why are we so fascinated with Mars there’s this visceral connection that we
there’s this visceral connection that we
there’s this visceral connection that we have it’s been a constant steady light
have it’s been a constant steady light
have it’s been a constant steady light in the night sky for us you and I can go
in the night sky for us you and I can go
in the night sky for us you and I can go outside tonight on a clear night look
outside tonight on a clear night look
outside tonight on a clear night look towards the south western sky and see a
towards the south western sky and see a
towards the south western sky and see a bright orange star the Red Planet
looking at Mars it’s also of interest
looking at Mars it’s also of interest because it is within what we call the
because it is within what we call the
because it is within what we call the habitable zone around the Sun and so
habitable zone around the Sun and so
habitable zone around the Sun and so we’re going to be exploring tonight a
we’re going to be exploring tonight a
we’re going to be exploring tonight a little bit more I’d like to ask our
little bit more I’d like to ask our
little bit more I’d like to ask our guest here our experts on a little bit
guest here our experts on a little bit
guest here our experts on a little bit about that and let’s get into the
about that and let’s get into the
about that and let’s get into the challenges and what it really takes to
challenges and what it really takes to
challenges and what it really takes to get to Mars Mars is incredibly difficult
get to Mars Mars is incredibly difficult
get to Mars Mars is incredibly difficult to get on to because you have to go
to get on to because you have to go
to get on to because you have to go through the atmosphere and the
through the atmosphere and the
through the atmosphere and the atmosphere is not your friend
atmosphere is not your friend
atmosphere is not your friend because it swells up because of dust
because it swells up because of dust
because it swells up because of dust when there’s a lot of dust in the
when there’s a lot of dust in the
when there’s a lot of dust in the atmosphere it shrinks there are lateral
atmosphere it shrinks there are lateral
atmosphere it shrinks there are lateral winds although the atmosphere is thin
winds although the atmosphere is thin
winds although the atmosphere is thin but it is a scientific bonanza once
but it is a scientific bonanza once
but it is a scientific bonanza once you’re on the surface it has ancient
you’re on the surface it has ancient
you’re on the surface it has ancient rivers at ancient Lakes hydrothermal
rivers at ancient Lakes hydrothermal
rivers at ancient Lakes hydrothermal systems all the evidence is there the
systems all the evidence is there the
systems all the evidence is there the geologic evidence it’s from the first
geologic evidence it’s from the first
geologic evidence it’s from the first half of geologic time so early in
half of geologic time so early in
half of geologic time so early in geologic time Mars was warm and wet and
geologic time Mars was warm and wet and
geologic time Mars was warm and wet and the international exploration of Mars
the international exploration of Mars
the international exploration of Mars robotically is all focused on if it was
robotically is all focused on if it was
robotically is all focused on if it was habitable and whether or not life got
habitable and whether or not life got
habitable and whether or not life got started and evolved and is still there
started and evolved and is still there
started and evolved and is still there it’s amazing so let’s look at some of
it’s amazing so let’s look at some of
it’s amazing so let’s look at some of the technology let’s talk about this
the technology let’s talk about this
the technology let’s talk about this character here I have you means making a
character here I have you means making a
character here I have you means making a lot of buzz in the media right Elon Musk
lot of buzz in the media right Elon Musk
lot of buzz in the media right Elon Musk he’s the head of SpaceX and his true
he’s the head of SpaceX and his true
he’s the head of SpaceX and his true love and passion is space exploration
love and passion is space exploration
love and passion is space exploration and his vision is to send humans to Mars
and his vision is to send humans to Mars
and his vision is to send humans to Mars so NASA isn’t really alone they have
so NASA isn’t really alone they have
so NASA isn’t really alone they have partnerships is that right yeah integral
partnerships is that right yeah integral
partnerships is that right yeah integral well yes so you know NASA historically
well yes so you know NASA historically
well yes so you know NASA historically has partnered with people has consulted
has partnered with people has consulted
has partnered with people has consulted and contracted with organizations all
and contracted with organizations all
and contracted with organizations all over the country right and so as we’re
over the country right and so as we’re
over the country right and so as we’re looking at to this next phase is going
looking at to this next phase is going
looking at to this next phase is going to Mars where they’re still going to
to Mars where they’re still going to
to Mars where they’re still going to have to be these partnerships as you say
have to be these partnerships as you say
have to be these partnerships as you say Elon Musk is one but there are others
Elon Musk is one but there are others
Elon Musk is one but there are others that are going to help us do the
that are going to help us do the
that are going to help us do the important work of figuring out what
important work of figuring out what
important work of figuring out what exactly the best technology is but it is
exactly the best technology is but it is
exactly the best technology is but it is definitely something that we’re going to
definitely something that we’re going to
definitely something that we’re going to have to do together it’s not an easy
have to do together it’s not an easy
have to do together it’s not an easy thing no right so take a look at this
thing no right so take a look at this
thing no right so take a look at this t-minus four minutes we reached a
t-minus four minutes we reached a
t-minus four minutes we reached a tipping point
tipping point
tipping point thousands of years from now whatever we
thousands of years from now whatever we
thousands of years from now whatever we become whoever we are will look back at
become whoever we are will look back at
become whoever we are will look back at these next few decades is the moment in
these next few decades is the moment in
these next few decades is the moment in time that we are moving off this planet
time that we are moving off this planet
time that we are moving off this planet as a multiplanetary species b c and d c
as a multiplanetary species b c and d c
as a multiplanetary species b c and d c verify f 9 at Dragonheart startup f 9
verify f 9 at Dragonheart startup f 9
verify f 9 at Dragonheart startup f 9 isn’t start-up and SpaceX stands as
isn’t start-up and SpaceX stands as
isn’t start-up and SpaceX stands as nothing less than a massive game-changer
nothing less than a massive game-changer
nothing less than a massive game-changer stage 1 stage 2 pressing for flight
stage 1 stage 2 pressing for flight
stage 1 stage 2 pressing for flight Elon Musk says the only reason that I
Elon Musk says the only reason that I
Elon Musk says the only reason that I founded this company is to get human
founded this company is to get human
founded this company is to get human beings to Mars lc/ld go for lunch the
beings to Mars lc/ld go for lunch the
beings to Mars lc/ld go for lunch the key to making Mars economical is the
key to making Mars economical is the
key to making Mars economical is the reusability
reusability
reusability of rockets t-minus one minute I just
of rockets t-minus one minute I just
of rockets t-minus one minute I just don’t think there’s any way to have a
don’t think there’s any way to have a
don’t think there’s any way to have a self-sustaining Mars space without
self-sustaining Mars space without
self-sustaining Mars space without reusability getting the cost down is
reusability getting the cost down is
reusability getting the cost down is really fundamental
really fundamental
really fundamental if wooden sailing ships in the old days
if wooden sailing ships in the old days
if wooden sailing ships in the old days we’re not reusable I don’t think the
we’re not reusable I don’t think the
we’re not reusable I don’t think the United States would exist t-minus 30
United States would exist t-minus 30
United States would exist t-minus 30 seconds and if they nail this ability to
seconds and if they nail this ability to
seconds and if they nail this ability to land a rocket any way they want on earth
land a rocket any way they want on earth
land a rocket any way they want on earth then they can nail doing it on Mars 2015
then they can nail doing it on Mars 2015
then they can nail doing it on Mars 2015 this was a huge deal we haven’t yet
this was a huge deal we haven’t yet
this was a huge deal we haven’t yet landed the rocket so this is gonna be
landed the rocket so this is gonna be
landed the rocket so this is gonna be hopefully after a successful landing –
hopefully after a successful landing –
hopefully after a successful landing – 10 9 8 7 6 5
10 9 8 7 6 5
10 9 8 7 6 5 three two one
vehicles reach maximum aerodynamic
vehicles reach maximum aerodynamic pressure stable propulsion is still not
pressure stable propulsion is still not
pressure stable propulsion is still not altitude 32 kilometers speed one
altitude 32 kilometers speed one
altitude 32 kilometers speed one kilometer per second average distance 30
kilometer per second average distance 30
kilometer per second average distance 30 kilometers
space is defined by the strange
space is defined by the strange relationship between failure risk and
relationship between failure risk and
relationship between failure risk and innovation which is you can take risks
innovation which is you can take risks
innovation which is you can take risks you can try something very innovative
you can try something very innovative
you can try something very innovative but you are more likely to fail so what
but you are more likely to fail so what
but you are more likely to fail so what was it supposed to look like well you’d
was it supposed to look like well you’d
was it supposed to look like well you’d have the booster going up what I’m
have the booster going up what I’m
have the booster going up what I’m showing you here is going to be a
showing you here is going to be a
showing you here is going to be a composite a long exposure photograph
composite a long exposure photograph
composite a long exposure photograph what it’s supposed to have looked like
what it’s supposed to have looked like
what it’s supposed to have looked like and then the booster coming back down
and then the booster coming back down
and then the booster coming back down and what you see on your right-hand side
and what you see on your right-hand side
and what you see on your right-hand side of the screen is the booster that came
of the screen is the booster that came
of the screen is the booster that came down back onto the launch pad and what I
down back onto the launch pad and what I
down back onto the launch pad and what I want to know to diet is why is it so
want to know to diet is why is it so
want to know to diet is why is it so important to have reusability when when
important to have reusability when when
important to have reusability when when we’re talking I’m talking about Mars
we’re talking I’m talking about Mars
we’re talking I’m talking about Mars going to Mars why is that so important
going to Mars why is that so important
going to Mars why is that so important yeah over the long term the hope is that
yeah over the long term the hope is that
yeah over the long term the hope is that if you can reuse something it’s cheaper
if you can reuse something it’s cheaper
if you can reuse something it’s cheaper right you want to be cheaper and more
right you want to be cheaper and more
right you want to be cheaper and more efficient it’s sort of your your
efficient it’s sort of your your
efficient it’s sort of your your workhorse that you just continue to use
workhorse that you just continue to use
workhorse that you just continue to use it’s not always the case that things are
it’s not always the case that things are
it’s not always the case that things are cheaper when you reuse them but but you
cheaper when you reuse them but but you
cheaper when you reuse them but but you want something that you can you know use
want something that you can you know use
want something that you can you know use rinse recycle reuse right that’s rinse
rinse recycle reuse right that’s rinse
rinse recycle reuse right that’s rinse repeat that’s what you want the other
repeat that’s what you want the other
repeat that’s what you want the other thing is you want to be able to use that
thing is you want to be able to use that
thing is you want to be able to use that piece of technology as scaffolding for
piece of technology as scaffolding for
piece of technology as scaffolding for the next thing you do maybe you you know
the next thing you do maybe you you know
the next thing you do maybe you you know a piece of your booster to build the
a piece of your booster to build the
a piece of your booster to build the first structure right maybe you recycle
first structure right maybe you recycle
first structure right maybe you recycle it in that way so you hope first that
it in that way so you hope first that
it in that way so you hope first that there’s a cost savings you hope that
there’s a cost savings you hope that
there’s a cost savings you hope that there’s a sort of efficiency that you
there’s a sort of efficiency that you
there’s a sort of efficiency that you can build in and third that you can use
can build in and third that you can use
can build in and third that you can use it as a scaffolding for the next thing
it as a scaffolding for the next thing
it as a scaffolding for the next thing let’s look at the the idea of the
let’s look at the the idea of the
let’s look at the the idea of the timeline what is it like it seven months
timeline what is it like it seven months
timeline what is it like it seven months to get there all right just to get there
to get there all right just to get there
to get there all right just to get there so we need to right now start building
so we need to right now start building
so we need to right now start building up on that and one of the most recent
up on that and one of the most recent
up on that and one of the most recent attempts at that is the year-long
attempts at that is the year-long
attempts at that is the year-long mission that both the US and Russians
mission that both the US and Russians
mission that both the US and Russians took pardon u.s. astronaut scott kelly
took pardon u.s. astronaut scott kelly
took pardon u.s. astronaut scott kelly you can see here in this image spent a
you can see here in this image spent a
you can see here in this image spent a whole year coming back in March
whole year coming back in March
whole year coming back in March exploring this whole concept of what
exploring this whole concept of what
exploring this whole concept of what happens to human body
happens to human body
happens to human body being exposed to microgravity for long
being exposed to microgravity for long
being exposed to microgravity for long duration so we’re starting to work on
duration so we’re starting to work on
duration so we’re starting to work on that those aspects and I’d like to know
that those aspects and I’d like to know
that those aspects and I’d like to know I mean what toll does it take on the
I mean what toll does it take on the
I mean what toll does it take on the human body what the space travel
human body what the space travel
human body what the space travel long-term spacer do to a human body the
long-term spacer do to a human body the
long-term spacer do to a human body the truth is we don’t really know right
truth is we don’t really know right
truth is we don’t really know right we’ve never done this before
we’ve never done this before
we’ve never done this before commander Scott Kelly and his colleagues
commander Scott Kelly and his colleagues
commander Scott Kelly and his colleagues were sort of the first to stay in space
were sort of the first to stay in space
were sort of the first to stay in space as long as they did and even there they
as long as they did and even there they
as long as they did and even there they had a lot more protection from Earth
had a lot more protection from Earth
had a lot more protection from Earth from the sort of microgravity also we
from the sort of microgravity also we
from the sort of microgravity also we were still in the magnetosphere so they
were still in the magnetosphere so they
were still in the magnetosphere so they had protection from radiation still more
had protection from radiation still more
had protection from radiation still more radiation than they have if they were
radiation than they have if they were
radiation than they have if they were where we are but we don’t know what’s
where we are but we don’t know what’s
where we are but we don’t know what’s going to happen when you put a person in
going to happen when you put a person in
going to happen when you put a person in sort of interstellar trap interplanetary
sort of interstellar trap interplanetary
sort of interstellar trap interplanetary travel for seven months we don’t know we
travel for seven months we don’t know we
travel for seven months we don’t know we know already that you lose bone mass we
know already that you lose bone mass we
know already that you lose bone mass we know that you’ve got these radiation
know that you’ve got these radiation
know that you’ve got these radiation effects we have no idea about the
effects we have no idea about the
effects we have no idea about the psychological impact so these are all
psychological impact so these are all
psychological impact so these are all things that we’re still trying to
things that we’re still trying to
things that we’re still trying to understand and his mission their mission
understand and his mission their mission
understand and his mission their mission was Critias critical to understanding
was Critias critical to understanding
was Critias critical to understanding least you know step one in the process
least you know step one in the process
least you know step one in the process so there’s there’s a lot to be to be
so there’s there’s a lot to be to be
so there’s there’s a lot to be to be understood when we get there I like to
understood when we get there I like to
understood when we get there I like to know like how are we going to choose the
know like how are we going to choose the
know like how are we going to choose the the landing sites now what I’ve got here
the landing sites now what I’ve got here
the landing sites now what I’ve got here for you is the map of Mars and these are
for you is the map of Mars and these are
for you is the map of Mars and these are potential landing sites that we have
potential landing sites that we have
potential landing sites that we have what goes in ray maybe you can speak to
what goes in ray maybe you can speak to
what goes in ray maybe you can speak to this about you know their their
this about you know their their
this about you know their their engineering aspects their our science
engineering aspects their our science
engineering aspects their our science aspect you want to go to a place that’s
aspect you want to go to a place that’s
aspect you want to go to a place that’s scientifically interesting could be
scientifically interesting could be
scientifically interesting could be layered deposits that represent kind of
layered deposits that represent kind of
layered deposits that represent kind of ancient riverbeds or lakes it could be
ancient riverbeds or lakes it could be
ancient riverbeds or lakes it could be ancient hydrothermal deposits from
ancient hydrothermal deposits from
ancient hydrothermal deposits from volcanoes or whatever it turns out to be
volcanoes or whatever it turns out to be
volcanoes or whatever it turns out to be but you also need to land in a place
but you also need to land in a place
but you also need to land in a place that you can get back out of and that’s
that you can get back out of and that’s
that you can get back out of and that’s the plus or minus 50 it’s relatively
the plus or minus 50 it’s relatively
the plus or minus 50 it’s relatively easy to go back into orbit and not too
easy to go back into orbit and not too
easy to go back into orbit and not too cold as Mars is cold to begin with it’s
cold as Mars is cold to begin with it’s
cold as Mars is cold to begin with it’s way below freezing on average and if you
way below freezing on average and if you
way below freezing on average and if you go to the high latitudes it’s super cold
go to the high latitudes it’s super cold
go to the high latitudes it’s super cold you know the ultimate goal is to send
you know the ultimate goal is to send
you know the ultimate goal is to send humans so what I like to know is what
humans so what I like to know is what
humans so what I like to know is what you guys think in terms of the
you guys think in terms of the
you guys think in terms of the specialties what kind of people should
specialties what kind of people should
specialties what kind of people should we be sending to Mars it’s an important
we be sending to Mars it’s an important
we be sending to Mars it’s an important point to recognize that going to Mars is
point to recognize that going to Mars is
point to recognize that going to Mars is going to be you know what they call
going to be you know what they call
going to be you know what they call socio technological right it is not just
socio technological right it is not just
socio technological right it is not just maybe the technical that takes us there
maybe the technical that takes us there
maybe the technical that takes us there it’s not just going to be the
it’s not just going to be the
it’s not just going to be the sociological or the psychological it is
sociological or the psychological it is
sociological or the psychological it is going to be the interaction of those two
going to be the interaction of those two
going to be the interaction of those two things that the optimization of those
things that the optimization of those
things that the optimization of those two things that makes it happen so yeah
two things that makes it happen so yeah
two things that makes it happen so yeah you want people that have skills there
you want people that have skills there
you want people that have skills there are technical you want them to be able
are technical you want them to be able
are technical you want them to be able to fix things and create experiments
to fix things and create experiments
to fix things and create experiments physicians you need someone there in
physicians you need someone there in
physicians you need someone there in case you have medical emergencies but
case you have medical emergencies but
case you have medical emergencies but you also want the kind of mental stamina
you also want the kind of mental stamina
you also want the kind of mental stamina to be able to deal with all of the
to be able to deal with all of the
to be able to deal with all of the conditions that you’re going to you’re
conditions that you’re going to you’re
conditions that you’re going to you’re going to be sort of faced with so you
going to be sort of faced with so you
going to be sort of faced with so you know as I look at it I think about not
know as I look at it I think about not
know as I look at it I think about not just your skills in terms of what you’ve
just your skills in terms of what you’ve
just your skills in terms of what you’ve been educated to do I think of a variety
been educated to do I think of a variety
been educated to do I think of a variety of perspectives of life experiences of
of perspectives of life experiences of
of perspectives of life experiences of outlooks on life because all of those
outlooks on life because all of those
outlooks on life because all of those things are going to be necessary to make
things are going to be necessary to make
things are going to be necessary to make this work so need an inclusive
this work so need an inclusive
this work so need an inclusive environment and an inclusive set of
environment and an inclusive set of
environment and an inclusive set of people I guess growing food is going to
people I guess growing food is going to
people I guess growing food is going to be important isn’t that to diet yeah so
be important isn’t that to diet yeah so
be important isn’t that to diet yeah so this idea of being able to reuse and
this idea of being able to reuse and
this idea of being able to reuse and create a sense of self sufficiency right
create a sense of self sufficiency right
create a sense of self sufficiency right we cannot haul all the food will ever
we cannot haul all the food will ever
we cannot haul all the food will ever eat to Mars if we go if we stay all of
eat to Mars if we go if we stay all of
eat to Mars if we go if we stay all of these questions right you just can’t
these questions right you just can’t
these questions right you just can’t bring it you’ve got to create self
bring it you’ve got to create self
bring it you’ve got to create self sufficiency and food security there
sufficiency and food security there
sufficiency and food security there right so the idea is is that you you
right so the idea is is that you you
right so the idea is is that you you want to figure out ways to grow things
want to figure out ways to grow things
want to figure out ways to grow things on Mars and not just for food which is
on Mars and not just for food which is
on Mars and not just for food which is going to be important but again towards
going to be important but again towards
going to be important but again towards that social component you’ll want
that social component you’ll want
that social component you’ll want something to do that brings you closer
something to do that brings you closer
something to do that brings you closer to nature right we’ve seen Mars is an
to nature right we’ve seen Mars is an
to nature right we’ve seen Mars is an arid place it’s there’s not much
arid place it’s there’s not much
arid place it’s there’s not much happening there as we can see so far so
happening there as we can see so far so
happening there as we can see so far so you want some green you’ll want to get
you want some green you’ll want to get
you want some green you’ll want to get your hands in the dirt you’ll want to
your hands in the dirt you’ll want to
your hands in the dirt you’ll want to grow something see it progress over time
grow something see it progress over time
grow something see it progress over time so there’s that mental sort of
so there’s that mental sort of
so there’s that mental sort of restorative peace of going and being out
restorative peace of going and being out
restorative peace of going and being out in nature even on Mars I mean that’s
in nature even on Mars I mean that’s
in nature even on Mars I mean that’s interesting but you know when we’re
interesting but you know when we’re
interesting but you know when we’re talking about going to Mars to me this
talking about going to Mars to me this
talking about going to Mars to me this looks like a candy wrapper I don’t know
looks like a candy wrapper I don’t know
looks like a candy wrapper I don’t know but there’s like trash on Mars right now
but there’s like trash on Mars right now
but there’s like trash on Mars right now already right this time I mean we’re
already right this time I mean we’re
already right this time I mean we’re already used to peace probably a piece
already used to peace probably a piece
already used to peace probably a piece of the sky cream right we’re not but
of the sky cream right we’re not but
of the sky cream right we’re not but we’re not we’re not living there humans
we’re not we’re not living there humans
we’re not we’re not living there humans aren’t there yet we’re sending our stuff
aren’t there yet we’re sending our stuff
aren’t there yet we’re sending our stuff there and then
there and then
there and then we’re already you know altering Mars
we’re already you know altering Mars
we’re already you know altering Mars right there’s all the alterations of
right there’s all the alterations of
right there’s all the alterations of Mars and there’s talk about you know how
Mars and there’s talk about you know how
Mars and there’s talk about you know how humans will be altered by Mars as well
humans will be altered by Mars as well
humans will be altered by Mars as well there’s a lot of talk about that and I
there’s a lot of talk about that and I
there’s a lot of talk about that and I want you guys to check this little video
want you guys to check this little video
want you guys to check this little video out this whole idea of altering Mars and
out this whole idea of altering Mars and
out this whole idea of altering Mars and stuff it’s really fascinating
terraforming Mars is not a small jar
terraforming Mars is not a small jar this is a massive project this is a
this is a massive project this is a
this is a massive project this is a bigger project than anything humanity
bigger project than anything humanity
bigger project than anything humanity has ever attempted terraforming is
has ever attempted terraforming is
has ever attempted terraforming is taking an environment such as Mars and
taking an environment such as Mars and
taking an environment such as Mars and making it more earth-like terraforming
making it more earth-like terraforming
making it more earth-like terraforming is like like super science fictiony
is like like super science fictiony
is like like super science fictiony right now I don’t think people
right now I don’t think people
right now I don’t think people understand how big planets are so
understand how big planets are so
understand how big planets are so terraforming one is a ludicrous to ask
terraforming one is a ludicrous to ask
terraforming one is a ludicrous to ask you solve all the problems except
you solve all the problems except
you solve all the problems except breathing so once Mars is terraformed it
breathing so once Mars is terraformed it
breathing so once Mars is terraformed it made more earth-like you’re still going
made more earth-like you’re still going
made more earth-like you’re still going to have to wear a helmet on your head of
to have to wear a helmet on your head of
to have to wear a helmet on your head of some sort or some kind of breathing
some sort or some kind of breathing
some sort or some kind of breathing apparatus might we have the urge to
apparatus might we have the urge to
apparatus might we have the urge to tinker with our DNA such that you don’t
tinker with our DNA such that you don’t
tinker with our DNA such that you don’t need a spacesuit on Mars
need a spacesuit on Mars
need a spacesuit on Mars we’re on the edge right now of being
we’re on the edge right now of being
we’re on the edge right now of being able to change our own genome and our
able to change our own genome and our
able to change our own genome and our own genetics in our own bodies in real
own genetics in our own bodies in real
own genetics in our own bodies in real time our ability to control DNA the
time our ability to control DNA the
time our ability to control DNA the programming language of life helps us
programming language of life helps us
programming language of life helps us open up Mars what happens if there is a
open up Mars what happens if there is a
open up Mars what happens if there is a virus that bribes some kind of a flu and
virus that bribes some kind of a flu and
virus that bribes some kind of a flu and knocks out a large population or a large
knocks out a large population or a large
knocks out a large population or a large percentage of your group you can
percentage of your group you can
percentage of your group you can actually sequence the virus send it back
actually sequence the virus send it back
actually sequence the virus send it back to earth to analyze and you can send
to earth to analyze and you can send
to earth to analyze and you can send back from Earth you know a upgraded
back from Earth you know a upgraded
back from Earth you know a upgraded t-cell if you do interfere with our
t-cell if you do interfere with our
t-cell if you do interfere with our genomes so that you can survive on Mars
genomes so that you can survive on Mars
genomes so that you can survive on Mars you’re pretty much going through a
you’re pretty much going through a
you’re pretty much going through a one-way door and saying I will never go
one-way door and saying I will never go
one-way door and saying I will never go back to earth
back to earth
back to earth we might very well have a future in
we might very well have a future in
we might very well have a future in which you have different kinds of humans
which you have different kinds of humans
which you have different kinds of humans that look very different from each other
that look very different from each other
that look very different from each other once we get computers that are like
once we get computers that are like
once we get computers that are like smarter than humans and thinking about
smarter than humans and thinking about
smarter than humans and thinking about stuff and coming up with stuff we can
stuff and coming up with stuff we can
stuff and coming up with stuff we can ask them to figure out how to cure
ask them to figure out how to cure
ask them to figure out how to cure viruses we can kind of tell them look we
viruses we can kind of tell them look we
viruses we can kind of tell them look we want to explore and this is what we
want to explore and this is what we
want to explore and this is what we would like to do and then the robot
would like to do and then the robot
would like to do and then the robot scisors or overs or the helicopters or
scisors or overs or the helicopters or
scisors or overs or the helicopters or the balloons can make their own judgment
the balloons can make their own judgment
the balloons can make their own judgment and actually do the exploration so
and actually do the exploration so
and actually do the exploration so ultimately we’re going to need things
ultimately we’re going to need things
ultimately we’re going to need things like machines that can make machines if
like machines that can make machines if
like machines that can make machines if we want to have a solar system
we want to have a solar system
we want to have a solar system civilization well future technologies
civilization well future technologies
civilization well future technologies that we’re developing on earth now like
that we’re developing on earth now like
that we’re developing on earth now like 3d printing and electric cars can
3d printing and electric cars can
3d printing and electric cars can actually be extremely useful to us in
actually be extremely useful to us in
actually be extremely useful to us in creating a outpost of civilization on
creating a outpost of civilization on
creating a outpost of civilization on Mars imagine being able to send a 3d
Mars imagine being able to send a 3d
Mars imagine being able to send a 3d prayer of the Martian surface that sort
prayer of the Martian surface that sort
prayer of the Martian surface that sort of pulls the soil out add some water add
of pulls the soil out add some water add
of pulls the soil out add some water add some binder and is sitting there 3d
some binder and is sitting there 3d
some binder and is sitting there 3d printing shelters in advance of a
printing shelters in advance of a
printing shelters in advance of a community coming and you’ve got your
community coming and you’ve got your
community coming and you’ve got your homes pre-built
homes pre-built
homes pre-built waiting for you right there so to died
waiting for you right there so to died
waiting for you right there so to died up this is all nice but what happens if
up this is all nice but what happens if
up this is all nice but what happens if we find life on Mars with our plans to
we find life on Mars with our plans to
we find life on Mars with our plans to be altered I think they should be right
be altered I think they should be right
be altered I think they should be right because now we’ve got to understand and
because now we’ve got to understand and
because now we’ve got to understand and figure out what’s happening
figure out what’s happening
figure out what’s happening try not to completely decimate their way
try not to completely decimate their way
try not to completely decimate their way of being in life in terms of probably
of being in life in terms of probably
of being in life in terms of probably microbial structures and such also just
microbial structures and such also just
microbial structures and such also just small tidbit no terraforming why is that
small tidbit no terraforming why is that
small tidbit no terraforming why is that it’s a stupid idea
okay-y it’s out of equilibrium
okay-y it’s out of equilibrium I mean Mars is cold and dry today for a
I mean Mars is cold and dry today for a
I mean Mars is cold and dry today for a reason early in geologic time there were
reason early in geologic time there were
reason early in geologic time there were volcanoes there was a massive amount of
volcanoes there was a massive amount of
volcanoes there was a massive amount of greenhouse warming from the gases coming
greenhouse warming from the gases coming
greenhouse warming from the gases coming up because it’s a small planet relative
up because it’s a small planet relative
up because it’s a small planet relative to earth it stopped its internal
to earth it stopped its internal
to earth it stopped its internal activity sooner than the earth so the
activity sooner than the earth so the
activity sooner than the earth so the gases in the atmosphere were on a
gases in the atmosphere were on a
gases in the atmosphere were on a one-way trip to be oxidized and placed
one-way trip to be oxidized and placed
one-way trip to be oxidized and placed into minerals so if you increase the
into minerals so if you increase the
into minerals so if you increase the amount of sunlight with mirrors or
amount of sunlight with mirrors or
amount of sunlight with mirrors or whatever you can sublimate get more
whatever you can sublimate get more
whatever you can sublimate get more water vapour in the atmosphere more rain
water vapour in the atmosphere more rain
water vapour in the atmosphere more rain but what’s going to happen it’s going to
but what’s going to happen it’s going to
but what’s going to happen it’s going to react with the rocks and go back down
react with the rocks and go back down
react with the rocks and go back down into the into the subsurface eventually
into the into the subsurface eventually
into the into the subsurface eventually there’s a famous reaction that was
there’s a famous reaction that was
there’s a famous reaction that was codified by Harold Urey it’s a very
codified by Harold Urey it’s a very
codified by Harold Urey it’s a very distinguished Nobel what Nobel
distinguished Nobel what Nobel
distinguished Nobel what Nobel prize-winning chemist and it’s the way
prize-winning chemist and it’s the way
prize-winning chemist and it’s the way the earth stays more or less the way we
the earth stays more or less the way we
the earth stays more or less the way we like it sometimes it goes into the deep
like it sometimes it goes into the deep
like it sometimes it goes into the deep freeze sometimes it’s really warm but
freeze sometimes it’s really warm but
freeze sometimes it’s really warm but what happens is the volcanoes pump up
what happens is the volcanoes pump up
what happens is the volcanoes pump up the gases that keep us warm but the
the gases that keep us warm but the
the gases that keep us warm but the hydrologic cycle consumes those gases as
hydrologic cycle consumes those gases as
hydrologic cycle consumes those gases as carbonic acid co2 goes into the water
carbonic acid co2 goes into the water
carbonic acid co2 goes into the water and it reacts in forms lime stones but
and it reacts in forms lime stones but
and it reacts in forms lime stones but the lime stones go back downstairs get
the lime stones go back downstairs get
the lime stones go back downstairs get decomposed and the gases come back up
decomposed and the gases come back up
decomposed and the gases come back up you know as greenhouse gases through
you know as greenhouse gases through
you know as greenhouse gases through volcanoes if you stop the internal
volcanoes if you stop the internal
volcanoes if you stop the internal engine you go in the one way deep freeze
engine you go in the one way deep freeze
engine you go in the one way deep freeze it’s what happened to Mars because it’s
it’s what happened to Mars because it’s
it’s what happened to Mars because it’s smaller than the earth so terraforming
smaller than the earth so terraforming
smaller than the earth so terraforming can increase the temperature of the
can increase the temperature of the
can increase the temperature of the surface but you can get some gas out but
surface but you can get some gas out but
surface but you can get some gas out but it will eventually get corroded and put
it will eventually get corroded and put
it will eventually get corroded and put back down into the subsurface in a
back down into the subsurface in a
back down into the subsurface in a one-way trip so it may work for a couple
one-way trip so it may work for a couple
one-way trip so it may work for a couple decades but over longer time it’s bogus
decades but over longer time it’s bogus
decades but over longer time it’s bogus in my opinion
in my opinion
in my opinion and also would decimate whatever is
and also would decimate whatever is
and also would decimate whatever is there that we don’t know yet yeah
there that we don’t know yet yeah
there that we don’t know yet yeah there’s a very important paradigm that
there’s a very important paradigm that
there’s a very important paradigm that all the nations are following called
all the nations are following called
all the nations are following called planetary protection so you sterilize
planetary protection so you sterilize
planetary protection so you sterilize spacecraft before they’re on the surface
spacecraft before they’re on the surface
spacecraft before they’re on the surface because the worst thing to have happen
because the worst thing to have happen
because the worst thing to have happen is to go to Mars in the future and find
is to go to Mars in the future and find
is to go to Mars in the future and find ourselves alright I have a question one
ourselves alright I have a question one
ourselves alright I have a question one last question if you could take anything
last question if you could take anything
last question if you could take anything from or any physical object in there
from or any physical object in there
from or any physical object in there what would it be any ticket to Mars but
what would it be any ticket to Mars but
what would it be any ticket to Mars but you want to take something what would
you want to take something what would
you want to take something what would what one thing going on by 47th wedding
what one thing going on by 47th wedding
what one thing going on by 47th wedding anniversary and I really like my wife so
anniversary and I really like my wife so
anniversary and I really like my wife so she would go with me you get points
she would go with me you get points
she would go with me you get points there places as videos is this being
there places as videos is this being
there places as videos is this being taped
there are many reasons that we want to
there are many reasons that we want to go to Mars the first big one is why did
go to Mars the first big one is why did
go to Mars the first big one is why did Mars transition from what was once a
Mars transition from what was once a
Mars transition from what was once a warmer wetter world to the cold dry
warmer wetter world to the cold dry
warmer wetter world to the cold dry planet we see today
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