[Applause] eight years ago I began working to
eight years ago I began working to
eight years ago I began working to understand why youth joined terrorist
understand why youth joined terrorist
understand why youth joined terrorist groups or violent extremist groups
groups or violent extremist groups
groups or violent extremist groups I was curious as to why anyone would
I was curious as to why anyone would
I was curious as to why anyone would choose violence I wasn’t sure what I was
choose violence I wasn’t sure what I was
choose violence I wasn’t sure what I was expecting to find but I didn’t expect to
expecting to find but I didn’t expect to
expecting to find but I didn’t expect to see elements of myself you see the
see elements of myself you see the
see elements of myself you see the search for identity is a common
search for identity is a common
search for identity is a common characteristic of those who turn to
characteristic of those who turn to
characteristic of those who turn to vaunt extremism and as I researched more
vaunt extremism and as I researched more
vaunt extremism and as I researched more and more youth whose desire for an
and more youth whose desire for an
and more youth whose desire for an identity had led them down the path of
identity had led them down the path of
identity had led them down the path of violent extremism I realized that I
violent extremism I realized that I
violent extremism I realized that I understood that very real and human need
understood that very real and human need
understood that very real and human need the need to belong just a quick story I
the need to belong just a quick story I
the need to belong just a quick story I was born in the US but my parents are
was born in the US but my parents are
was born in the US but my parents are from Lebanon I went to a primary school
from Lebanon I went to a primary school
from Lebanon I went to a primary school where I was one of a few minorities and
where I was one of a few minorities and
where I was one of a few minorities and the only one with a Middle Eastern
the only one with a Middle Eastern
the only one with a Middle Eastern background so at home my parents
background so at home my parents
background so at home my parents emphasize Lebanese values Lebanese
emphasize Lebanese values Lebanese
emphasize Lebanese values Lebanese culture and then at school I struggled
culture and then at school I struggled
culture and then at school I struggled to fit in with my classmates who bullied
to fit in with my classmates who bullied
to fit in with my classmates who bullied and teased me for the way that I looked
and teased me for the way that I looked
and teased me for the way that I looked or the fact that I spoke Arabic or even
or the fact that I spoke Arabic or even
or the fact that I spoke Arabic or even the Lebanese food that I would bring to
the Lebanese food that I would bring to
the Lebanese food that I would bring to lunch as a child it’s very difficult to
lunch as a child it’s very difficult to
lunch as a child it’s very difficult to be made to feel like you don’t belong
be made to feel like you don’t belong
be made to feel like you don’t belong and so I share this story with you not
and so I share this story with you not
and so I share this story with you not because I myself was radicalized I was
because I myself was radicalized I was
because I myself was radicalized I was not but it illustrates one of the
not but it illustrates one of the
not but it illustrates one of the largest lessons I have learned over the
largest lessons I have learned over the
largest lessons I have learned over the years the study of violent extremism is
years the study of violent extremism is
years the study of violent extremism is not the study of us versus them it’s the
not the study of us versus them it’s the
not the study of us versus them it’s the study of you and
study of you and
study of you and me it’s the study and understanding of
me it’s the study and understanding of
me it’s the study and understanding of the desires that we all have for
the desires that we all have for
the desires that we all have for acceptance belonging self-worth and
acceptance belonging self-worth and
acceptance belonging self-worth and sometimes the vulnerabilities that can
sometimes the vulnerabilities that can
sometimes the vulnerabilities that can arise as we pursue those desires so for
arise as we pursue those desires so for
arise as we pursue those desires so for the next few minutes I’d like to share
the next few minutes I’d like to share
the next few minutes I’d like to share some of the other lessons that I have
some of the other lessons that I have
some of the other lessons that I have learned over the years with you but I’m
learned over the years with you but I’m
learned over the years with you but I’m going to caution you you may walk out of
going to caution you you may walk out of
going to caution you you may walk out of here today feeling like I do sometimes
here today feeling like I do sometimes
here today feeling like I do sometimes which is that there are more questions
which is that there are more questions
which is that there are more questions than there are answers questions like
than there are answers questions like
than there are answers questions like why would anyone put on a suicide vest
why would anyone put on a suicide vest
why would anyone put on a suicide vest and go to a concert to kill teenage
and go to a concert to kill teenage
and go to a concert to kill teenage girls this research this field does not
girls this research this field does not
girls this research this field does not have all the answers but I do hope that
have all the answers but I do hope that
have all the answers but I do hope that you will leave here today understanding
you will leave here today understanding
you will leave here today understanding that violent extremism doesn’t happen in
that violent extremism doesn’t happen in
that violent extremism doesn’t happen in a vacuum in 2015
a vacuum in 2015
a vacuum in 2015 three girls left their home in London to
three girls left their home in London to
three girls left their home in London to go travel to Syria to join Isis after
go travel to Syria to join Isis after
go travel to Syria to join Isis after having been in contact with a female
having been in contact with a female
having been in contact with a female Isis recruiter in 2016
Isis recruiter in 2016
Isis recruiter in 2016 researchers in Sweden noted that a
researchers in Sweden noted that a
researchers in Sweden noted that a neo-nazi group was starting to actively
neo-nazi group was starting to actively
neo-nazi group was starting to actively mobilize and recruit hailing the u.s.
mobilize and recruit hailing the u.s.
mobilize and recruit hailing the u.s. election as the beginning of a world
election as the beginning of a world
election as the beginning of a world revolution I could go on and on from
revolution I could go on and on from
revolution I could go on and on from Buddhist extremists in Myanmar who are
Buddhist extremists in Myanmar who are
Buddhist extremists in Myanmar who are persecuting Muslims – Boko Haram in
persecuting Muslims – Boko Haram in
persecuting Muslims – Boko Haram in Nigeria – Hindu extremists in India
Nigeria – Hindu extremists in India
Nigeria – Hindu extremists in India across time across cultures you can find
across time across cultures you can find
across time across cultures you can find examples of violent extremist groups but
examples of violent extremist groups but
examples of violent extremist groups but I give you these examples to illustrate
I give you these examples to illustrate
I give you these examples to illustrate one of the biggest lessons which is that
one of the biggest lessons which is that
one of the biggest lessons which is that there is no single profile of someone
there is no single profile of someone
there is no single profile of someone that will join a violent extremist group
that will join a violent extremist group
that will join a violent extremist group or become violently extreme no one
or become violently extreme no one
or become violently extreme no one single profile it cuts across all
single profile it cuts across all
single profile it cuts across all demographics from age to gender to
demographics from age to gender to
demographics from age to gender to socioeconomic status to education level
socioeconomic status to education level
socioeconomic status to education level but research has found a few overarching
but research has found a few overarching
but research has found a few overarching factors that might lead someone down
factors that might lead someone down
factors that might lead someone down that path the first set of factors are
that path the first set of factors are
that path the first set of factors are more structural underlying factors that
more structural underlying factors that
more structural underlying factors that might push someone down the path I might
might push someone down the path I might
might push someone down the path I might frustrate them and these things include
frustrate them and these things include
frustrate them and these things include government repression of certain groups
government repression of certain groups
government repression of certain groups or government corruption or a government
or government corruption or a government
or government corruption or a government that acts with impunity towards its
that acts with impunity towards its
that acts with impunity towards its citizens human rights abuses group
citizens human rights abuses group
citizens human rights abuses group marginalization disenfranchisement
marginalization disenfranchisement
marginalization disenfranchisement perhaps unemployment or underemployment
perhaps unemployment or underemployment
perhaps unemployment or underemployment all of these things can understandably
all of these things can understandably
all of these things can understandably frustrates um one and leave them looking
frustrates um one and leave them looking
frustrates um one and leave them looking elsewhere for a sense of control or
elsewhere for a sense of control or
elsewhere for a sense of control or justice or opportunity the second set of
justice or opportunity the second set of
justice or opportunity the second set of factors are more personal more
factors are more personal more
factors are more personal more individual ones that can pull someone in
individual ones that can pull someone in
individual ones that can pull someone in towards violent extremism these things
towards violent extremism these things
towards violent extremism these things include what I mentioned earlier the
include what I mentioned earlier the
include what I mentioned earlier the sense the wanting to belong a sense of
sense the wanting to belong a sense of
sense the wanting to belong a sense of an identity perhaps wanting to impress
an identity perhaps wanting to impress
an identity perhaps wanting to impress your peers or your friends or you might
your peers or your friends or you might
your peers or your friends or you might even be recruited by your friends or
even be recruited by your friends or
even be recruited by your friends or even the search for adventure now those
even the search for adventure now those
even the search for adventure now those who are recruited to Vonn extremism it’s
who are recruited to Vonn extremism it’s
who are recruited to Vonn extremism it’s never these manie’s factors aren’t
never these manie’s factors aren’t
never these manie’s factors aren’t mutually exclusive
mutually exclusive
mutually exclusive it’s always a combination the structural
it’s always a combination the structural
it’s always a combination the structural factors that combine with their personal
factors that combine with their personal
factors that combine with their personal grievances and then enabled by peer
grievances and then enabled by peer
grievances and then enabled by peer networks
networks
networks so using these factors maybe we can
so using these factors maybe we can
so using these factors maybe we can apply them to the two case studies I
apply them to the two case studies I
apply them to the two case studies I mentioned earlier so we can see where
mentioned earlier so we can see where
mentioned earlier so we can see where things went wrong in the case of the
things went wrong in the case of the
things went wrong in the case of the three girls from London records show
three girls from London records show
three girls from London records show that they were experiencing a few
that they were experiencing a few
that they were experiencing a few different things now it should be noted
different things now it should be noted
different things now it should be noted these these three teenage girls they
these these three teenage girls they
these these three teenage girls they were excellent students they were
were excellent students they were
were excellent students they were mentors to other students in their class
mentors to other students in their class
mentors to other students in their class but they were the children of immigrants
but they were the children of immigrants
but they were the children of immigrants their families were from Ethiopia and
their families were from Ethiopia and
their families were from Ethiopia and Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bangladesh and so as first generation they were
and so as first generation they were
and so as first generation they were struggling to you know uphold their
struggling to you know uphold their
struggling to you know uphold their culture yet still exist in UK society
culture yet still exist in UK society
culture yet still exist in UK society and records show that they were also
and records show that they were also
and records show that they were also experiencing Islamophobia in their wider
experiencing Islamophobia in their wider
experiencing Islamophobia in their wider community at the same time they were
community at the same time they were
community at the same time they were increasingly becoming aware of the
increasingly becoming aware of the
increasingly becoming aware of the situation in Syria and wondering why no
situation in Syria and wondering why no
situation in Syria and wondering why no one was intervening to help they were in
one was intervening to help they were in
one was intervening to help they were in turn turning more to religion both as a
turn turning more to religion both as a
turn turning more to religion both as a way to claim that religiosity as young
way to claim that religiosity as young
way to claim that religiosity as young females and assert themselves as young
females and assert themselves as young
females and assert themselves as young feminists and then it appears that
feminists and then it appears that
feminists and then it appears that perhaps one of the final straws is that
perhaps one of the final straws is that
perhaps one of the final straws is that they became in touch with a female Isis
they became in touch with a female Isis
they became in touch with a female Isis recruiter who reached out to them and
recruiter who reached out to them and
recruiter who reached out to them and painted this utopia of Isis and what
painted this utopia of Isis and what
painted this utopia of Isis and what they were doing in Syria saying that
they were doing in Syria saying that
they were doing in Syria saying that they could come and choose their own
they could come and choose their own
they could come and choose their own husbands and have a hand in building
husbands and have a hand in building
husbands and have a hand in building families and building Isis society now
families and building Isis society now
families and building Isis society now in the case of the neo-nazi we have a
in the case of the neo-nazi we have a
in the case of the neo-nazi we have a first-hand account of an Australian man
first-hand account of an Australian man
first-hand account of an Australian man named James who years ago was recruited
named James who years ago was recruited
named James who years ago was recruited as James tells it early on in his
as James tells it early on in his
as James tells it early on in his childhood he was bullied and so he
childhood he was bullied and so he
childhood he was bullied and so he turned to drinking and drugs as a way to
turned to drinking and drugs as a way to
turned to drinking and drugs as a way to cope that then led him to meet other
cope that then led him to meet other
cope that then led him to meet other teenagers doing the same thing and they
teenagers doing the same thing and they
teenagers doing the same thing and they were approached by an older man who was
were approached by an older man who was
were approached by an older man who was a neo-nazi he regaled them with stories
a neo-nazi he regaled them with stories
a neo-nazi he regaled them with stories of adventure and crime and violence and
of adventure and crime and violence and
of adventure and crime and violence and then he started bringing them to new
then he started bringing them to new
then he started bringing them to new Nazi rallies and was at these rallies
Nazi rallies and was at these rallies
Nazi rallies and was at these rallies that James heard the neo-nazi propaganda
that James heard the neo-nazi propaganda
that James heard the neo-nazi propaganda that victimhood narrative that all of
that victimhood narrative that all of
that victimhood narrative that all of the issues he was facing all the
the issues he was facing all the
the issues he was facing all the suffering he was facing it was not his
suffering he was facing it was not his
suffering he was facing it was not his fault he had no role to play he didn’t
fault he had no role to play he didn’t
fault he had no role to play he didn’t have to take responsibility not only was
have to take responsibility not only was
have to take responsibility not only was it not his fault it was the fault of
it not his fault it was the fault of
it not his fault it was the fault of non-whites they were the cause of his
non-whites they were the cause of his
non-whites they were the cause of his suffering and he could have a hand in
suffering and he could have a hand in
suffering and he could have a hand in the solution he could help get rid of
the solution he could help get rid of
the solution he could help get rid of non-whites so using these two case
non-whites so using these two case
non-whites so using these two case studies you might
studies you might
studies you might able to see along the path where things
able to see along the path where things
able to see along the path where things were going wrong or you might be
were going wrong or you might be
were going wrong or you might be thinking to yourself well all of us have
thinking to yourself well all of us have
thinking to yourself well all of us have less than perfect childhoods not
less than perfect childhoods not
less than perfect childhoods not everybody you know has a perfect
everybody you know has a perfect
everybody you know has a perfect childhood where they’re well-adjusted
childhood where they’re well-adjusted
childhood where they’re well-adjusted where they’re not teased and not
where they’re not teased and not
where they’re not teased and not everybody turns to violent extremism
everybody turns to violent extremism
everybody turns to violent extremism you’re right so how does the process of
you’re right so how does the process of
you’re right so how does the process of extremism and then to Vons extremism
extremism and then to Vons extremism
extremism and then to Vons extremism even happen
even happen
even happen generally it starts with a grievance and
generally it starts with a grievance and
generally it starts with a grievance and this grievance can be any number one of
this grievance can be any number one of
this grievance can be any number one of the things that I mentioned earlier when
the things that I mentioned earlier when
the things that I mentioned earlier when you’re feeling frustrated you’re feeling
you’re feeling frustrated you’re feeling
you’re feeling frustrated you’re feeling excluded you’re feeling marginalized
excluded you’re feeling marginalized
excluded you’re feeling marginalized like you’re not part of your society and
like you’re not part of your society and
like you’re not part of your society and it leaves you wondering why why am i
it leaves you wondering why why am i
it leaves you wondering why why am i suffering or why is the group that I am
suffering or why is the group that I am
suffering or why is the group that I am a part of suffering now you may know
a part of suffering now you may know
a part of suffering now you may know from other contexts you human beings are
from other contexts you human beings are
from other contexts you human beings are very hardwired to reject uncertainty and
very hardwired to reject uncertainty and
very hardwired to reject uncertainty and ambiguity we don’t like it we need
ambiguity we don’t like it we need
ambiguity we don’t like it we need structure we need order we need answers
structure we need order we need answers
structure we need order we need answers and so here you have what psychologists
and so here you have what psychologists
and so here you have what psychologists are gay Craig Lansky calls
are gay Craig Lansky calls
are gay Craig Lansky calls cognitive closure in the face of
cognitive closure in the face of
cognitive closure in the face of uncertainty in the face of ambiguity we
uncertainty in the face of ambiguity we
uncertainty in the face of ambiguity we seek answers clarity and closure as
seek answers clarity and closure as
seek answers clarity and closure as quickly as possible and some of us crave
quickly as possible and some of us crave
quickly as possible and some of us crave this closure a lot more deeply than
this closure a lot more deeply than
this closure a lot more deeply than others and those of us that do can be
others and those of us that do can be
others and those of us that do can be very susceptible to extremist ideologies
very susceptible to extremist ideologies
very susceptible to extremist ideologies or worldview
or worldview
or worldview why because extremist ideologies are
why because extremist ideologies are
why because extremist ideologies are very clear no gray it’s black and white
very clear no gray it’s black and white
very clear no gray it’s black and white there’s right there’s a wrong there is
there’s right there’s a wrong there is
there’s right there’s a wrong there is the persecuted and there are those who
the persecuted and there are those who
the persecuted and there are those who are doing the persecuting and so for
are doing the persecuting and so for
are doing the persecuting and so for people who are feeling lost don’t
people who are feeling lost don’t
people who are feeling lost don’t understand why they’re suffering they
understand why they’re suffering they
understand why they’re suffering they can be very taken in by that and not
can be very taken in by that and not
can be very taken in by that and not only that once they embrace the ideology
only that once they embrace the ideology
only that once they embrace the ideology it gives them a whole group of people
it gives them a whole group of people
it gives them a whole group of people who are reinforcing them and supporting
who are reinforcing them and supporting
who are reinforcing them and supporting them and validating their thoughts it
them and validating their thoughts it
them and validating their thoughts it can be very fair
can be very fair
can be very fair powerful but of course it should be
powerful but of course it should be
powerful but of course it should be noted that not everybody who thinks
noted that not everybody who thinks
noted that not everybody who thinks extreme thoughts will turn violent
extreme thoughts will turn violent
extreme thoughts will turn violent thankfully the majority do not extremism
thankfully the majority do not extremism
thankfully the majority do not extremism turns violent usually when there’s some
turns violent usually when there’s some
turns violent usually when there’s some sort of tipping point and that tipping
sort of tipping point and that tipping
sort of tipping point and that tipping point can come in the form of some sort
point can come in the form of some sort
point can come in the form of some sort of traumatic event or a lot of times it
of traumatic event or a lot of times it
of traumatic event or a lot of times it comes in the form of a friend or an
comes in the form of a friend or an
comes in the form of a friend or an acquaintance or a recruiter pushing you
acquaintance or a recruiter pushing you
acquaintance or a recruiter pushing you and egging you on much like we saw in
and egging you on much like we saw in
and egging you on much like we saw in the case the two case studies I
the case the two case studies I
the case the two case studies I mentioned earlier now I want to mention
mentioned earlier now I want to mention
mentioned earlier now I want to mention quickly here that this idea of cognitive
quickly here that this idea of cognitive
quickly here that this idea of cognitive closure it applies to all of us in our
closure it applies to all of us in our
closure it applies to all of us in our need to have answers can be just as
need to have answers can be just as
need to have answers can be just as dangerous in the wake of a terrorist
dangerous in the wake of a terrorist
dangerous in the wake of a terrorist attack as the terrorist attack itself
attack as the terrorist attack itself
attack as the terrorist attack itself why because an attack happens and we
why because an attack happens and we
why because an attack happens and we understandably become very upset we
understandably become very upset we
understandably become very upset we become scared we want answers we want
become scared we want answers we want
become scared we want answers we want our government to act react very
our government to act react very
our government to act react very strongly but of course and we might
strongly but of course and we might
strongly but of course and we might become suspicious of you know certain
become suspicious of you know certain
become suspicious of you know certain groups or religions but that can lead to
groups or religions but that can lead to
groups or religions but that can lead to further marginalization further
further marginalization further
further marginalization further unnecessary discrimination that is more
unnecessary discrimination that is more
unnecessary discrimination that is more harmful than it is helpful also here I’d
harmful than it is helpful also here I’d
harmful than it is helpful also here I’d like to mention the role of the media in
like to mention the role of the media in
like to mention the role of the media in the way media covers terrorism of course
the way media covers terrorism of course
the way media covers terrorism of course it goes without saying it’s essential
it goes without saying it’s essential
it goes without saying it’s essential but we need to consider the ways in
but we need to consider the ways in
but we need to consider the ways in which it can be harmful and I’ll give
which it can be harmful and I’ll give
which it can be harmful and I’ll give you a very quick story in 2011 the
you a very quick story in 2011 the
you a very quick story in 2011 the National Geographic aired a documentary
National Geographic aired a documentary
National Geographic aired a documentary on ms-13 they are criminal gang
on ms-13 they are criminal gang
on ms-13 they are criminal gang originating in California operating in
originating in California operating in
originating in California operating in 33 states and six countries very violent
33 states and six countries very violent
33 states and six countries very violent and this documentary touched on their
and this documentary touched on their
and this documentary touched on their violence the killings the beheadings it
violence the killings the beheadings it
violence the killings the beheadings it was horrible
was horrible
was horrible what happened in the weeks after it
what happened in the weeks after it
what happened in the weeks after it aired law enforcement officials told me
aired law enforcement officials told me
aired law enforcement officials told me that they saw recruitment for ms-13 soar
that they saw recruitment for ms-13 soar
that they saw recruitment for ms-13 soar we have also seen research relevant
we have also seen research relevant
we have also seen research relevant research
research
research after the wake of a terrorist attack
after the wake of a terrorist attack
after the wake of a terrorist attack when the media focuses and does that
when the media focuses and does that
when the media focuses and does that 24/7 news hour cycle on terrorism the
24/7 news hour cycle on terrorism the
24/7 news hour cycle on terrorism the attack that sensational reporting it can
attack that sensational reporting it can
attack that sensational reporting it can encourage further attacks now it’s
encourage further attacks now it’s
encourage further attacks now it’s obviously hard to know where you know
obviously hard to know where you know
obviously hard to know where you know what how much coverage is too much how
what how much coverage is too much how
what how much coverage is too much how much is too little but I think we do
much is too little but I think we do
much is too little but I think we do need to consider if the ways in which we
need to consider if the ways in which we
need to consider if the ways in which we provide free marketing people free
provide free marketing people free
provide free marketing people free publicity to terrorism so what can we do
publicity to terrorism so what can we do
publicity to terrorism so what can we do well governments and other organizations
well governments and other organizations
well governments and other organizations have been working on this issue for a
have been working on this issue for a
have been working on this issue for a long time and some of their solutions
long time and some of their solutions
long time and some of their solutions they try to give youth outlets to
they try to give youth outlets to
they try to give youth outlets to express some of their grievances another
express some of their grievances another
express some of their grievances another popular solution is a counter messaging
popular solution is a counter messaging
popular solution is a counter messaging initiative now a counter message
initiative now a counter message
initiative now a counter message initiative focuses on the ideology or
initiative focuses on the ideology or
initiative focuses on the ideology or the narrative of a violent extremist
the narrative of a violent extremist
the narrative of a violent extremist group for example if Isis puts out a
group for example if Isis puts out a
group for example if Isis puts out a video of what life is like in Syria and
video of what life is like in Syria and
video of what life is like in Syria and Iraq and they paint it as this great
Iraq and they paint it as this great
Iraq and they paint it as this great place where you can come and help build
place where you can come and help build
place where you can come and help build society the counter message that someone
society the counter message that someone
society the counter message that someone might put out would say no actually it’s
might put out would say no actually it’s
might put out would say no actually it’s terrible they’re beheading they’re
terrible they’re beheading they’re
terrible they’re beheading they’re raping they’re killing people you don’t
raping they’re killing people you don’t
raping they’re killing people you don’t want to go it seems intuitive however
want to go it seems intuitive however
want to go it seems intuitive however the problem with these counter message
the problem with these counter message
the problem with these counter message initiatives is that they’re focusing on
initiatives is that they’re focusing on
initiatives is that they’re focusing on the ideology but as I’ve just said it’s
the ideology but as I’ve just said it’s
the ideology but as I’ve just said it’s not always the ideology that came first
not always the ideology that came first
not always the ideology that came first people have real grievances real
people have real grievances real
people have real grievances real frustrations that lead them to look for
frustrations that lead them to look for
frustrations that lead them to look for answers which leads them to the ideology
answers which leads them to the ideology
answers which leads them to the ideology and they brace the ideology so when you
and they brace the ideology so when you
and they brace the ideology so when you push back on the narrative and you push
push back on the narrative and you push
push back on the narrative and you push back on that violent ideology you still
back on that violent ideology you still
back on that violent ideology you still have not addressed what drove someone to
have not addressed what drove someone to
have not addressed what drove someone to embrace the ideology in the first place
embrace the ideology in the first place
embrace the ideology in the first place there’s a second issue with these
there’s a second issue with these
there’s a second issue with these initiatives research shows that when
initiatives research shows that when
initiatives research shows that when you’re trying to convince or persuade
you’re trying to convince or persuade
you’re trying to convince or persuade someone
someone
someone facts don’t matter and I think we’ve
facts don’t matter and I think we’ve
facts don’t matter and I think we’ve seen examples of this from the US
seen examples of this from the US
seen examples of this from the US presidential election from the brexit
presidential election from the brexit
presidential election from the brexit campaign and all over they don’t work
campaign and all over they don’t work
campaign and all over they don’t work facts don’t matter unfortunately if you
facts don’t matter unfortunately if you
facts don’t matter unfortunately if you actually want to convince or persuade
actually want to convince or persuade
actually want to convince or persuade someone you have to appeal to their
someone you have to appeal to their
someone you have to appeal to their values to their emotions you have to
values to their emotions you have to
values to their emotions you have to understand why it is they think and they
understand why it is they think and they
understand why it is they think and they believe what they do so just some final
believe what they do so just some final
believe what they do so just some final thoughts here if we want to address
thoughts here if we want to address
thoughts here if we want to address violent extremism we need to address
violent extremism we need to address
violent extremism we need to address what is driving it that means that
what is driving it that means that
what is driving it that means that solutions aren’t going to come from a
solutions aren’t going to come from a
solutions aren’t going to come from a 5-month
5-month
5-month messaging campaign a six-months
messaging campaign a six-months
messaging campaign a six-months entrepreneurship skills program trying
entrepreneurship skills program trying
entrepreneurship skills program trying to provide outlets for youth these fixes
to provide outlets for youth these fixes
to provide outlets for youth these fixes require long term strategies that
require long term strategies that
require long term strategies that address the structural grievances that
address the structural grievances that
address the structural grievances that allow violent ideologies to fester we
allow violent ideologies to fester we
allow violent ideologies to fester we need to address the corruption the
need to address the corruption the
need to address the corruption the injustice the marginalization that deny
injustice the marginalization that deny
injustice the marginalization that deny access to people and civil society
access to people and civil society
access to people and civil society organizations are doing wonderful work
organizations are doing wonderful work
organizations are doing wonderful work in this space but they cannot do this
in this space but they cannot do this
in this space but they cannot do this work alone governments need to be
work alone governments need to be
work alone governments need to be sincere about reforming and addressing
sincere about reforming and addressing
sincere about reforming and addressing these issues will we ever end to
these issues will we ever end to
these issues will we ever end to terrorism no and that is a risk we have
terrorism no and that is a risk we have
terrorism no and that is a risk we have to take on there will always be a subset
to take on there will always be a subset
to take on there will always be a subset of society that believes in using
of society that believes in using
of society that believes in using violence to achieve their goals but what
violence to achieve their goals but what
violence to achieve their goals but what we can do as human beings is to be more
we can do as human beings is to be more
we can do as human beings is to be more accepting more inclusive and to demand
accepting more inclusive and to demand
accepting more inclusive and to demand that our societies do the same to reject
that our societies do the same to reject
that our societies do the same to reject the us-versus-them narrative because as
the us-versus-them narrative because as
the us-versus-them narrative because as I’m hoping you understand down violent
I’m hoping you understand down violent
I’m hoping you understand down violent extremism does not happen in a vacuum
extremism does not happen in a vacuum
extremism does not happen in a vacuum thank you
thank you
thank you [Applause]
”
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