The beginning of this question to you:
Have you ever had a dinosaur before?
My answer, as an evolutionary biologist, may surprise you.
Hassan … Ostrich type of bird,
Now we know that birds are dinosaurs,
And by riding the ostriches, yes, humans have certainly mounted dinosaurs.
But why one wants to ride a ostrich is a completely separate question.
(Laughter)
But what’s wrong with the painting on the left?
Time, time is the wrong thing.
This type of dinosaur is not a plane that has been extinct for tens of millions of years
By the appearance of man.
Time and its relation to evolution
Is one of the things I will talk about today.
But before I go further, I will know evolution.
So we all understand the subject.
Evolution is when a living organism faces a change,
Generally a genetic change is passed on to its descendants
This change allows all living things
To adapt and thrive in their environment.
And to those who suffer from understanding of evolution,
And to 40% to 50% of Americans as well,
Hopefully this will clarify things a bit.
So, in terms of time,
Evolution may occur in a large time range.
This may be unfamiliar to you,
But evolution may also occur in a short time span,
And in chronological order from minutes to months.
Examples of this are: cancer and bacteria resistant to antibiotics.
If you think about cancer, the cancer cell is a living thing
Which are subject to one or two genetic changes allowing them to free themselves from their limitations,
Migration to remote areas and breeding several times.
Consequently, these changes are transmitted to their descendants.
Eventually it is a tumor.
I do not say that all living things are tumors,
But we are similar to them in some ways.
Evolution you may know,
Is a development that occurs in a long time span of years or even billions of years.
Is the same process that occurs with cancer,
But instead of a number of changes,
We see millions of changes.
There are millions of genetic changes, for example,
Between ancient ancestors and modern man.
It takes a really long time,
Not only for these changes,
But until they are identified and spread in the population.
What I’m studying is the long, deep evolution of birds from the medieval dinosaurs.
I work with Jack Horner in this project project dinosaur chicken,
It was certainly inspired by Jurassic Park films.
Jack is famous: “Why do not we turn chickens into dinosaurs?
why not?”
He concluded that we could learn a lot from that
The evolution of dinosaurs into birds and as usual, was right.
But there are many to study
Because we look at 150 years of evolutionary change
Among what is generally considered the first bird, the Archeopteryx-Trix,
Dinosaur favorite, to transport a contemporary hen.
And because there are many to study we had to narrow the study.
We decided to start with the development of the tail of the bird.
In the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods the birds were the most primitive
It has a tail-like tail.
But 150 years ago,
Fossil records show a sudden appearance of short-tail birds.
Birds of long and short tails coexisted for millions of years,
But since then, all the birds have had a contemporary modification of their tails –
There are fewer paragraphs in the tail, and paragraphs in the end
All of which are integrated into a structure called the phylogenetic pen.
This contemporary tail has many advantages for birds,
With improvements in flight altitude and aerodynamics,
The associated changes in tail feathers are likely to affect sexual selection.
The female birds seemed to think
The male birds with the tail feathers are very attractive.
(Laughter)
So how do we study the evolution of bird tails?
Or any other event that happened millions of years ago?
So we use a strategy called “Ivo-Devo”
Which means development-developmental biology.
We are now at a great crossroads in science,
Where several areas converge with one another
To give us unprecedented answers to the understanding of biology.
Ancient studies are also taught.
We now combine the science of ancient studies with developmental biology
Not only to understand what happened and when,
But now we can understand how something happened.
Using the Ivo-Defoe strategy, where do we begin?
We will start with the fossil record.
The fossil record shows us that 130 years ago
There was a sudden shift from long tails to shorts,
Despite many research,
No one found an intermediate model of the Cretaceous,
Such as a bird with a short tail is not a penile, a combination of integrated paragraphs,
Without this integration in the paragraphs in the end.
Now we know what the tail’s mansion is and its integration
And when that was – it was 130 years ago,
So what are the steps we take to know how to do it?
We go back to DNA and genetics.
We have no nuclear acid for the dinosaur of the Middle Ages … Until now,
But we have the DNA of a contemporary dinosaur bird.
We also have DNA for a whole range of different vertebrates,
Since we are vertebrates,
We share the same set of basic genes,
We can look far and wide at vertebrates
Let us see how changes in DNA occur in physical structures.
We can also look at evolution.
The way the structure is formed in the fetus
To provide us with important evidence as to how this structure has evolved.
All DNA and evolution
Gives us a strong strategy to know the evolution of the ages.
When we look at rat mutants that have short or merged tails,
In the development of chicken embryo,
And we found really interesting things.
So far, the evidence shows how the tail of the bird turned from long to short and integrated,
Referring to the typical physical pieces.
Typical physical pieces are the precursors of bone vertebrae
Which generally consist during a few days of development.
We have found a very special change
In typical physical pieces at the end of the chicken embryo tail
Which brings together many pieces of puzzles together.
If a rat mutant has the same type of change,
He will have a short tail.
It has a fusion in the paragraphs of this tail.
It also has changes in the formation of spinal nerves,
All this is seen in the tail of the modern bird.
Therefore, it may be the fruitless research on intermediate forms in the Cretaceous period
Is the lack of intermediate forms.
It is possible that one genetic mutation is a cause
Both the palace and the tail merger at its end.
In fact one genetic mutation can have a significant impact
Animal-shaped.
Human dwarfism is an example of a genetic change.
Look at the dogs.
You think there are hundreds if not thousands of changing genes
Between the Chihuahua Dog Squads and Ogret Danny,
But scientists discover that all the differences
Among all dog breeds are summarized in only three genes!
If we can understand how DNA changes can cause changes in physical structure,
Then we can understand how properties develop,
We can also explain the fossil record better.
Being a dinosaur chicken project is an outlandish attempt,
We found unusual discoveries as well.
One of these findings is the association with typhoidal inflammation –
A disease in humans where the paragraphs merge with each other
With the possibility of erasing disks between your paragraphs.
It is a terrible disease and miracle,
It appears in the form of bone fusion
At the end of the chicken tail.
Since there is no animal example of TPS,
We suggest that we study it in chickens.
Who knew?
(Laughter)
By following all these evidence in genetics and evolution,
Makes me feel like an investigator in my own story about who the culprit is.
As investigators, we scientists have a mystical sense
Or assumptions about how we believe something has happened,
Or the effectiveness of something.
I can tell you that I had many hypotheses,
And they are almost always wrong.
But I really do not care,
Because every time I’m wrong,
Real biology is much more wonderful
Which my imagination may have imagined.
Every day, I enter the plant and ask, “How will my mind be surprised today?”
It seldom disappoints me.
This sanctification of nature I have had since childhood,
When I discovered that the world existed for billions of years,
And that we did not show a magical appearance,
But, like any living thing on this planet,
We have long and rich development stories, wonderful and different.
Working on this project was a great honor for me,
Today I have a great honor to you.
thank you.
(clap)
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