maybe not that bad
true that I will probably do
to blow the driver is cold but
first of all javené anyway
planned to tell you that to start
there is no environmental crisis
that’s okay this information
is quite serious she is
based on scientific information
very important published the year
last in a very street
prestigious in this case the street
salient is not all read
way it’s too small an information
which was also presented to
the occasion of an international colloquium
very important geology indeed
it’s good georgia that takes place
every four years and this
information had a very big impact
in the scientific community but
also in the international press
and can see here also reviews
prestigious as economists the
world
spiegel and this is this info what is this
what did it tell us what is it about
deeply these scientists we
say that during this year it is
an international group of 35 people
have studied the overall state of the
planet and its recent evolution and
have come to the conclusion that we
were out of the state that prevailed
on our land since the end of
last creations ago 10 2010 10
thousand years forgiveness and that allowed
our homo sapiens species of pro specie
to prosper and develop
so far we have spoken we have
talked about a time we have a
criterion that has been named
the Holocene but what these
scientists is that we were
come out of this state that we had
brought the earth into a new state that
walked to call now
anthropocene and this is precisely for
this reason that the word crisis does
not fit because the word crisis
finally we have to keep this word crisis
to describe a system that has the
chances to return to its original state
this is precisely the conclusion
what did these scientists do he was
unthinkable to imagine that the earth
can go back to the previous state
which prevailed since Ghana
glaciation and that we had brought
the state of the earth in this new state
who do we call this time
this
possible then of course now I
cold breath
there is no environmental crisis
but there are obviously
environmental issues
pressing
there is a whole constellation
environmental issues there are
had the star who dominates
absolutely every other
problematic and that’s obviously
climate change
it’s on the constant agenda of
media also then to the agent
talent of many policies
it is certainly important but they do
although still interested in
other issues that have
accounts and that allow to develop
and to bring the elect and ideas
very very surprising and I would love
present you a
it is the theme of biodiversity
this biodiversity is indeed its
study its evolution shows that it is
as currently we can compare it
at very important phases of
the history of the earth a judge at the log
so obviously I have this approach and
in particular to what are called
massive extinctions
indeed our planet since at least
600 million years has known five
phases of massive extinctions
so what is an extinction
massive I’m going to show you this I’m going
you show it in the form of a
graphic i’m sorry i have a
basic scientific training but
it’s a very simple graph without
numbers with on the one hand an axis that you
presents biodiversity another axis
the time and when we study a
extinction remains an evolution of
the evolution of biodiversity and the
development of massive extinction
At first, it can be seen that
curve is relatively flat ya a
form of balance between appearances and
disappearances of living species then
under the effect of an igloo stress
global ecological we’ll see this
biodiversity dropped very sharply
to reach a minimum point then
then in all cases back up so the
life always takes back his rights then
here it’s a general case and in the
general case we consider and speak
massive abuses
as for the minimum 75% of species
alive disappear from the earth in
a time less than 2 million
of years and the general case and that has
been demonstrated for each of these
five massive extinction experts
it was closely related to
less to volcanism
that’s the classic situation of a
of these five massive extinctions but
finally they all happened
a little bit differently and I you
propose to interest you in a
particular who is very famous
because she did not see and that was the
fifth of the last she saw the
disappearance of the famous dinosaurs
it was 65 million years ago
so I left the race
previous and is 65 million years ago
what happened in a first
time we first had a vocalist
extremely important which indeed has
decreases very strongly
the university and then
later
icing on the cake or drop of water
stick drop of water that overflows the
vase
we had the fall of a meteorite and
there you saw that the system is
still goes much faster it’s up to
say we first see the slope
it is certainly wrinkle but still with the
meteorite the slope of the curve so
the speed of the fall of the
biodiversity with even faster
that’s what happened at the end
dinosaurs
if that’s the situation that led to the
end of the two hours and then finally
comparing this situation I reported
in gray the agreement of the family in gold
with what we are in the process of
live
for now we have not lived the
sixth extinction fortunately
living species but we are
in a primed situation that presents
two features we see here this is
the curve in red we see that this
curve is steeper than the curve of a
classical volcanic system are
massive
in other words currently the species
alive disappear more quickly
that disappeared from the hunger of
dinosaurs the other observation
interesting this is the shame of
this form it is quite
similar to the curve that knows the
fall in biodiversity due to a lack of
meteorite fall so there some
it’s okay to compare them
so from these observations of this link
introduce yourself we can remember three
things first now the species
alive disappear at least as
quickly that the vanish as much
dinosaurs the dinosaurs and that I
take advantage to tell you have not disappeared
all a big planetary barbecue
lit by a meteorite in a
very short time
it still took time to do
disappear we would have when we
consider this duration and that they
back to speeds we know
now the current phenomenon is at
less as fast as he read
one and the other the second
important consequence is that the
five great extinctions we have known
that the earth has known so far
have always had a geological origin
volcano and where meteorite and more here
for the first time on a time
very short the cause is original
biological it’s us homo sapiens and
hence the anthropocene name that was
chosen for this geological period
companies meaning a third
result
imagine that we were coming to
massive extinction which is all to
does some calculations predict it
in a few thousand years what
is just a split second to
the geological time scale on
speaks over two million years
a quest thousands of years ago imagine
that it happens that’s what I
reproduce between were here
necessarily have no fear the
life with a big v anyway is going
make it out
a hot shot she will get out the
city but what is at stake
fundamentally from the Anthropocene
it’s not the survival of life with had
capital is good the survival of us
and well our humanity indeed
could naturally since I come
to develop the question of
biodiversity and that the climate that is
also a very serious question
be tempted to want to associate these
two themes and finally say themselves
to that of the university is due to the
fall to climate change
well no actually the climate up
present is very very little
responsible for the fall of biodiversity
obviously that if the climate came to
degrade very strongly
it will have an even greater impact this
chu biodiversity but for now
it’s not him who explains the
situation
so suddenly you see we have a
problem to learn these questions
mental hardships because I you
presents the question of diversity
who came and finally we do not stop
before a global vision of what is
happening on earth for
learn the question in a way
general climatic issues he
have to go through something else and
same scientists have not worked
on this issue of the stage warehouse
that I quote at the beginning well we
proposed a kind of dashboard
global presentation presenting nine themes
environmental issues that should be
to monitor in priority it’s not
exhaustive but in any case it’s nine
there it would be necessary to supervise
it’s obviously about change
climate of new entities
chemical in this case
imagine for example for a subject that
now is known by the general public
it’s the question of disrupters
endocrine
these suspicions that interferes with the
hormonal system
it is also the ozone layer
aerosols the particles into
suspension of a poster
ocean acidification cycle
nitrogen and phosphorus two substances
chemicals abundantly used in a
just in farming from
the use of 12 of the use of the
territory and finally of course the
biodiversity and for each of these
environmental themes
it was first defined a limit
a limit below kehl the system
should not be too much in any case the
environmental theme itself
will not be too perturbed but
beyond this limit this is the
second circle here in bold
concentric one more outside
there is no longer a limit it is a
threshold beyond this threshold the system
becomes completely uncontrollable and
we do not know at all what can be
produce and he can set himself up
dynamites of negative feedbacks
to terrestrial systems
so I leave you a few seconds
consider celis 9000 planetary and
it’s to imagine which are the most
which we laugh for which
would have exceeded the limits or even the
thresholds quickly the days gives the
reply
three possibilities first there are some
limits for which calculations
it was end of intervention which are
presented here for which the
calculations not that they did not pay
for the moment to the state of
research
we just know it’s thematic
are serious that need to be monitored
the new chemical entities are
sometimes presented as bombs to
delay
the effect on hormonal systems are
terrible for 40 years we lost near
40% male fertility for
this reason but it was not
calculated let’s consider what they have
been calculated two of its limits for
two to three deaths from these
themes
we are still in the green that means
we still have not exceeded the limit
ozone layer have these two extremes
project a process pretty much
regulated ocean acidification
so here we are still from that of the
limit but in fact it is growing
we could very well
relatively quickly exceed it
fresh water still not too bad when
well even we know that in some
places in the world this is a
very very serious problem
now there are physical limits
are yellow
these are limits that have been
exceeded values that were
obviously outdated change
climate and by itself this scheme
sums up the climate issue
current we have exceeded the limit
planetary in terms of change
climate change but we did not go
the threshold means that it is urgent
at the international level to take the
necessary arrangements for us
especially not beyond this threshold
we have effects of changes
but it’s still a
situation manageable the same thing if this
is the use of the territory and
it is quite
the news of our country since a
decision was taken recently on
this issue at the level of the swiss
it’s an extremely parameter
important to know that this is the
main parameter that explains the
fall of the diversity bay so the
of the territory of use of the
territory is a parameter
extremely important and then of
limits we broke down we are we
exceeded the thresholds obviously the
biodiversity
I will not go back to that but the
nitrogen and phosphorus abbreviations with two
things
Nitrogen phosphorus break test
of agriculture all our system
Global agriculture is based on these
resources there or phosphorus does
if only the phosphorus is a
resource that comes from production
mining is therefore a limited resource
and we should in a fortnight
of years reach the peak of production
so that means that afterwards we
will go into phases of scarcity
of form potentially
shortage of food production
but even more so it’s people
are very calm and more so nitrogen
and phosphorus participate in a form of
asphyxiation of asphyxiated seas and
oceans and since we are we have
far exceeded the threshold a lot
scientists are worried about the
situation because we could see
first seas of the inland seas of
Mediterranean type impoverish very
strongly oxygen and so see any
the life that contains it strongly
diminished it obviously has some
disastrous consequences in terms of
food chain biodiversity
but obviously in the short term also in
economic terms since you
imagine that are resources
very important for the economies
that’s for a bezat vision see that 7
7 7 this dashboard is a kind
dashboard allows us to have
this global vision are now
it’s all very nice but basically
it gives us numbers that we
show evolutions but that does not
tells us nothing about the substance are the
reasons that are at stake behind this
problematic
so we could obviously say to ourselves eh
well all that is the population at the 20th
century the popularity always
currently the population is experiencing a
extraordinary growth and this is the
because of the problem
that’s for sure it’s a parameter
important but it is not enough
to understand where we are
currently the world’s population is
certainly a very important parameter
but it’s mostly a parameter
aggravating and to fully understand this
once you have to get out of what I’m doing
I presented out of the field of essences
natural 60 mental rhône and
his physique to go into another
field of knowledge which one the essence
human and social
you know is to know that they are
often live because they have
simple solutions in a complex world
because these sounds are very important and
what they tell us they
do not tell us what’s at stake on
this environmental theme
fundamentally
representations we have of our
environment and our way of
design this environment these
questions there they are characterized
are they are key to understanding
the Anthropocene and one could say
a lot of things you can assume
summarize these representations that we
let’s wear in our way of seeing
the environment through a model
very simple and very effective
the one of seeing the world
according to a very very simple scheme so
in sharing things be of
nature be of culture without any
possible and and possibilities
uncompromising intermediary
things are either of each other
so by nature we mean all that
is determined it’s the world
outside of us that derives from the laws of
physical laws intangible and besides
it is on this idea that science
modern seventeenth century and that’s where and what
without basically looking for the
science sought to find ie
this must temporarily interrupt
the other side there culture is a
freedom in this world conceived freedom
as an absence of constraints for
humanity and its manna leeches
essential still teaches us that
this very strong idea that conditions
our way of seeing the world is
appeared very precisely during the
rebirth in the west she was little
gradually developed in the West
to then export to the world
whole so we’ve arrived now
in a situation it’s not the only one
way to consider our relationship
and it’s the one that started
dominate others
and in a way we can say
that a good part of humanity lives
as if it was outside the
world apart without government if I
can take one to a mine a
comparison with the automobile is
as if we had a foot on the abuse of
the clutch pedal and conceded
disconnect you top so how
how now can we go more
far is because this way of
seeing the world is a bit like
glasses
it’s a bit like glasses has
for a few centuries to see the
world but now the anthropocene
pushes us to observe the limits of
this model to see the world of another
way and I’ll take two examples on
knows very well
two examples the first by a
question
imagine for a moment that there
have a single surface of the soup the
land on which human activity
did not show up and in my opinion
it’s not possible
imagine for a moment the oceans the
oceans cover roughly more than
70% of the planet’s surface
we know that in the oceans floats
a lot of plastic
we know it’s a problem in
speak of the seventh continent
these systems that turns on the oceans
of plastic but the others did not believe
not that it is that these plastics are not
than on the surface
in this network the big part of
his passes he also falls to the bottom
water so we also find ourselves
with ocean bottoms
by and large the 70% the planet that is
covered with plastic debris
so how do you imagine and apply this
separation nature and culture but a
another example I would like to take here
drawn from an object I find remarkable
of museums beyond the nature of Valais
to sion
what is this greenhouse trophy we could
a priori imagine that this is a
work of art that would have its place in a
modern Art Museum
the problem is that this object in
done comes from a deer who died by
exhaustion with sticks in his
sails of the back boats dancing
see and that was discovered by his
life of the purchase so we do not have a
work the purely cultural appropriation
but on the other hand it is not no
more the classic greenhouse trophy
presented in sometimes in a I
two natural meaning since precisely he has
said pic and greenhouse in the tooth in the
so head on for sure it’s on these tracks
as for somewhere we have here an object
what is symbolic of our healthy skin
is a hybrid object that is neither
really nature nor really culture so
you see that this way
companies have very strongly
limits of this way of conceiving
our relationship to the environment
so to conclude I would like to
I would like to conclude this sentence is
still blow a little bit of
things on this assembly I believe in it
very strongly finish this phase
very strong gardois who says the
probable and disintegration
I will not continue to follow a
year enough says however on the other hand
the improbable is possible the
metamorphosis that is to say consider
respect morin the skite exhausted
currently in our way of seeing
the world somehow this is our
story that is exhausted we need
change the model you have to change this
way of seeing the world and it’s a
true cultural issue but on the other hand
it does not mean that power
Creative creative human and l agoa
my breath absolutely not contrary
because we are in a situation
crisis we see emerge more and
more solutions all over the world
and are for the moment marginal but
which necessarily because we
we know who will ably and Culture
is not transformed by religions
but by lamps metamorphoses the if
all these initiatives that are in the process of
to be born
currently almost everywhere in the
world will probably be and for as much
that we succeed our adaptation
anthropocene will make the ferments that
was held in the new report
world we have to invent
so it’s clear that it’s that this
creative power she has to go through
technology development
environmental environment that’s it
a necessary condition but it does not
will not be enough to rely on the
technical to succeed necessarily
we must also accept the idea
that our culture and our and its
way of conceiving the world can
also evolved then bend in flight
stop the Anthropocene it’s
especially strong signal of the necessary
metamorphosis to succeed our for
continue the adventure
[Applause]
”
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