[Applause] we’ll think that the history of science
we’ll think that the history of science
we’ll think that the history of science is about who who did it first and I must
is about who who did it first and I must
is about who who did it first and I must this value of this notion the history
this value of this notion the history
this value of this notion the history and philosophy of science is not about
and philosophy of science is not about
and philosophy of science is not about who did it first the history and the
who did it first the history and the
who did it first the history and the philosophy of science basically seeks to
philosophy of science basically seeks to
philosophy of science basically seeks to identify patterns laws patterns and the
identify patterns laws patterns and the
identify patterns laws patterns and the mechanisms of the growth of scientific
mechanisms of the growth of scientific
mechanisms of the growth of scientific knowledge and the philosophy of science
knowledge and the philosophy of science
knowledge and the philosophy of science basically tries to unpack the
basically tries to unpack the
basically tries to unpack the presuppositions the philosophical
presuppositions the philosophical
presuppositions the philosophical cultural metaphysical and other
cultural metaphysical and other
cultural metaphysical and other presuppositions that shape the growth of
presuppositions that shape the growth of
presuppositions that shape the growth of scientific knowledge now having said
scientific knowledge now having said
scientific knowledge now having said that the past twenty years has been a
that the past twenty years has been a
that the past twenty years has been a particularly exciting period for those
particularly exciting period for those
particularly exciting period for those who do research in the history and
who do research in the history and
who do research in the history and philosophy of science for a variety of
philosophy of science for a variety of
philosophy of science for a variety of reasons and I’m not going to inventory
reasons and I’m not going to inventory
reasons and I’m not going to inventory all the reasons that are cause for much
all the reasons that are cause for much
all the reasons that are cause for much as excitement in the field but identify
as excitement in the field but identify
as excitement in the field but identify one of the problems around which I shall
one of the problems around which I shall
one of the problems around which I shall speak for maybe the next ten to fifteen
speak for maybe the next ten to fifteen
speak for maybe the next ten to fifteen minutes otherwise one can go on much
minutes otherwise one can go on much
minutes otherwise one can go on much longer as as we begin to see that the
longer as as we begin to see that the
longer as as we begin to see that the world is more and more connected what is
world is more and more connected what is
world is more and more connected what is becoming evident is that the connections
becoming evident is that the connections
becoming evident is that the connections that underlie the world of knowledge
that underlie the world of knowledge
that underlie the world of knowledge production themselves have become the
production themselves have become the
production themselves have become the subject of deep investigation from
subject of deep investigation from
subject of deep investigation from historians and philosophers of science
historians and philosophers of science
historians and philosophers of science and connections that goes so deep you
and connections that goes so deep you
and connections that goes so deep you know I mean we tend to think that well
know I mean we tend to think that well
know I mean we tend to think that well the world was globalized over the last
the world was globalized over the last
the world was globalized over the last it has been globalized over the last 40
it has been globalized over the last 40
it has been globalized over the last 40 years no the words been globalized for
years no the words been globalized for
years no the words been globalized for centuries it’s just the rate at which
centuries it’s just the rate at which
centuries it’s just the rate at which knowledge is transmitted and circulated
knowledge is transmitted and circulated
knowledge is transmitted and circulated at today is almost well instantaneous at
at today is almost well instantaneous at
at today is almost well instantaneous at the click of a mouse all right if you
the click of a mouse all right if you
the click of a mouse all right if you went back to ancient Greece or ancient
went back to ancient Greece or ancient
went back to ancient Greece or ancient India ancient Rome I mean people were
India ancient Rome I mean people were
India ancient Rome I mean people were still trading in ideas goods materials
still trading in ideas goods materials
still trading in ideas goods materials artifacts but these processes took a
artifacts but these processes took a
artifacts but these processes took a long period it much much longer period
long period it much much longer period
long period it much much longer period but not as long as we expected and so I
but not as long as we expected and so I
but not as long as we expected and so I mean
mean
mean awful eight historians and philosophers
awful eight historians and philosophers
awful eight historians and philosophers are all talking about global histories
are all talking about global histories
are all talking about global histories connected histories entangled histories
connected histories entangled histories
connected histories entangled histories hybrid knowledge
hybrid knowledge
hybrid knowledge what are these categories and concepts
what are these categories and concepts
what are these categories and concepts about these categories and concepts are
about these categories and concepts are
about these categories and concepts are basically invented by historians and
basically invented by historians and
basically invented by historians and philosophers of science to get a handle
philosophers of science to get a handle
philosophers of science to get a handle and not every concept gets a good handle
and not every concept gets a good handle
and not every concept gets a good handle as we know with concepts some concepts
as we know with concepts some concepts
as we know with concepts some concepts provide us an analytical perspective
provide us an analytical perspective
provide us an analytical perspective which allows us to access one part but
which allows us to access one part but
which allows us to access one part but not access to another which enables us
not access to another which enables us
not access to another which enables us to acquire an insight into one angle one
to acquire an insight into one angle one
to acquire an insight into one angle one perspective one dimension but not in so
perspective one dimension but not in so
perspective one dimension but not in so what we have then is a is a family an
what we have then is a is a family an
what we have then is a is a family an entire range of concepts to deal with
entire range of concepts to deal with
entire range of concepts to deal with this connected these connected histories
this connected these connected histories
this connected these connected histories so I was about two years ago at a
so I was about two years ago at a
so I was about two years ago at a workshop in in Beijing and one of my
workshop in in Beijing and one of my
workshop in in Beijing and one of my colleagues who’s working going to a site
colleagues who’s working going to a site
colleagues who’s working going to a site called carrying Shimla from the
called carrying Shimla from the
called carrying Shimla from the University of Paris was asked by a
University of Paris was asked by a
University of Paris was asked by a Chinese you know I mean you are a French
Chinese you know I mean you are a French
Chinese you know I mean you are a French mathematician so what is the identity
mathematician so what is the identity
mathematician so what is the identity how will you define the identity of a
how will you define the identity of a
how will you define the identity of a French mathematician and carrying Shimla
French mathematician and carrying Shimla
French mathematician and carrying Shimla said very very knowledgeably well the
said very very knowledgeably well the
said very very knowledgeably well the mathematics I do has roots which I can
mathematics I do has roots which I can
mathematics I do has roots which I can trace back to ancient Greece ancient
trace back to ancient Greece ancient
trace back to ancient Greece ancient China ancient India the ancient Arab
China ancient India the ancient Arab
China ancient India the ancient Arab world my citizenship is French all right
world my citizenship is French all right
world my citizenship is French all right but my knowledge has roots like a tree
but my knowledge has roots like a tree
but my knowledge has roots like a tree like a rhizome you know under the ground
like a rhizome you know under the ground
like a rhizome you know under the ground which go back to several connected
which go back to several connected
which go back to several connected knowledge –is all right
knowledge –is all right
knowledge –is all right and so I mean what we begin to see them
and so I mean what we begin to see them
and so I mean what we begin to see them as that it’s very difficult then to
as that it’s very difficult then to
as that it’s very difficult then to ascribe a very unique label to a kind of
ascribe a very unique label to a kind of
ascribe a very unique label to a kind of knowledge because if the world was
knowledge because if the world was
knowledge because if the world was connected these roots of knowledge has
connected these roots of knowledge has
connected these roots of knowledge has also been connected all right and I
also been connected all right and I
also been connected all right and I myself of us for some time have been
myself of us for some time have been
myself of us for some time have been interested in this this guy you all know
interested in this this guy you all know
interested in this this guy you all know of him anybody living in Delhi you know
of him anybody living in Delhi you know
of him anybody living in Delhi you know who visits cannot place has seen the
who visits cannot place has seen the
who visits cannot place has seen the gentleman Thor anybody who’s been to
gentleman Thor anybody who’s been to
gentleman Thor anybody who’s been to Jaipur you’ve all heard of Jai Singh and
Jaipur you’ve all heard of Jai Singh and
Jaipur you’ve all heard of Jai Singh and I try to understand his observatory now
I try to understand his observatory now
I try to understand his observatory now what we see is that there are many sites
what we see is that there are many sites
what we see is that there are many sites of knowledge what is the site of
of knowledge what is the site of
of knowledge what is the site of knowledge and Observatory the site of
knowledge and Observatory the site of
knowledge and Observatory the site of knowledge all right a library is a site
knowledge all right a library is a site
knowledge all right a library is a site of knowledge a University is the site of
of knowledge a University is the site of
of knowledge a University is the site of knowledge and what we as historians of
knowledge and what we as historians of
knowledge and what we as historians of science have began to realize is that
science have began to realize is that
science have began to realize is that the sites of knowledge are far more
the sites of knowledge are far more
the sites of knowledge are far more distributed and dispersed within society
distributed and dispersed within society
distributed and dispersed within society that than we had ever thought before all
that than we had ever thought before all
that than we had ever thought before all right we seem to think and that’s
right we seem to think and that’s
right we seem to think and that’s because of the history of the last 200
because of the history of the last 200
because of the history of the last 200 years that all the knowledge we produced
years that all the knowledge we produced
years that all the knowledge we produced is produced within in institutes and in
is produced within in institutes and in
is produced within in institutes and in universities and in research
universities and in research
universities and in research laboratories no knowledge is produced in
laboratories no knowledge is produced in
laboratories no knowledge is produced in different sectors of society and in all
different sectors of society and in all
different sectors of society and in all these sectors in in some cases the
these sectors in in some cases the
these sectors in in some cases the integration between the sector’s is very
integration between the sector’s is very
integration between the sector’s is very strong and in some cases the integration
strong and in some cases the integration
strong and in some cases the integration is not so strong so in the next seven to
is not so strong so in the next seven to
is not so strong so in the next seven to eight minutes let me just now
eight minutes let me just now
eight minutes let me just now instantiate some of the things I’ve been
instantiate some of the things I’ve been
instantiate some of the things I’ve been trying to say through the work of this
trying to say through the work of this
trying to say through the work of this man and in order to understand the work
man and in order to understand the work
man and in order to understand the work of this man I mean I tried I tried to
of this man I mean I tried I tried to
of this man I mean I tried I tried to develop a concept which I called
develop a concept which I called
develop a concept which I called cosmopolitan science and you say what is
cosmopolitan science and you say what is
cosmopolitan science and you say what is cosmopolitan the work of course it
cosmopolitan the work of course it
cosmopolitan the work of course it derives from the ancient Greeks who said
derives from the ancient Greeks who said
derives from the ancient Greeks who said well well cosmopolitan is a kind of
well well cosmopolitan is a kind of
well well cosmopolitan is a kind of citizen of the world a cosmopolitan
citizen of the world a cosmopolitan
citizen of the world a cosmopolitan individual is one who has an openness to
individual is one who has an openness to
individual is one who has an openness to other cultures other people’s other
other cultures other people’s other
other cultures other people’s other societies and other ways of knowing now
societies and other ways of knowing now
societies and other ways of knowing now in sociological theory people seem to
in sociological theory people seem to
in sociological theory people seem to think that cosmopolitanism the ideology
think that cosmopolitanism the ideology
think that cosmopolitanism the ideology of being cosmopolitan is something which
of being cosmopolitan is something which
of being cosmopolitan is something which emerges in Europe in the 18th century
emerges in Europe in the 18th century
emerges in Europe in the 18th century and I’ve been part of a program with
and I’ve been part of a program with
and I’ve been part of a program with scholars from the Arab world from India
scholars from the Arab world from India
scholars from the Arab world from India and all that and saying no we were
and all that and saying no we were
and all that and saying no we were always cosmopolitan but in a way we are
always cosmopolitan but in a way we are
always cosmopolitan but in a way we are not yet the world of knowledge
not yet the world of knowledge
not yet the world of knowledge production has always been cosmopolitan
production has always been cosmopolitan
production has always been cosmopolitan in a certain way so how do I instantiate
in a certain way so how do I instantiate
in a certain way so how do I instantiate it so I go to this ruler called Jason
it so I go to this ruler called Jason
it so I go to this ruler called Jason and the astronomical observatory as we
and the astronomical observatory as we
and the astronomical observatory as we know it as we know it today where people
know it as we know it today where people
know it as we know it today where people make a fixed site where people make
make a fixed site where people make
make a fixed site where people make observations where there are texts
observations where there are texts
observations where there are texts from different languages with which pass
from different languages with which pass
from different languages with which pass through that contains tables of
through that contains tables of
through that contains tables of astronomical observations where people
astronomical observations where people
astronomical observations where people who are trained to do astronomy teach
who are trained to do astronomy teach
who are trained to do astronomy teach and they’re people who translate
and they’re people who translate
and they’re people who translate observations and principles from one
observations and principles from one
observations and principles from one language into another this is something
language into another this is something
language into another this is something which was an invention of a 9th century
which was an invention of a 9th century
which was an invention of a 9th century Baghdad and it travels in two directions
Baghdad and it travels in two directions
Baghdad and it travels in two directions it travels into the to the west which
it travels into the to the west which
it travels into the to the west which goes on to become the modern at
goes on to become the modern at
goes on to become the modern at observatory with the telescope and it
observatory with the telescope and it
observatory with the telescope and it travels eastward and it influences the
travels eastward and it influences the
travels eastward and it influences the design of the observatory of Jason the
design of the observatory of Jason the
design of the observatory of Jason the gentleman third and four Jai Singh this
gentleman third and four Jai Singh this
gentleman third and four Jai Singh this man was the greatest astronomer ever his
man was the greatest astronomer ever his
man was the greatest astronomer ever his name is will look big and in summer come
name is will look big and in summer come
name is will look big and in summer come this is the observatory of look big and
this is the observatory of look big and
this is the observatory of look big and based on this Jai Singh says that well
based on this Jai Singh says that well
based on this Jai Singh says that well would look brake system is not perfect
would look brake system is not perfect
would look brake system is not perfect and I shall perfect it just like the
and I shall perfect it just like the
and I shall perfect it just like the knowledge we possess today is not
knowledge we possess today is not
knowledge we possess today is not perfect and the next generation will
perfect and the next generation will
perfect and the next generation will perfect it all right so that is the
perfect it all right so that is the
perfect it all right so that is the destiny of knowledge all right that is
destiny of knowledge all right that is
destiny of knowledge all right that is how knowledge and advances something
how knowledge and advances something
how knowledge and advances something goes out and something new comes in and
goes out and something new comes in and
goes out and something new comes in and so he goes to the work of Willick big
so he goes to the work of Willick big
so he goes to the work of Willick big and then in trying to deal with all it
and then in trying to deal with all it
and then in trying to deal with all it makes calculations he says I cannot
makes calculations he says I cannot
makes calculations he says I cannot resolve the problem so what do I do
resolve the problem so what do I do
resolve the problem so what do I do so he has an observatory the sight of
so he has an observatory the sight of
so he has an observatory the sight of knowledge in which he has nine
knowledge in which he has nine
knowledge in which he has nine astronomers Joe tisha working alongside
astronomers Joe tisha working alongside
astronomers Joe tisha working alongside nine new Jimmy nine astronomers trained
nine new Jimmy nine astronomers trained
nine new Jimmy nine astronomers trained in Islamic astronomy and they working
in Islamic astronomy and they working
in Islamic astronomy and they working together all right
together all right
together all right so astronomers like juggernaut Samrat
so astronomers like juggernaut Samrat
so astronomers like juggernaut Samrat and cable drama are working along with
and cable drama are working along with
and cable drama are working along with Abdul higher Mohandas trying to perfect
Abdul higher Mohandas trying to perfect
Abdul higher Mohandas trying to perfect their tables off of all red bag the
their tables off of all red bag the
their tables off of all red bag the problem still is not going the way and
problem still is not going the way and
problem still is not going the way and what does this man do then he writes to
what does this man do then he writes to
what does this man do then he writes to the governor of Goa a Portuguese
the governor of Goa a Portuguese
the governor of Goa a Portuguese official and says send me some European
official and says send me some European
official and says send me some European astronomers I want to see what they are
astronomers I want to see what they are
astronomers I want to see what they are doing and this then becomes the route
doing and this then becomes the route
doing and this then becomes the route for the entry of modern astronomy to
for the entry of modern astronomy to
for the entry of modern astronomy to India and he employs then two
India and he employs then two
India and he employs then two astronomers from Bavaria in Germany to
astronomers from Bavaria in Germany to
astronomers from Bavaria in Germany to work in his laboratory now if I look at
work in his laboratory now if I look at
work in his laboratory now if I look at this a stir
this a stir
this a stir nominal site and say what is it what
nominal site and say what is it what
nominal site and say what is it what label can I put on it what is its
label can I put on it what is its
label can I put on it what is its identity there is over here the mixing
identity there is over here the mixing
identity there is over here the mixing of both people and things the people are
of both people and things the people are
of both people and things the people are coming from different traditions all
coming from different traditions all
coming from different traditions all right from different ways of doing
right from different ways of doing
right from different ways of doing astronomy Joe tisha the Nezumi and or
astronomy Joe tisha the Nezumi and or
astronomy Joe tisha the Nezumi and or the in my hair and those who are doing
the in my hair and those who are doing
the in my hair and those who are doing Western astronomy alright there’s also a
Western astronomy alright there’s also a
Western astronomy alright there’s also a cosmopolitanism of things of objects of
cosmopolitanism of things of objects of
cosmopolitanism of things of objects of instruments there are objects there are
instruments there are objects there are
instruments there are objects there are instruments which are being used and
instruments which are being used and
instruments which are being used and these are instruments which some of
these are instruments which some of
these are instruments which some of which Jai Singh had developed himself
which Jai Singh had developed himself
which Jai Singh had developed himself and some of which came back from a
and some of which came back from a
and some of which came back from a tradition which went back at least two
tradition which went back at least two
tradition which went back at least two or three centuries but which were going
or three centuries but which were going
or three centuries but which were going through a process of evolution and
through a process of evolution and
through a process of evolution and change so there are these astronomical
change so there are these astronomical
change so there are these astronomical instruments he sends a delegation to
instruments he sends a delegation to
instruments he sends a delegation to Portugal who come back with a modern
Portugal who come back with a modern
Portugal who come back with a modern telescope with the vernier calipers and
telescope with the vernier calipers and
telescope with the vernier calipers and ways of doing astronomy which date back
ways of doing astronomy which date back
ways of doing astronomy which date back to the 17th century to the Europe of the
to the 17th century to the Europe of the
to the 17th century to the Europe of the 17th century
17th century
17th century alright so what do we see here and then
alright so what do we see here and then
alright so what do we see here and then there are the tables across five
there are the tables across five
there are the tables across five different traditions and so there are
different traditions and so there are
different traditions and so there are works which are being translated from
works which are being translated from
works which are being translated from several languages the Almagest is
several languages the Almagest is
several languages the Almagest is translated into sanskrit by a pundit of
translated into sanskrit by a pundit of
translated into sanskrit by a pundit of his called Jagannath Samrat and I think
his called Jagannath Samrat and I think
his called Jagannath Samrat and I think some rot is this the Kalos his title
some rot is this the Kalos his title
some rot is this the Kalos his title alright it’s a title given to him for
alright it’s a title given to him for
alright it’s a title given to him for having translated the the Alma guests
having translated the the Alma guests
having translated the the Alma guests into into Sanskrit so there are texts
into into Sanskrit so there are texts
into into Sanskrit so there are texts which have been translated from Latin
which have been translated from Latin
which have been translated from Latin into Sanskrit from Persian in to
into Sanskrit from Persian in to
into Sanskrit from Persian in to Sanskrit across different languages so
Sanskrit across different languages so
Sanskrit across different languages so there are different kinds of objects the
there are different kinds of objects the
there are different kinds of objects the observatory becomes a site where people
observatory becomes a site where people
observatory becomes a site where people from different cultures from different
from different cultures from different
from different cultures from different nations from different ways of doing
nations from different ways of doing
nations from different ways of doing things takes which are in different
things takes which are in different
things takes which are in different languages things which come from
languages things which come from
languages things which come from different traditions all these are
different traditions all these are
different traditions all these are passing through are passing through that
passing through are passing through that
passing through are passing through that observatory
observatory
observatory all right the observatory itself is a
all right the observatory itself is a
all right the observatory itself is a site of a cosmopolitan knowledge all
site of a cosmopolitan knowledge all
site of a cosmopolitan knowledge all right and if that be the case
right and if that be the case
right and if that be the case how do I label it is this Jyoti sure is
how do I label it is this Jyoti sure is
how do I label it is this Jyoti sure is this Elmen higher is this modern science
this Elmen higher is this modern science
this Elmen higher is this modern science all right and this kind of engagement
all right and this kind of engagement
all right and this kind of engagement within the sciences this kind of
within the sciences this kind of
within the sciences this kind of pragmatism within the sciences is what
pragmatism within the sciences is what
pragmatism within the sciences is what has been responsible for the rapid
has been responsible for the rapid
has been responsible for the rapid growth of modern science
growth of modern science
growth of modern science all right so now however let me come to
all right so now however let me come to
all right so now however let me come to my last problem and I think I’ll begin
my last problem and I think I’ll begin
my last problem and I think I’ll begin winding up is what have historians of
winding up is what have historians of
winding up is what have historians of science seen over the past two decades
science seen over the past two decades
science seen over the past two decades and what they’ve seen over the past two
and what they’ve seen over the past two
and what they’ve seen over the past two decades is that the term science itself
decades is that the term science itself
decades is that the term science itself is too narrow a term to encompass this
is too narrow a term to encompass this
is too narrow a term to encompass this diversity this diversity of knowledge
diversity this diversity of knowledge
diversity this diversity of knowledge producers because the moment you talk
producers because the moment you talk
producers because the moment you talk about science you talk about an
about science you talk about an
about science you talk about an institution like the University
institution like the University
institution like the University departments and disciplines physics
departments and disciplines physics
departments and disciplines physics chemistry mathematics biochemistry
chemistry mathematics biochemistry
chemistry mathematics biochemistry biophysics you talk about all these
biophysics you talk about all these
biophysics you talk about all these departments and actually know the niche
departments and actually know the niche
departments and actually know the niche the nature of these interactions has
the nature of these interactions has
the nature of these interactions has taken place across several kinds of
taken place across several kinds of
taken place across several kinds of institutional contexts which is not
institutional contexts which is not
institutional contexts which is not limited just to the university and so
limited just to the university and so
limited just to the university and so now people like me say no I am NOT a
now people like me say no I am NOT a
now people like me say no I am NOT a historian of science I am a historian of
historian of science I am a historian of
historian of science I am a historian of knowledge all right because the term
knowledge all right because the term
knowledge all right because the term knowledge itself gives you a greater
knowledge itself gives you a greater
knowledge itself gives you a greater latitude to explore domains of knowledge
latitude to explore domains of knowledge
latitude to explore domains of knowledge which are not limited by the term
which are not limited by the term
which are not limited by the term science itself it’s not that science is
science itself it’s not that science is
science itself it’s not that science is any less important it is equally
any less important it is equally
any less important it is equally important but science itself is
important but science itself is
important but science itself is networked with other ways of knowing and
networked with other ways of knowing and
networked with other ways of knowing and acting upon the world I think I’ll stop
acting upon the world I think I’ll stop
acting upon the world I think I’ll stop here thank you
”
Be First to Comment