[Music] [Applause]
[Applause]
[Applause] every day countless people are suffering
every day countless people are suffering
every day countless people are suffering and dying from disease one reason is
and dying from disease one reason is
and dying from disease one reason is because life-saving drugs often fail to
because life-saving drugs often fail to
because life-saving drugs often fail to get to market in fact 90% of new drugs
get to market in fact 90% of new drugs
get to market in fact 90% of new drugs that show promise in the lab or on
that show promise in the lab or on
that show promise in the lab or on animals fail in humans and never end up
animals fail in humans and never end up
animals fail in humans and never end up making it to your pharmacy sometimes
making it to your pharmacy sometimes
making it to your pharmacy sometimes these drug failures are tragic in one
these drug failures are tragic in one
these drug failures are tragic in one case in the UK a drug company came upon
case in the UK a drug company came upon
case in the UK a drug company came upon a novel treatment for the devastating
a novel treatment for the devastating
a novel treatment for the devastating diseases of leukemia rheumatoid
diseases of leukemia rheumatoid
diseases of leukemia rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis imagine
arthritis and multiple sclerosis imagine
arthritis and multiple sclerosis imagine a treatment that can cure any one of
a treatment that can cure any one of
a treatment that can cure any one of these debilitating diseases the drug was
these debilitating diseases the drug was
these debilitating diseases the drug was shown to be safe and effective in
shown to be safe and effective in
shown to be safe and effective in animals so the drug company was given
animals so the drug company was given
animals so the drug company was given the green light to begin human trials
the green light to begin human trials
the green light to begin human trials eight volunteers entered this trial and
eight volunteers entered this trial and
eight volunteers entered this trial and just to be safe
just to be safe
just to be safe each volunteer was given a dose 500
each volunteer was given a dose 500
each volunteer was given a dose 500 times lower than the dose that was shown
times lower than the dose that was shown
times lower than the dose that was shown to be safe in mice and monkeys soon
to be safe in mice and monkeys soon
to be safe in mice and monkeys soon after being given the drug six of the
after being given the drug six of the
after being given the drug six of the eight volunteers rapidly developed multi
eight volunteers rapidly developed multi
eight volunteers rapidly developed multi organ failure a 20 year old male
organ failure a 20 year old male
organ failure a 20 year old male suffered heart liver and kidney failure
suffered heart liver and kidney failure
suffered heart liver and kidney failure his toes were amputated although all the
his toes were amputated although all the
his toes were amputated although all the volunteers survived the devastating
volunteers survived the devastating
volunteers survived the devastating effects on their minds bodies and immune
effects on their minds bodies and immune
effects on their minds bodies and immune systems remain unknown
systems remain unknown
systems remain unknown these individuals may never live normal
these individuals may never live normal
these individuals may never live normal lives clearly this wasn’t supposed to
lives clearly this wasn’t supposed to
lives clearly this wasn’t supposed to happen but it did so what’s going on
happen but it did so what’s going on
happen but it did so what’s going on here while developing a safe and
here while developing a safe and
here while developing a safe and effective drug is a risky time-consuming
effective drug is a risky time-consuming
effective drug is a risky time-consuming and expensive process
and expensive process
and expensive process did you know that it takes on average 12
did you know that it takes on average 12
did you know that it takes on average 12 years and 2.6 billion dollars to develop
years and 2.6 billion dollars to develop
years and 2.6 billion dollars to develop just one
just one
just one drug that works in humans let me walk
drug that works in humans let me walk
drug that works in humans let me walk you through the process first drugs are
you through the process first drugs are
you through the process first drugs are tested on cells in a petri dish and on
tested on cells in a petri dish and on
tested on cells in a petri dish and on animals drugs that make it through this
animals drugs that make it through this
animals drugs that make it through this process enter human trials and only one
process enter human trials and only one
process enter human trials and only one out of ten drugs is successful not only
out of ten drugs is successful not only
out of ten drugs is successful not only is failure extremely common it’s really
is failure extremely common it’s really
is failure extremely common it’s really expensive it costs about 200 million
expensive it costs about 200 million
expensive it costs about 200 million dollars per failed drug if we were to
dollars per failed drug if we were to
dollars per failed drug if we were to double the success rate in human trials
double the success rate in human trials
double the success rate in human trials from 1 in 10 to just 2 in 10 we could
from 1 in 10 to just 2 in 10 we could
from 1 in 10 to just 2 in 10 we could save hundreds of millions of dollars
save hundreds of millions of dollars
save hundreds of millions of dollars imagine how much cheaper drugs would be
imagine how much cheaper drugs would be
imagine how much cheaper drugs would be for you
for you
for you but even more importantly imagine how
but even more importantly imagine how
but even more importantly imagine how many more lives we can save and improve
many more lives we can save and improve
many more lives we can save and improve even when a drug demonstrates that it
even when a drug demonstrates that it
even when a drug demonstrates that it can cure human disease it may not work
can cure human disease it may not work
can cure human disease it may not work for you this is because your body is
for you this is because your body is
for you this is because your body is unique a drug that will cure the person
unique a drug that will cure the person
unique a drug that will cure the person sitting right next to you might cause
sitting right next to you might cause
sitting right next to you might cause detrimental side effects in your body so
detrimental side effects in your body so
detrimental side effects in your body so how do we solve this problem you may
how do we solve this problem you may
how do we solve this problem you may have an idea from the slide ideally we
have an idea from the slide ideally we
have an idea from the slide ideally we would start by testing drugs in humans
would start by testing drugs in humans
would start by testing drugs in humans first but we can’t do this or can we no
first but we can’t do this or can we no
first but we can’t do this or can we no we definitely can’t start by testing
we definitely can’t start by testing
we definitely can’t start by testing experimental drugs on humans first so
experimental drugs on humans first so
experimental drugs on humans first so what’s the next best thing
what’s the next best thing
what’s the next best thing what if we can engineer human tissues a
what if we can engineer human tissues a
what if we can engineer human tissues a part of a real person but outside of
part of a real person but outside of
part of a real person but outside of their body and test drugs on these
their body and test drugs on these
their body and test drugs on these tissues before human trials if we can do
tissues before human trials if we can do
tissues before human trials if we can do this we can more accurately determine if
this we can more accurately determine if
this we can more accurately determine if a drug is safe and effective before
a drug is safe and effective before
a drug is safe and effective before human testing this may sound like
human testing this may sound like
human testing this may sound like science fiction but I’m here to tell you
science fiction but I’m here to tell you
science fiction but I’m here to tell you today that this is already a reality now
today that this is already a reality now
today that this is already a reality now I’m a biomedical engineer and as far
I’m a biomedical engineer and as far
I’m a biomedical engineer and as far back as I can remember I’ve been
back as I can remember I’ve been
back as I can remember I’ve been intrigued by how things are built when I
intrigued by how things are built when I
intrigued by how things are built when I think of engineering I think of building
think of engineering I think of building
think of engineering I think of building things from the ground up when I think
things from the ground up when I think
things from the ground up when I think of biology on the other hand I think of
of biology on the other hand I think of
of biology on the other hand I think of dissecting the human body down to
dissecting the human body down to
dissecting the human body down to individual cells think of these cells as
individual cells think of these cells as
individual cells think of these cells as the building blocks of your body
the building blocks of your body
the building blocks of your body our understanding of these building
our understanding of these building
our understanding of these building blocks is rapidly advancing biologists
blocks is rapidly advancing biologists
blocks is rapidly advancing biologists have taken the human body apart now we
have taken the human body apart now we
have taken the human body apart now we can combine engineering and biology to
can combine engineering and biology to
can combine engineering and biology to rebuild different parts of it by
rebuild different parts of it by
rebuild different parts of it by combining different disciplines and
combining different disciplines and
combining different disciplines and collaborating we can tackle the world’s
collaborating we can tackle the world’s
collaborating we can tackle the world’s most pressing issues and this is
most pressing issues and this is
most pressing issues and this is precisely our story
precisely our story
precisely our story engineers biologists scientists and even
engineers biologists scientists and even
engineers biologists scientists and even clinicians all working together and
clinicians all working together and
clinicians all working together and collaborating under one roof to solve a
collaborating under one roof to solve a
collaborating under one roof to solve a big problem this is different than each
big problem this is different than each
big problem this is different than each group working separately in their own
group working separately in their own
group working separately in their own silo we’ve developed a 3d printing
silo we’ve developed a 3d printing
silo we’ve developed a 3d printing technology that could print tissues not
technology that could print tissues not
technology that could print tissues not these types of tissues but real living
these types of tissues but real living
these types of tissues but real living human tissues here’s a picture of a
human tissues here’s a picture of a
human tissues here’s a picture of a human tissue where each hexagonal shape
human tissue where each hexagonal shape
human tissue where each hexagonal shape is an individual cell or a building
is an individual cell or a building
is an individual cell or a building block what do we want it to print a part
block what do we want it to print a part
block what do we want it to print a part of a lung an airway for example well we
of a lung an airway for example well we
of a lung an airway for example well we start off by designing a 3d computer
start off by designing a 3d computer
start off by designing a 3d computer model of an airway this model would then
model of an airway this model would then
model of an airway this model would then be printed layer by layer using a
be printed layer by layer using a
be printed layer by layer using a machine called a 3d bioprinter instead
machine called a 3d bioprinter instead
machine called a 3d bioprinter instead of using plastics and other nonliving
of using plastics and other nonliving
of using plastics and other nonliving materials used in standard 3d printing
materials used in standard 3d printing
materials used in standard 3d printing we use real living human cells we
we use real living human cells we
we use real living human cells we combine these cells with scaffolds to
combine these cells with scaffolds to
combine these cells with scaffolds to provide a suitable and comfortable
provide a suitable and comfortable
provide a suitable and comfortable environment for our cells to grow these
environment for our cells to grow these
environment for our cells to grow these cellular materials then become our inks
cellular materials then become our inks
cellular materials then become our inks kind of like the inks we use in
kind of like the inks we use in
kind of like the inks we use in conventional desktop printers we now
conventional desktop printers we now
conventional desktop printers we now have our building blocks and are ready
have our building blocks and are ready
have our building blocks and are ready to construct our tissue so how do we
to construct our tissue so how do we
to construct our tissue so how do we deposit these living eggs because
deposit these living eggs because
deposit these living eggs because tissues are composed of many different
tissues are composed of many different
tissues are composed of many different building blocks we need to handle many
building blocks we need to handle many
building blocks we need to handle many different materials at once you may be
different materials at once you may be
different materials at once you may be thinking of a lab that is filled with
thinking of a lab that is filled with
thinking of a lab that is filled with biologists manually mixing and preparing
biologists manually mixing and preparing
biologists manually mixing and preparing different cells and biomaterials and
different cells and biomaterials and
different cells and biomaterials and they will be doing this by hand they
they will be doing this by hand they
they will be doing this by hand they would need access to different
would need access to different
would need access to different dispensers and the ability to switch
dispensers and the ability to switch
dispensers and the ability to switch between these dispensers throughout the
between these dispensers throughout the
between these dispensers throughout the process this would be slow slow and
process this would be slow slow and
process this would be slow slow and manual what we could integrate and
manual what we could integrate and
manual what we could integrate and automate many of these lab functions and
automate many of these lab functions and
automate many of these lab functions and shrink them down to one simple chip we
shrink them down to one simple chip we
shrink them down to one simple chip we call this chip lab on a printer I
call this chip lab on a printer I
call this chip lab on a printer I brought one with me today and I’m
brought one with me today and I’m
brought one with me today and I’m holding one in my hand right now our 3d
holding one in my hand right now our 3d
holding one in my hand right now our 3d bioprinter uses this lab on a printer to
bioprinter uses this lab on a printer to
bioprinter uses this lab on a printer to deposit living inks our lab on a printer
deposit living inks our lab on a printer
deposit living inks our lab on a printer allows us to take multiple living inks
allows us to take multiple living inks
allows us to take multiple living inks and deposit combinations of these on the
and deposit combinations of these on the
and deposit combinations of these on the fly through a single nozzle to rapidly
fly through a single nozzle to rapidly
fly through a single nozzle to rapidly develop living structures here’s an
develop living structures here’s an
develop living structures here’s an example where our lab on a printer is
example where our lab on a printer is
example where our lab on a printer is depositing many different materials at
depositing many different materials at
depositing many different materials at once the blue red yellow and green
once the blue red yellow and green
once the blue red yellow and green materials well these could represent
materials well these could represent
materials well these could represent different cell types different growth
different cell types different growth
different cell types different growth factors different components that make
factors different components that make
factors different components that make up tissues inside of our body our lab on
up tissues inside of our body our lab on
up tissues inside of our body our lab on a printer then deposits these living
a printer then deposits these living
a printer then deposits these living inks layer by layer to construct a
inks layer by layer to construct a
inks layer by layer to construct a living structure the structure could be
living structure the structure could be
living structure the structure could be an example of an airway or a blood
an example of an airway or a blood
an example of an airway or a blood vessel immediately after printing these
vessel immediately after printing these
vessel immediately after printing these tissues are put into an incubator which
tissues are put into an incubator which
tissues are put into an incubator which recreates the conditions inside of our
recreates the conditions inside of our
recreates the conditions inside of our body if we were to zoom into one of
body if we were to zoom into one of
body if we were to zoom into one of these printed structures immediately
these printed structures immediately
these printed structures immediately after printing we would see many green
after printing we would see many green
after printing we would see many green dots each one of these dots is a cell
dots each one of these dots is a cell
dots each one of these dots is a cell here’s how they look after a couple days
here’s how they look after a couple days
here’s how they look after a couple days because we provided a suitable and
because we provided a suitable and
because we provided a suitable and comfortable environment for ourselves to
comfortable environment for ourselves to
comfortable environment for ourselves to grow they begin to talk and communicate
grow they begin to talk and communicate
grow they begin to talk and communicate and form interconnected networks our 3d
and form interconnected networks our 3d
and form interconnected networks our 3d printed structure has transformed into
printed structure has transformed into
printed structure has transformed into human tissue as individuals we are all
human tissue as individuals we are all
human tissue as individuals we are all different and the diseases that affect
different and the diseases that affect
different and the diseases that affect us affect us in different ways
us affect us in different ways
us affect us in different ways this is true for many diseases including
this is true for many diseases including
this is true for many diseases including asthma cancer and other diseases now our
asthma cancer and other diseases now our
asthma cancer and other diseases now our goal is to develop an entire replacement
goal is to develop an entire replacement
goal is to develop an entire replacement organ that could replace a diseased
organ that could replace a diseased
organ that could replace a diseased organ inside of your body were several
organ inside of your body were several
organ inside of your body were several years away from this
years away from this
years away from this but what can we do today well we could
but what can we do today well we could
but what can we do today well we could print smaller parts of organs and use
print smaller parts of organs and use
print smaller parts of organs and use these tissues to test drugs and and test
these tissues to test drugs and and test
these tissues to test drugs and and test the diseases that we suffer from and
the diseases that we suffer from and
the diseases that we suffer from and develop drugs and cures for these
develop drugs and cures for these
develop drugs and cures for these diseases for example we took muscle
diseases for example we took muscle
diseases for example we took muscle cells from a donor lung to construct an
cells from a donor lung to construct an
cells from a donor lung to construct an airway we took these cells and we
airway we took these cells and we
airway we took these cells and we printed them into tubular structures
printed them into tubular structures
printed them into tubular structures similar to the one that I showed you now
similar to the one that I showed you now
similar to the one that I showed you now during a real-life asthma attack our
during a real-life asthma attack our
during a real-life asthma attack our body releases a compound called
body releases a compound called
body releases a compound called histamine this triggers the smooth
histamine this triggers the smooth
histamine this triggers the smooth muscle tissue inside of our airways to
muscle tissue inside of our airways to
muscle tissue inside of our airways to contract we don’t stir bioprinted
contract we don’t stir bioprinted
contract we don’t stir bioprinted Airways with histamine and they began to
Airways with histamine and they began to
Airways with histamine and they began to contract we recreated an asthma attack
contract we recreated an asthma attack
contract we recreated an asthma attack outside of the body within Doster
outside of the body within Doster
outside of the body within Doster bioprinted Airways with a common anti
bioprinted Airways with a common anti
bioprinted Airways with a common anti asthma drug used in inhalers and they
asthma drug used in inhalers and they
asthma drug used in inhalers and they began to relax just like the airways of
began to relax just like the airways of
began to relax just like the airways of an asthmatic patient
so where are we going with all of this
so where are we going with all of this well I showed you one application of 3d
well I showed you one application of 3d
well I showed you one application of 3d bioprinting that is in the near future
bioprinting that is in the near future
bioprinting that is in the near future where are we planning to take this
where are we planning to take this
where are we planning to take this technology my vision for this technology
technology my vision for this technology
technology my vision for this technology is that we could one day create entire
is that we could one day create entire
is that we could one day create entire replacement organs just imagine no organ
replacement organs just imagine no organ
replacement organs just imagine no organ waitlist a doctor would simply take
waitlist a doctor would simply take
waitlist a doctor would simply take cells perhaps from your blood these
cells perhaps from your blood these
cells perhaps from your blood these would be taken to a lab and reprogrammed
would be taken to a lab and reprogrammed
would be taken to a lab and reprogrammed to become maybe liver cells heart cells
to become maybe liver cells heart cells
to become maybe liver cells heart cells or kidney cells these cells will be put
or kidney cells these cells will be put
or kidney cells these cells will be put into a 3d bioprinter and layer by layer
into a 3d bioprinter and layer by layer
into a 3d bioprinter and layer by layer we would construct an entire organ just
we would construct an entire organ just
we would construct an entire organ just for you this organ would be made up of
for you this organ would be made up of
for you this organ would be made up of your own cells just think of that your
your own cells just think of that your
your own cells just think of that your own building blocks so no chance of
own building blocks so no chance of
own building blocks so no chance of rejection bioprinting will enable us to
rejection bioprinting will enable us to
rejection bioprinting will enable us to accurately determine the human response
accurately determine the human response
accurately determine the human response to drugs what this means is that we
to drugs what this means is that we
to drugs what this means is that we could eliminate drugs that won’t work in
could eliminate drugs that won’t work in
could eliminate drugs that won’t work in humans sooner and take drugs into human
humans sooner and take drugs into human
humans sooner and take drugs into human trials with a higher chance of success
trials with a higher chance of success
trials with a higher chance of success this will also reduce our reliance on
this will also reduce our reliance on
this will also reduce our reliance on animal testing ultimately we’ll end up
animal testing ultimately we’ll end up
animal testing ultimately we’ll end up with better safer and cheaper drugs now
with better safer and cheaper drugs now
with better safer and cheaper drugs now remember how we got here
remember how we got here
remember how we got here engineers scientists biologists even
engineers scientists biologists even
engineers scientists biologists even clinicians all working together to solve
clinicians all working together to solve
clinicians all working together to solve a big problem by combining different
a big problem by combining different
a big problem by combining different disciplines and collaborating we can
disciplines and collaborating we can
disciplines and collaborating we can look at the world’s problems in a much
look at the world’s problems in a much
look at the world’s problems in a much simpler way and solve the most complex
simpler way and solve the most complex
simpler way and solve the most complex ones of them when you think of your life
ones of them when you think of your life
ones of them when you think of your life and the challenges that you face in your
and the challenges that you face in your
and the challenges that you face in your community and in the world which people
community and in the world which people
community and in the world which people would you bring together to come up with
would you bring together to come up with
would you bring together to come up with new ideas and new perspectives to solve
new ideas and new perspectives to solve
new ideas and new perspectives to solve problems as the world becomes more and
problems as the world becomes more and
problems as the world becomes more and more complex we need to stay ahead of
more complex we need to stay ahead of
more complex we need to stay ahead of our challenges and inspire change
our challenges and inspire change
our challenges and inspire change whether it’s accelerating the
whether it’s accelerating the
whether it’s accelerating the development of new drugs and defeating
development of new drugs and defeating
development of new drugs and defeating disease exploring how growing energy
disease exploring how growing energy
disease exploring how growing energy demands can be met
demands can be met
demands can be met a sustainable way or spreading knowledge
a sustainable way or spreading knowledge
a sustainable way or spreading knowledge to the furthest corners of our world
to the furthest corners of our world
to the furthest corners of our world when we work and come together in a
when we work and come together in a
when we work and come together in a collaborative manner we can overcome
collaborative manner we can overcome
collaborative manner we can overcome these global challenges whatever
these global challenges whatever
these global challenges whatever challenge you face remember that you are
challenge you face remember that you are
challenge you face remember that you are never alone by reaching out
never alone by reaching out
never alone by reaching out collaborating and thinking differently
collaborating and thinking differently
collaborating and thinking differently you will also be able to move forward
you will also be able to move forward
you will also be able to move forward faster do it better and make a
faster do it better and make a
faster do it better and make a difference
difference
difference [Applause]
”
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