
theory was capable of describing the motion of the stars and the motion of
motion of the stars and the motion of
motion of the stars and the motion of the moon the motion of rockets flying to
the moon the motion of rockets flying to
the moon the motion of rockets flying to the moon Newton didn’t know actually why
the moon Newton didn’t know actually why
the moon Newton didn’t know actually why gravity works so for example why is the
gravity works so for example why is the
gravity works so for example why is the Sun that is millions of miles away it’s
Sun that is millions of miles away it’s
Sun that is millions of miles away it’s capable of describing the motion is
capable of describing the motion is
capable of describing the motion is capable of affecting the motion of Earth
capable of affecting the motion of Earth
capable of affecting the motion of Earth that is along that distance this was the
that is along that distance this was the
that is along that distance this was the task that Einstein said to explain
task that Einstein said to explain
task that Einstein said to explain I understand says that the medium that
I understand says that the medium that
I understand says that the medium that transmits gravity is the space-time he
transmits gravity is the space-time he
transmits gravity is the space-time he continued saying that if we had a space
continued saying that if we had a space
continued saying that if we had a space then this space is flat and unchanging
then this space is flat and unchanging
then this space is flat and unchanging and calm much like this picture if there
and calm much like this picture if there
and calm much like this picture if there is no matter or mass present in it
is no matter or mass present in it
is no matter or mass present in it however when there is a mass present in
however when there is a mass present in
however when there is a mass present in us such as the Earth or the Sun this
us such as the Earth or the Sun this
us such as the Earth or the Sun this space encounters some wiggling and
space encounters some wiggling and
space encounters some wiggling and warping and bending due to the effect of
warping and bending due to the effect of
warping and bending due to the effect of mass on it I
mass on it I
mass on it I and and the more the mass the more the
and and the more the mass the more the
and and the more the mass the more the warping and then the more the warping
warping and then the more the warping
warping and then the more the warping the more the force of gravity
the more the force of gravity
the more the force of gravity Einstein continued saying that if we had
Einstein continued saying that if we had
Einstein continued saying that if we had for example earth then earth warps the
for example earth then earth warps the
for example earth then earth warps the space around itself and creates a valley
space around itself and creates a valley
space around itself and creates a valley so that mu moon could circulate in order
so that mu moon could circulate in order
so that mu moon could circulate in order in in orbit around Earth the same is
in in orbit around Earth the same is
in in orbit around Earth the same is true for the motion of the earth around
true for the motion of the earth around
true for the motion of the earth around the Sun earth is forced in orbit due to
the Sun earth is forced in orbit due to
the Sun earth is forced in orbit due to the mass of the Sun and the warp of the
the mass of the Sun and the warp of the
the mass of the Sun and the warp of the space-time around the Sun now this is
space-time around the Sun now this is
space-time around the Sun now this is true for all the matters and all the
true for all the matters and all the
true for all the matters and all the galaxies and the stars in the universe
galaxies and the stars in the universe
galaxies and the stars in the universe Einstein accepting this fact that the
Einstein accepting this fact that the
Einstein accepting this fact that the gravity of is a world of space time and
gravity of is a world of space time and
gravity of is a world of space time and that the universe is static as all
that the universe is static as all
that the universe is static as all scientists believe it to be in 1907 he
scientists believe it to be in 1907 he
scientists believe it to be in 1907 he devised a picture of the universe this
devised a picture of the universe this
devised a picture of the universe this is the equations he came up with little
is the equations he came up with little
is the equations he came up with little Einstein no his equations came
Einstein no his equations came
Einstein no his equations came describing a universe that is expanding
describing a universe that is expanding
describing a universe that is expanding and unchanging but Einstein as his
and unchanging but Einstein as his
and unchanging but Einstein as his predecessors believed in the youever
predecessors believed in the youever
predecessors believed in the youever universe that is static unchanging these
universe that is static unchanging these
universe that is static unchanging these equations came describing a universe
equations came describing a universe
equations came describing a universe that is dynamic changing and expanding
that is dynamic changing and expanding
that is dynamic changing and expanding well Einstein said let me stabilize this
well Einstein said let me stabilize this
well Einstein said let me stabilize this picture by introducing a term and he
picture by introducing a term and he
picture by introducing a term and he called it the cosmological constant we
called it the cosmological constant we
called it the cosmological constant we asked what is a cosmological constant
asked what is a cosmological constant
asked what is a cosmological constant well to understand this we asked another
well to understand this we asked another
well to understand this we asked another question why is the universe big the
question why is the universe big the
question why is the universe big the universe is getting is big and is
universe is getting is big and is
universe is getting is big and is getting bigger and bigger at a faster
getting bigger and bigger at a faster
getting bigger and bigger at a faster and faster rates the cosmological
and faster rates the cosmological
and faster rates the cosmological constant is the driving force that
constant is the driving force that
constant is the driving force that pushes the universe Iestyn introduced it
pushes the universe Iestyn introduced it
pushes the universe Iestyn introduced it as we could see here on the left-hand
as we could see here on the left-hand
as we could see here on the left-hand side as a constant in the geometry of
side as a constant in the geometry of
side as a constant in the geometry of space-time however if we decided to move
space-time however if we decided to move
space-time however if we decided to move the cosmological constant to the
the cosmological constant to the
the cosmological constant to the right-hand side now it represents an
right-hand side now it represents an
right-hand side now it represents an entirely different term it comes from
entirely different term it comes from
entirely different term it comes from the energy and the momentum of the
the energy and the momentum of the
the energy and the momentum of the universe we ask again what could produce
universe we ask again what could produce
universe we ask again what could produce such a term well
such a term well
such a term well as much as many other physicists believe
as much as many other physicists believe
as much as many other physicists believe that nothing could produce such a term
that nothing could produce such a term
that nothing could produce such a term but nothing well is this the energy of
but nothing well is this the energy of
but nothing well is this the energy of nothing if so then what is the energy of
nothing if so then what is the energy of
nothing if so then what is the energy of nothing well to answer this question we
nothing well to answer this question we
nothing well to answer this question we embark on describing the universe on its
embark on describing the universe on its
embark on describing the universe on its grandest of scales for example ordinary
grandest of scales for example ordinary
grandest of scales for example ordinary matter in the universe matter like me
matter in the universe matter like me
matter in the universe matter like me like you galaxies stars atoms and
like you galaxies stars atoms and
like you galaxies stars atoms and eventually as humans come from about
eventually as humans come from about
eventually as humans come from about account for about less than 5% of the
account for about less than 5% of the
account for about less than 5% of the whole mass of the universe
whole mass of the universe
whole mass of the universe 24% is dark energy the stuff that pulls
24% is dark energy the stuff that pulls
24% is dark energy the stuff that pulls galaxies together and 71% is dark matter
galaxies together and 71% is dark matter
galaxies together and 71% is dark matter is the stuff that pushes the universe
is the stuff that pushes the universe
is the stuff that pushes the universe together and it is energy of nothing as
together and it is energy of nothing as
together and it is energy of nothing as Einstein introduced it in his
Einstein introduced it in his
Einstein introduced it in his cosmological constant the cosmological
cosmological constant the cosmological
cosmological constant the cosmological constant is probably the most driving
constant is probably the most driving
constant is probably the most driving force that pushes the universe apart and
force that pushes the universe apart and
force that pushes the universe apart and we don’t know much about it 94 about 95
we don’t know much about it 94 about 95
we don’t know much about it 94 about 95 percent of the universe is invisible and
percent of the universe is invisible and
percent of the universe is invisible and we don’t know what produce this 95
we don’t know what produce this 95
we don’t know what produce this 95 percent but we have a theory we know
percent but we have a theory we know
percent but we have a theory we know that there is something that is pushing
that there is something that is pushing
that there is something that is pushing the universe apart and we call it dark
the universe apart and we call it dark
the universe apart and we call it dark energy well if so then what do we know
energy well if so then what do we know
energy well if so then what do we know dark energy the stuff that pushes the
dark energy the stuff that pushes the
dark energy the stuff that pushes the universe apart causes the universe to
universe apart causes the universe to
universe apart causes the universe to accelerate in its expansion and what do
accelerate in its expansion and what do
accelerate in its expansion and what do we mean then we all know that the
we mean then we all know that the
we mean then we all know that the universe is expanding even children
universe is expanding even children
universe is expanding even children watching cartoons would know that the
watching cartoons would know that the
watching cartoons would know that the universe is expanding but it wasn’t
universe is expanding but it wasn’t
universe is expanding but it wasn’t until six years ago where three
until six years ago where three
until six years ago where three physicists three astronomers won the
physicists three astronomers won the
physicists three astronomers won the Nobel Prize in Physics that we came to
Nobel Prize in Physics that we came to
Nobel Prize in Physics that we came to know that the universe is not only
know that the universe is not only
know that the universe is not only expanding but it also accelerates in its
expanding but it also accelerates in its
expanding but it also accelerates in its expansion well and and and we don’t know
expansion well and and and we don’t know
expansion well and and and we don’t know much about it
much about it
much about it well the cosmological constant acts up
well the cosmological constant acts up
well the cosmological constant acts up as if you are driving a sports car and
as if you are driving a sports car and
as if you are driving a sports car and you are accelerating from zero to a
you are accelerating from zero to a
you are accelerating from zero to a hundred with a very high accelerated
hundred with a very high accelerated
hundred with a very high accelerated motion
motion
motion the cosmological constant is the same
the cosmological constant is the same
the cosmological constant is the same thing as the cushion pushes on your back
thing as the cushion pushes on your back
thing as the cushion pushes on your back from the driving sports car and pushing
from the driving sports car and pushing
from the driving sports car and pushing your back due to the accelerated motion
your back due to the accelerated motion
your back due to the accelerated motion the cousins go contact up in the very
the cousins go contact up in the very
the cousins go contact up in the very same way in pushing the universe apart
same way in pushing the universe apart
same way in pushing the universe apart and accelerating it in its expansion now
and accelerating it in its expansion now
and accelerating it in its expansion now to understand this even further let’s
to understand this even further let’s
to understand this even further let’s dig the atom and go further to find that
dig the atom and go further to find that
dig the atom and go further to find that it’s made of protons and neutrons
it’s made of protons and neutrons
it’s made of protons and neutrons let’s stick even further to find that
let’s stick even further to find that
let’s stick even further to find that it’s made of quarks well Frank we’ll
it’s made of quarks well Frank we’ll
it’s made of quarks well Frank we’ll check as I mentioned earlier says that
check as I mentioned earlier says that
check as I mentioned earlier says that 90% of the mass of the quarks and the
90% of the mass of the quarks and the
90% of the mass of the quarks and the protons and eventually everything that
protons and eventually everything that
protons and eventually everything that you see in the universe comes from about
you see in the universe comes from about
you see in the universe comes from about 90% of nothing and professor Derrick
90% of nothing and professor Derrick
90% of nothing and professor Derrick line Webber provides us with a very nice
line Webber provides us with a very nice
line Webber provides us with a very nice simulation of the space in between these
simulation of the space in between these
simulation of the space in between these quarks and it this is vacuum at the
quarks and it this is vacuum at the
quarks and it this is vacuum at the energy lumps you see are called quantum
energy lumps you see are called quantum
energy lumps you see are called quantum field fluctuations or simply gluon quark
field fluctuations or simply gluon quark
field fluctuations or simply gluon quark field fluctuations as physicists call
field fluctuations as physicists call
field fluctuations as physicists call them this is the true energy of nothing
them this is the true energy of nothing
them this is the true energy of nothing where you see the red spots this is the
where you see the red spots this is the
where you see the red spots this is the high energy concentration of nothing and
high energy concentration of nothing and
high energy concentration of nothing and the the energy goes low as colors
the the energy goes low as colors
the the energy goes low as colors grading goes to yellow and blue as we
grading goes to yellow and blue as we
grading goes to yellow and blue as we can see from the video now what I’m
can see from the video now what I’m
can see from the video now what I’m trying to tell you is that vacuum is
trying to tell you is that vacuum is
trying to tell you is that vacuum is filled with stuffs and there is no zero
filled with stuffs and there is no zero
filled with stuffs and there is no zero state energy and no matter how hard you
state energy and no matter how hard you
state energy and no matter how hard you try sucking things from vacuum how hard
try sucking things from vacuum how hard
try sucking things from vacuum how hard you try you would never ever get the
you try you would never ever get the
you try you would never ever get the number zero no matter how hard you try
number zero no matter how hard you try
number zero no matter how hard you try nothing to make it clearer let’s imagine
nothing to make it clearer let’s imagine
nothing to make it clearer let’s imagine a travel bag everybody has has had his
a travel bag everybody has has had his
a travel bag everybody has has had his travel bags with them well let’s imagine
travel bags with them well let’s imagine
travel bags with them well let’s imagine this travel bag that get never gets
this travel bag that get never gets
this travel bag that get never gets emptied as much as you take your clothes
emptied as much as you take your clothes
emptied as much as you take your clothes your take your shoes off the back and
your take your shoes off the back and
your take your shoes off the back and you try to empty it you still have more
you try to empty it you still have more
you try to empty it you still have more shoes or more shirts left so that you
shoes or more shirts left so that you
shoes or more shirts left so that you could empty
could empty
could empty well this leaves us with a very
well this leaves us with a very
well this leaves us with a very unsettling picture and even if we could
unsettling picture and even if we could
unsettling picture and even if we could rid of get rid of these fluctuations
rid of get rid of these fluctuations
rid of get rid of these fluctuations that you saw in the video still this
that you saw in the video still this
that you saw in the video still this would open up another level of
would open up another level of
would open up another level of nothingness where a variety of quantum
nothingness where a variety of quantum
nothingness where a variety of quantum fields and quantum fluctuations could
fields and quantum fluctuations could
fields and quantum fluctuations could pop into our universe and then fades
pop into our universe and then fades
pop into our universe and then fades away again and much like this picture
away again and much like this picture
away again and much like this picture leaving us with the analogy that the
leaving us with the analogy that the
leaving us with the analogy that the universe is far from being empty and
universe is far from being empty and
universe is far from being empty and vivi the nothingness energy is far from
vivi the nothingness energy is far from
vivi the nothingness energy is far from being nothing well Henry Casimir gives
being nothing well Henry Casimir gives
being nothing well Henry Casimir gives us a another picture of the universe he
us a another picture of the universe he
us a another picture of the universe he says that nothing is filled with virtual
says that nothing is filled with virtual
says that nothing is filled with virtual particles much like these that comes in
particles much like these that comes in
particles much like these that comes in and out of existence
and out of existence
and out of existence each second he also devised a an
each second he also devised a an
each second he also devised a an experiment to test for this extra you
experiment to test for this extra you
experiment to test for this extra you know virtual particles he came he
know virtual particles he came he
know virtual particles he came he described an experiment with a two
described an experiment with a two
described an experiment with a two plates separated by vacuum and since
plates separated by vacuum and since
plates separated by vacuum and since that these virtual particles comes in
that these virtual particles comes in
that these virtual particles comes in and out of existence with a variety of
and out of existence with a variety of
and out of existence with a variety of sizes then bigger particles wouldn’t fit
sizes then bigger particles wouldn’t fit
sizes then bigger particles wouldn’t fit inside these two plates resulting in
inside these two plates resulting in
inside these two plates resulting in more force outside the plates than the
more force outside the plates than the
more force outside the plates than the force inside the place which in its turn
force inside the place which in its turn
force inside the place which in its turn resulting in pushing plates together the
resulting in pushing plates together the
resulting in pushing plates together the experiment was done in 1997 it came to
experiment was done in 1997 it came to
experiment was done in 1997 it came to confirm that the universe is filled with
confirm that the universe is filled with
confirm that the universe is filled with this soup of bubbling virtual particle
this soup of bubbling virtual particle
this soup of bubbling virtual particle that comes in and out of existence now
that comes in and out of existence now
that comes in and out of existence now let’s imagine that these particles are
let’s imagine that these particles are
let’s imagine that these particles are small enough right we said earlier as
small enough right we said earlier as
small enough right we said earlier as human beings we experience three
human beings we experience three
human beings we experience three dimensions of space such as the width
dimensions of space such as the width
dimensions of space such as the width the height and the length well how could
the height and the length well how could
the height and the length well how could there be more dimensions we said earlier
there be more dimensions we said earlier
there be more dimensions we said earlier that space could work bend and curve and
that space could work bend and curve and
that space could work bend and curve and contract if we were to imagine one of
contract if we were to imagine one of
contract if we were to imagine one of the dimensions of the space to contract
the dimensions of the space to contract
the dimensions of the space to contract a size lesser than the size of an
a size lesser than the size of an
a size lesser than the size of an electron then
electron then
electron then this space would be very difficult for
this space would be very difficult for
this space would be very difficult for us human to feel or see but if we were
us human to feel or see but if we were
us human to feel or see but if we were to look close enough than the space that
to look close enough than the space that
to look close enough than the space that that tiny space and that hidden
that tiny space and that hidden
that tiny space and that hidden dimension might eventually pop out to
dimension might eventually pop out to
dimension might eventually pop out to imagine to take this even further for
imagine to take this even further for
imagine to take this even further for imagination let’s imagine a person
imagination let’s imagine a person
imagination let’s imagine a person walking on a rope much like this picture
walking on a rope much like this picture
walking on a rope much like this picture while this person could encounter only
while this person could encounter only
while this person could encounter only going backward and forward an ant could
going backward and forward an ant could
going backward and forward an ant could go backward forward and cool around the
go backward forward and cool around the
go backward forward and cool around the rope in what appears to be a curled up
rope in what appears to be a curled up
rope in what appears to be a curled up extra dimensions as humans we don’t feel
extra dimensions as humans we don’t feel
extra dimensions as humans we don’t feel these microscopic extra dimensions or
these microscopic extra dimensions or
these microscopic extra dimensions or hidden dimensions because they’re
hidden dimensions because they’re
hidden dimensions because they’re they’re very tiny and small but the
they’re very tiny and small but the
they’re very tiny and small but the virtual particles predicted by Henri
virtual particles predicted by Henri
virtual particles predicted by Henri Casimir do and these hidden dimensions
Casimir do and these hidden dimensions
Casimir do and these hidden dimensions that we said about earlier could be
that we said about earlier could be
that we said about earlier could be gateways bringing these hidden virtual
gateways bringing these hidden virtual
gateways bringing these hidden virtual particles into existence and then taking
particles into existence and then taking
particles into existence and then taking them out of existence again as a
them out of existence again as a
them out of existence again as a physicist I work in a field called
physicist I work in a field called
physicist I work in a field called quantum gravity it predicts the
quantum gravity it predicts the
quantum gravity it predicts the existence of hidden dimensions and these
existence of hidden dimensions and these
existence of hidden dimensions and these hidden dimensions we said earlier could
hidden dimensions we said earlier could
hidden dimensions we said earlier could be portals to these particles well as a
be portals to these particles well as a
be portals to these particles well as a physicist I work in these hidden
physicist I work in these hidden
physicist I work in these hidden dimensions and we we noticed that
dimensions and we we noticed that
dimensions and we we noticed that looking at these hidden dimensions is
looking at these hidden dimensions is
looking at these hidden dimensions is not enough we need to test for these
not enough we need to test for these
not enough we need to test for these hidden dimensions these hidden
hidden dimensions these hidden
hidden dimensions these hidden dimensions can be only seen if we try to
dimensions can be only seen if we try to
dimensions can be only seen if we try to see particles that exist only if these
see particles that exist only if these
see particles that exist only if these hidden dimensions exist well how to test
hidden dimensions exist well how to test
hidden dimensions exist well how to test for these hidden dimensions we
for these hidden dimensions we
for these hidden dimensions we accelerate the protons to protons to
accelerate the protons to protons to
accelerate the protons to protons to speeds near that of light and then
speeds near that of light and then
speeds near that of light and then smashing them together resulting in a
smashing them together resulting in a
smashing them together resulting in a very high collision of a soup of
very high collision of a soup of
very high collision of a soup of particles and this could be achieved
particles and this could be achieved
particles and this could be achieved through the Large Hadron Collider at
through the Large Hadron Collider at
through the Large Hadron Collider at CERN which we could do hopefully in the
CERN which we could do hopefully in the
CERN which we could do hopefully in the near future
near future
near future well nothing remains a very very wide
well nothing remains a very very wide
well nothing remains a very very wide field and one day we might be able to
field and one day we might be able to
field and one day we might be able to harness the energy of nothing and use it
harness the energy of nothing and use it
harness the energy of nothing and use it as free energy but until that day I
as free energy but until that day I
as free energy but until that day I believe as much as many other physicists
believe as much as many other physicists
believe as much as many other physicists that the best way to do it is to test
that the best way to do it is to test
that the best way to do it is to test for hidden dimensions and if hidden
for hidden dimensions and if hidden
for hidden dimensions and if hidden dimensions are real then virtual
dimensions are real then virtual
dimensions are real then virtual particles are real and the universe is a
particles are real and the universe is a
particles are real and the universe is a key element of these hidden dimensions
key element of these hidden dimensions
key element of these hidden dimensions thank you
thank you
thank you [Applause]
”
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