this is the story of a curious one
photography a photograph that seems to us
to know already that we seem to have
already seen that seems easy
identify ourselves with the photo shows 29
men posing almost all physicists 17
they were or would have become prizes
nobel but then when we take the hand in hand
our photography and we look at it well
it seems that in our fingers a little escapes us
that around the white and simple heart
of this photograph which is the one
we know there are gray areas that
they seem to belong to a past
far away if we look carefully at the faces of
these posing people we recognize
immediately einstein whose image more
famous than any other pop and icon
ace vara madonna
we recognize marie curie because the only one
woman and if I tell you it’s just put
the jelly on the head just before the
shot you will also recognize heisenberg
or even if he does not have his cat
you will also recognize c reitinger why
it is the only one with a double breast of the breast
light a very funny bow tie and i
very nice round glasses that
look on the other side
cherel edinger did not care
photography and more are all important
to the right to the left or behind
einstein who made this photograph
he almost seems to know the rule
according to which people’s attention
it always falls to the right whether they are
two pages of a daily attention
goes to the right and they know it well
sellers of advertising space both
that it’s a horizontal photo you look at
always who is on the right
who made this photograph is called
benjamin cupri was a photographer was
the only one who could approach the physicists
of the twentieth century and that it could
talk to them during these gatherings
in Brussels
the other person behind the car
photo is called ernest solvay era
a rich industrialist had a lot of money
solvay wanted to make available
mankind
he also had a beloved friend
he called alfred nobel
he too rich industrial he too
two felt often in the evening
they wanted to create something imperishable and
so I have one decided to arrive later
and to reward ideas for discoveries
you find that they would have marked forever
the history of the world the other has decided to
arrive first
to encourage the birth of ideas
of the discoveries of the found and created
and created at these gatherings of physicists a
brussels congresses solvay
from 1911 onwards every three years he
he will die in 1922 he will only see three
his successors will bring them
forward that go on and still too
today
but let’s go back to our photography what
tells of the settlements of the solvay leo institute
paul park m schumann to a handful of
meters today there is the European parliament
but then the day it was
taken our photograph not
the day that it was still existed
taken our picture and a Saturday
the last Saturday of October the 29th for the
precision lawton in belgium arrives
soon the steps are already covered with
leaves all wore heavy clothes
all good-cut someone was hiding
an umbrella others a hat le
forecasts said rain
if there had been a photographer too
inside the door before going out on
stairs that give on the park maybe a
advertiser who has to make a brochure
on the great Renaissance halls of
Central Europe or a Belgian chronicler
that wants to tell the ferment
cultural heritage of the capital
well this new photographer would have
stopped the time the image of one
large square hall full of people with
many tireless chats
talk some jokes too
childish among those present
despite what you can think of
looking at the stone faces that in the
photos that really portrays them in one
very large living room without anyone
say what to do or direct the
discussions of the people gathered in one
group let themselves go
there are those who continue to speak
of the serious topic for more was
summoned
who does not think about it anymore starts to
relax with common pastimes that
try to be known by those elderly
and more powerful from the group especially if
the reason for this meeting e
contribute to the debate on studies from
physical of the twentieth century
the most beautiful and magical years of the
history of science
if there had been a photographer too
inside the door before going out on
stairs that give on the park would not have
photographed the feelings and thoughts
but we would be able to understand the
new photography because to understand the
character of each of those present
attribute
some personal characteristics far away
from the physics manuals or how they have it
taught physics in schools is
necessary to make them human alive if the
physics was taught starting from
this picture the word of mouth
how beautiful she would run fast at the truth
boom in university enrollment
it would be for scientific faculties but
let’s go back to our photo what else says
cold a cold that goes cold
getting worse as there is in the north
europe above all in the center above all
in a park but almost all are
accustomed almost all come from nations
little distant marie curie and the prince
some frauds come from paris einstein
bourne and planck come from Germany
giraldin gare paoli come from austria
niels bohr even comes from
copenhagen
we are in 1927 this is the fifth
meeting of world-famous physicists
in those physical years and they could not
put together a common argument that
describe the smallest part of the
subject to indivisible tone a continuum
infinitely indivisible not
they could not even put them together
newton equations with those of
maxwell classical physics with
electromagnetism but then came the
moment of two great insights two
great found that made many understand
what’s this
one was the radiation of the black body
the other was the photoelectric effect one
due planck the other to einstein but us
for relativity we know the father
one only and albert einstein for physics
Quantum no , fathers are all 29
these men present in Brussels on the
end in October 1927 but not there
you have to worry about quantum physics
you must not be afraid of it
already in the hands every day when
used and mobile phones when you use the CDs
DVD players
when you make a tac or out here
televisions come to what a doctor
quantum dots when it comes to physics
quantum you enter a territory
enchanted like that of fairy tales
or of dreams a territory where in
reality and fiction mix and like
for fairy tales or for the dream for the
quantum physics the way forward
to understand how it was born as it develops
history is certainly not easy it is not
Immediate we were saying at the crossroads it has it
created
white blanc was not the best
clan that was simply the most
quick the first really had an idea
different
here you must imagine the community
scientific
Here you imagine apples exactly like you
you are imagining it was now
comfortably lying seated resigned
on reassuring classical physics e
they said classical physics explains
already all the clan that comes out with it
this is his find and says the black body
emit radiation while what is the
black body
physicists often use bodies that
they do not exist at the limit with a certain one
density a certain temperature for then
generalize and get to objects of
common use says the body niero the body
with good black body with good
approximation can be can be
the black body appears as the sun
a body that above all radiation
accident without reflecting it then
for the conservation theorem
energy must radiate it and
freeze irradia says blanc
according to the formula it is equal to canu
so he says white they take him for crazy
it is certain it is easier to take armed
one who says something but what are you
saying clan the energy of the black body is
equal ah
and a number freghiamocene for us the
frequency is equal to crois que 6.63
because there were 34 already per second it is
equal to canu says no but you’re crazy
but there is a person who listens to it
says no it takes the form of planck if it is
put in your pocket and try to understand it better
this person and albert albert einstein
einstein we will call him the solitary wolf
and he alone puts himself in his room
to study better the life formula thing
he meant planca saying this thing and
he makes another hypothesis according to it
suppose the light travels underneath
energy quantum form known today with
the name of photons and we study it
they too take him by the hand
because the light does not spread below
particle form does not propagate below
quantum form of energy in physics
classical is the scientific community not
he could believe he was being born
this junction where two push with and then
they have become three because there is one
third person who stretches the ears a
what he says einstein
we will call him the man who is obsessed with this
person even comes from the north
scientist who comes from the north to
copenhagen arrives niels bohr my sport
he was the greatest scholar of the atom
the non plus ultra absolute champion
the crac of the infinitely small and
niels bohr studied the old and
dusty atom of rutter for the un
central core dense around the
electrons and says no and the energy of the
atoms itself to be quantized and i
electrons are not free to star where
they want but can only stay on certain
orbits said discrete so said labor
he could tell him at his house in Copenhagen
watching the snow running with reindeer
and instead what he does
creates the school of copenhagen where
they will go to study all the young people
talented people of the twentieth century
they will go to him to study
there are those who will say of him, the man will say
to the right of einstein with mustache
upwards poultry will tell lisboa pare
brainwashed a
an entire generation of physicists
and yes because he was a Taliban e
rhone extremist of the diffusion of the
thought he wanted everyone to think about it
as he decided he is so lindt
get all the young people will go to
we all must say heisenberg
paoli and it is in this moment of the
history of physics that the scene the
take paoli we will call him the critic
the man with the dark side in the picture stands
looking at what someone is doing
more in the picture you already understand everything
the character of these characters paroli
what does not all the electrons say?
we want they can stay on the orbits but
only a certain number only one
certain number of electrons
thanks to this contribution, years old
explains the atomic spectrum of the elements
red orange yellow green blue
exactly the color with which we see
the rainbow the colors of the rainbow
each with its frequency everyone with
its energy but since the stories
they are beautiful we know they put us one
moment to go beyond the borders
and it is precisely at this moment that al
ears this story comes a
French and French aristocrat will be
for us it will be luis de broin to listen
all this to bring out a new one
thought he will make us his thesis
doctoral degree on these topics the
godfather will be the man to the right of
heinz koll whiskers upwards pollán jemen
and louis de broglie will say but sorry
einstein speaks of propagating light
in the form of particles I speak of
electrons that propagate in the form
of waves so we are in front of one
magnificent symmetry of nature a
this moment in the history of physics
the scene is taken by an American Arthur
compton
he experiments with the ics and rays
just as an experiment with the rays
demonstrates the existence of photons and has
won the Nobel Prize in 1927 e
with these beliefs with these small ones
certainties that you also know
now these men meet one
Brussels in the end in October 1927
and they will argue they will discuss
they will continue to talk about this now
history we must close because we have
little time we will have time in other places
to continue the events of these
characters that have been together one
week but I’ll do you a little
spoilers here during this week
that are together there are two heads there
inside this group and they will create
quantum physics these were
brave men have created physics
quantum going against beliefs
of all but individually as it happens
always alone with their thesis and without
the support of nobody have created
something that was not there
well there were two heads in this group
so great that every time they came
put in the same room
the two heads not so big that there
they were constantly arguing
these two people were Albert Einstein
and niels bohr all the times that einstein
he spoke niese board he did not understand anymore
nothing had to go there against it
obsessed with albert einstein and him
my sport then this new road
that they were creating will even have
two parallel roads that based on the
concept of probability created by
niels bohr school in copenhagen and a
all his smart ones
students in which quantum physics is
based on the concept of probability not
reality exists in the absence of measures
will tell the salts will go to the blood to
brain every time he hears talking
of probability in fact will tell you the
famous phrase God does not play dice
I would say just in Brussels in Brussels
about to end in October 1927
this spoiler is the duel between the two the
he will lose albert einstein will lose it
albert einstein and niels bohr will win
never if you indicate the yield waving the
white handkerchief with an elegance
incredible I’ll tell him to say hello to her
station after the week I am
been together I do not play dice but
sometimes it can make an exception e
niels bohr will win but as in all
intellectual wars or not if one
wins a battle must always
expect the counter move
of the opponent and the countermove of
hansen will arrive will come as it already is
in brussels he will answer the theory
Orthodox of quantum physics that
supported on the concept of probability
albertanza will answer and create one
mental experiment of the double
slit to those the bordeaux will go to
answer the games will close and
know they are ahead in the middle of the
thirties with the paradox of anxieties
podolski rosen which will be followed by the
mental paradox of the cat
schroedinger to those smog will have to
answer the games will close in the yes
they will open even further in the middle
of the seventies with the
beautiful elint inequalities we will go into
quantum
but this is another story
[Music]
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