we live in a world of images day to
day we are taking pictures of all the
things that interest us while
we walk for example to our
jobs or if we are knowing a
new city
humanity generates the order of a thousand
millions of photographs daily
our new lives are recorded in
bits in zeros and ones
and every day more we use tools
automated to be able to search in
they both different patterns as
colors and identify our
family and friends from the
tranquility of our house we can
explore the universe whether we seek
photographs of very distant galaxies or
for example that we want to explore the
command world
the instruments that we use to see the
world
in fact they extend our senses and
are those that allow us to see much more
there
one of these instruments more
shocking that we have generated in the
history of mankind is called the
large hadron collider l hc east
great accelerator of 27 kilometers of
circumference we can understand it as
a microscope that opens a window
to be able to explore the microworld was
there that four years ago
particle physicists receive
one of the most important news of
the last 30 years that probably
we all saw about the discovery of
Higgs’ Boson
this particular fundamental within what
which is known as the standard model
of particles without this particle this
model would have serious inconsistencies
I want to tell you a bit today how
is that we look for these particles as
It is that these machines help us
discover all the experiments in
high particle physics
energy are in fact experiments from
collisions
from these collisions we study
the different particles that are
can produce these particles
depending on the energy we have
can be produced in hundreds or in
Thousands
lh in particular has so much energy
that allows us to achieve energy that
they only existed in our universe
at the beginning of the big bang a
tiny fraction of a second just
After that
in this way we gain access to
particles that existed in that
epoch and we can study what impact
they had at that time and in the
universe that we see today to detect and
to study these de facto particles
we build big detectors these are
huge machines can get to measure
40 meters high and weigh up to 12,000
tons
these machines also operate at rates
very fast because they receive events from
up to tens of millions of times by
second
Of course all the events are not
we can save we need to filter them and
to accumulate those that are more interesting
for physics so that we’re
studying
in this way we finally accumulate
annually databases of events that
they can attend to have sizes
of petabytes these are thousands of
terabytes for each of the
experiments
all these numbers are shocking
in a way they demonstrate the song the
size of the challenge involved in building
these pages and operate them
none of this would have been possible without
many generations of physicists who have
worked hard to be able to
get to have these machines in certain
way the l hc can you think not only
as a physical science experiment
of fundamental physics but
also as a social experiment as
we have managed to accumulate thousands of people
working in a
the collaboration seeking a common goal
I believe that this is in fact a
teaching for humanity that of
Indeed we can work together to
that we can achieve great goals
the size of these jobs
experimental multitudinous
if you want it contrasts with like a
small group of physicists in 1964 does
more than 50 years
they solved one of the problems
fundamentals of the theoretical physics of
that time and they predicted the
existence of the higgs boson that
particle that I build
adele hc these physicists were
in brussels in edinburgh and in london
they were interested in understanding
certain peculiarities of the forces
weak
these forces are these are forces
related to what happens in
certain nuclear decays
the theory of the time did not allow the
existence of particles of
interaction that had mass and these
physicists in their offices
they came to build a mechanism that
dynamic way created the mass for
these particles and as an effect
secondary predicted the existence of
a new particle unknown to the
time
the so-called higgs boson
let me tell you a bit how
we come to pass from imagining these
particles since proposing that there are to
in fact detect them
the model in the standard model that
contains the higgs mechanism is a
highly productive model and that’s very
important
before the construction of l hc
we could use this theory to
predict all the details of these
particles this is these
predictions are made in the context
of what is known by the name of the
quantum theory of campus in mechanics
quantum
we do not calculate precisely what happens
when we do an experiment rather
we calculate odds that is
we can know how many times a certain
experimental result is obtained a
time we repeat many and many times
the same experiment one of these
more precise calculations that we have
carried out in fact how many
Higgs boson has capacity
produce lh c
those calculations is carried out through
of some diagrams that we call diagrams
of faymann and they represent the
processes of interaction of
different particles the most important
for him lh it’s called the fusion of
Monday
these clones are particles
related to interactions
strong nuclear and are described to
through a theory that is called
quantum chromodynamics
the more precise we want to do
these more complex calculations at stake
these days record more and more
difficult is the challenge of being able
fini and finalize these calculations
nowadays we know that for every 1,000
million collisions that we make in
the l hc only produces one higgs and this
shows how difficult it is in fact
detect these particles I have done
much harder than finding a
needle in a haystack of haystacks
a few weeks ago I was walking
for a museum and it caught my attention
see an exhibition I had about the
called ‘check with Charles check
point charlie was a point in the
border in berlin at the time of
wall that connected the east with the west
it struck me in particular to see
how to immigration officers from
this point
they had to be trained to do
a task that can become very
difficult that is given photographs know
if they correspond to the same person
this is an easy task the main room
times when we see a
photograph of our family member or a
friend we recognize it immediately but
there is a certain situation
Monday in which complete strangers
they can look very similar and it becomes
a very difficult task
in fact today we have developed
algorithms that do these tasks of
automated way as they do what
they do detect certain patterns that
fact identify the face in question
and the key point is the key point
if you want scientific development
find the measurable characteristics
which give us evidence we have of
that we have observed our phenomenon
physical
these measurable characteristics can
we can talk about it in the context of a
image or we can also talk about it in
the context of a hicks the theory the
hicks mechanism gives us all the
details of what the objects are
measurable this elusive particle
for example we know that the heat can
fall into a pair of quark antiquark’s
type b or can generate other particles
weak calls or for example a pair
of photons all these particles of
decay are particles that the
particle physicists we’ve been
studying for many years and that
we know in detail
also theory tells us that you are
particles do not appear so
random but they appear so
characteristic within our sector
it’s like that then we find the objects
measurable we found the traces
digital that are associated with the
presence or not of this for new
particle for example the hicks
it may sound complicated but let me
give an example suppose that we
we look for the task of seeing inside all
our database of photographs
that we have for example in many
folders of our computer in
our cell phone or on many devices
that can be on the moon and that inside
of all the photos we have we want
find those of a friend of ours
let’s say those of our friend Peter Higgs
this can be a difficult task
because if what we have are thousands of
photos can not take very much
time especially if we want to make a
collage or a video of him
as soon as possible but we can use these
patterns that recognize the face of
our partner and do a process of
filtered that inside all of these photos
in fact they accumulate to the photos that of
fact they contain our partner not
have something inside these photos that
we have accumulated insurance let’s find
Many pictures of our partner but
it may be that some of them really
do not belong to peter hicks
this is a mistake a renault an error of the
system
we call it a noise is a noise because
many times we can not distinguish with
the algorithms that we have between certain
events that are not what we want and what
what we need for our task but
all ways what we have to do
is to know how many of these noises are
they’re going to mix how we do this in
our good experiment
we identify our measurable pattern to
that measurable pattern of GM call it a
observable
our theory tells us that in certain
range of that observable is going to accumulate
our new particle which we are
searching
we can then plan our
experiment and do our counting and
start our experiment by accumulating
different data
if after we have done it we see that
in this region that we are looking for
there is one like excessive accumulation
then we can say that we have
evidence of this new particle but
let’s not see it just a caricature but
that we see this directly with data
accumulated by the atlas experiment that
it’s one of the experiments that runs lh
c
they show us in this in this
video how are they accumulating data about
a red noise and that in certain regions
of this observable that is associated
with the hicks it starts to have a
excess you start to see that there is a
deviation between what would exist if
there was not a hits and in fact with the
calculations we know that the presence of
zigic should give this excess
once we see an excess like this
we say we have found evidence of
that we have this new particle by
course we do not stay there is not
just a matter of verifying that one
arba the society with the particle gives a
positive result but in a way
systematic the new we look at all the
types of serrablés associated with this
new particle and in this way
we do a verification of the
existence or not of this new particle
let me comment that we not only look
particles that a certain model
theoretical may have predicted that to
someone could have occurred to him or
imagined
we also do search
particles in places where we do not know
if there may be something new to say it
well but always nature
it can surprise and that’s why it’s important
carry out these to these searches
in blind because it may be that we
let’s find particles
completely unexpected that you can
have an impact on how we
the universe works 50 years ago
a group of scientists solved one
of the most technical problems
important theoretical physics
they were inspiration for many
generations of scientists who
they achieved very difficult goals and
that in fact from them we can
expect that we have the ability to
solve many new records
knowledge is one of the interests
primordial of human beings and
from it appear applications that
in fact improve our quality of life
let’s propose ourselves
inspiration for future generations and
that in this way we can know
new and wonderful details of what
It is our universe
thank you very much
[Applause]
”
Be First to Comment