so by now there probably isn’t anyone in this room who hasn’t seen the poster
this room who hasn’t seen the poster
this room who hasn’t seen the poster with it’s bright white letters and it’s
with it’s bright white letters and it’s
with it’s bright white letters and it’s sharp red background keep calm and carry
sharp red background keep calm and carry
sharp red background keep calm and carry on or we’ve seen a number of variations
on or we’ve seen a number of variations
on or we’ve seen a number of variations keep calm and smile on keep calm and
keep calm and smile on keep calm and
keep calm and smile on keep calm and rock on and for this crowd right keep
rock on and for this crowd right keep
rock on and for this crowd right keep calm and steady on or even what’s
calm and steady on or even what’s
calm and steady on or even what’s becoming my personal favorite sod calm
becoming my personal favorite sod calm
becoming my personal favorite sod calm and get angry but behind the popular
and get angry but behind the popular
and get angry but behind the popular resurgence of this British slogan a
resurgence of this British slogan a
resurgence of this British slogan a slogan that was invented but actually
slogan that was invented but actually
slogan that was invented but actually never used during the Second World War
never used during the Second World War
never used during the Second World War and one which didn’t really become
and one which didn’t really become
and one which didn’t really become popular until 2008-2009 lies a really
popular until 2008-2009 lies a really
popular until 2008-2009 lies a really important and neglected history it’s not
important and neglected history it’s not
important and neglected history it’s not a simple story about being calm in the
a simple story about being calm in the
a simple story about being calm in the face of the uncertainties and dangers of
face of the uncertainties and dangers of
face of the uncertainties and dangers of modern life it’s not that keeping calm
modern life it’s not that keeping calm
modern life it’s not that keeping calm is the antidote to everything or even
is the antidote to everything or even
is the antidote to everything or even possible but does the slogan I think we
possible but does the slogan I think we
possible but does the slogan I think we can use to understand a specific history
can use to understand a specific history
can use to understand a specific history about how the age of air power shift is
about how the age of air power shift is
about how the age of air power shift is a relationship between individuals and
a relationship between individuals and
a relationship between individuals and their States in ways with which we are
their States in ways with which we are
their States in ways with which we are still grappling about a hundred years
still grappling about a hundred years
still grappling about a hundred years ago the First World War assured in air
ago the First World War assured in air
ago the First World War assured in air raids attacks on civilian spaces and
raids attacks on civilian spaces and
raids attacks on civilian spaces and bodies that made securing borders
bodies that made securing borders
bodies that made securing borders obsolete in the first places that
obsolete in the first places that
obsolete in the first places that experienced air raid such as Britain as
experienced air raid such as Britain as
experienced air raid such as Britain as you can see in this 1915 photo of a
you can see in this 1915 photo of a
you can see in this 1915 photo of a Zeppelin or airship and searchlights
Zeppelin or airship and searchlights
Zeppelin or airship and searchlights that were being used to identify it
that were being used to identify it
that were being used to identify it this meant improvising a response to
this meant improvising a response to
this meant improvising a response to keep a population as safe as possible
keep a population as safe as possible
keep a population as safe as possible what role would non-combatants play in
what role would non-combatants play in
what role would non-combatants play in the wars after 1918 what could states
the wars after 1918 what could states
the wars after 1918 what could states ask of their entire populations from
ask of their entire populations from
ask of their entire populations from children to the elderly to men and women
children to the elderly to men and women
children to the elderly to men and women from all walks of life the response was
from all walks of life the response was
from all walks of life the response was the creation of Civil Defence a kind of
the creation of Civil Defence a kind of
the creation of Civil Defence a kind of civic mobilization that tried to
civic mobilization that tried to
civic mobilization that tried to incorporate the message you should keep
incorporate the message you should keep
incorporate the message you should keep calm in order to carry on I didn’t
calm in order to carry on I didn’t
calm in order to carry on I didn’t realize when I started to do this
realize when I started to do this
realize when I started to do this research that this ended up being part
research that this ended up being part
research that this ended up being part of my family history
of my family history
of my family history I’m historian of the First World War and
I’m historian of the First World War and
I’m historian of the First World War and of gender and more generally when I came
of gender and more generally when I came
of gender and more generally when I came across accounts of women experiencing
across accounts of women experiencing
across accounts of women experiencing areas during the First World War
areas during the First World War
areas during the First World War I knew I wanted to learn more but I was
I knew I wanted to learn more but I was
I knew I wanted to learn more but I was finishing my book at home and under fire
finishing my book at home and under fire
finishing my book at home and under fire when in a casual conversation with my
when in a casual conversation with my
when in a casual conversation with my father I learned that my grandmother
father I learned that my grandmother
father I learned that my grandmother Sara gracel had been a civil defense
Sara gracel had been a civil defense
Sara gracel had been a civil defense volunteer in Brooklyn New York
volunteer in Brooklyn New York
volunteer in Brooklyn New York during the Second World War so I’m
during the Second World War so I’m
during the Second World War so I’m wearing her pin in honor of her service
wearing her pin in honor of her service
wearing her pin in honor of her service and in her memory and also you can see
and in her memory and also you can see
and in her memory and also you can see that there are a number of other emblems
that there are a number of other emblems
that there are a number of other emblems that other volunteers wore during the
that other volunteers wore during the
that other volunteers wore during the Second World War they embodied the
Second World War they embodied the
Second World War they embodied the slogan of the u.s. Civil Defense Corps
slogan of the u.s. Civil Defense Corps
slogan of the u.s. Civil Defense Corps which was every civilian a fighter it’s
which was every civilian a fighter it’s
which was every civilian a fighter it’s a really interesting shift in what it
a really interesting shift in what it
a really interesting shift in what it means to understand war and certainly
means to understand war and certainly
means to understand war and certainly the family connection made me think
the family connection made me think
the family connection made me think about my work and its legacy in a new
about my work and its legacy in a new
about my work and its legacy in a new way because civilian spaces and bodies
way because civilian spaces and bodies
way because civilian spaces and bodies have always been targets of warfare what
have always been targets of warfare what
have always been targets of warfare what change was during the First World War
change was during the First World War
change was during the First World War new forms of technology helped turn
new forms of technology helped turn
new forms of technology helped turn domestic spaces into battle zones The
domestic spaces into battle zones The
domestic spaces into battle zones The effect of using air power first airships
effect of using air power first airships
effect of using air power first airships and then airplanes against Sylvan
and then airplanes against Sylvan
and then airplanes against Sylvan populations troubled contemporaries
populations troubled contemporaries
populations troubled contemporaries public accounts of the first attacks and
public accounts of the first attacks and
public accounts of the first attacks and throughout the duration of the war
throughout the duration of the war
throughout the duration of the war condemned these as criminal acts
condemned these as criminal acts
condemned these as criminal acts committed by a barbaric enemy by
committed by a barbaric enemy by
committed by a barbaric enemy by emphasizing the kind of damage done to
emphasizing the kind of damage done to
emphasizing the kind of damage done to what were deemed the most vulnerable of
what were deemed the most vulnerable of
what were deemed the most vulnerable of victims young female homes and the
victims young female homes and the
victims young female homes and the ordinary people who occupied them when
ordinary people who occupied them when
ordinary people who occupied them when serious air raids on Britain began in
serious air raids on Britain began in
serious air raids on Britain began in January of 1915 the media coverage
January of 1915 the media coverage
January of 1915 the media coverage emphasized such things as a boy killed
emphasized such things as a boy killed
emphasized such things as a boy killed while he lay in bed or babies being
while he lay in bed or babies being
while he lay in bed or babies being seriously injured at the end of May when
seriously injured at the end of May when
seriously injured at the end of May when London experienced its first air raids
London experienced its first air raids
London experienced its first air raids six people were killed but the death
six people were killed but the death
six people were killed but the death that received the most attention was
that received the most attention was
that received the most attention was that of a three-year-old girl Elsie
that of a three-year-old girl Elsie
that of a three-year-old girl Elsie Lillian Leggett who died of burns and
Lillian Leggett who died of burns and
Lillian Leggett who died of burns and suffocation despite the fact that her
suffocation despite the fact that her
suffocation despite the fact that her father had rushed into a home to try to
father had rushed into a home to try to
father had rushed into a home to try to save her in response to this new phase
save her in response to this new phase
save her in response to this new phase of waging war the Manchester Guardian
of waging war the Manchester Guardian
of waging war the Manchester Guardian urged its readers to respond as follows
urged its readers to respond as follows
urged its readers to respond as follows and I quote the true answer to every act
and I quote the true answer to every act
and I quote the true answer to every act of frightfulness is to increase our
of frightfulness is to increase our
of frightfulness is to increase our efforts to meet the enemy in the field
efforts to meet the enemy in the field
efforts to meet the enemy in the field and show ourselves unmoved in our homes
and show ourselves unmoved in our homes
and show ourselves unmoved in our homes this call for civilians subject to war
this call for civilians subject to war
this call for civilians subject to war waged against them to be unmoved began
waged against them to be unmoved began
waged against them to be unmoved began to characterize most of the subsequent
to characterize most of the subsequent
to characterize most of the subsequent responses to the air raids as they
responses to the air raids as they
responses to the air raids as they continued and at roughly the same time
continued and at roughly the same time
continued and at roughly the same time that air power was coming into its own
that air power was coming into its own
that air power was coming into its own so too were submarine attacks and that
so too were submarine attacks and that
so too were submarine attacks and that same spring the Lusitania was sunk and
same spring the Lusitania was sunk and
same spring the Lusitania was sunk and poison gas was unleashed on the western
poison gas was unleashed on the western
poison gas was unleashed on the western front a chemical weapon that could not
front a chemical weapon that could not
front a chemical weapon that could not be contained just to the battlefield
be contained just to the battlefield
be contained just to the battlefield there is a sense that war was now
there is a sense that war was now
there is a sense that war was now becoming one without limits but there
becoming one without limits but there
becoming one without limits but there was no organized way to respond there
was no organized way to respond there
was no organized way to respond there are no warnings there were no shelters
are no warnings there were no shelters
are no warnings there were no shelters there were no evacuation there was
there were no evacuation there was
there were no evacuation there was simply no policy how was the state going
simply no policy how was the state going
simply no policy how was the state going to ensure that the community would
to ensure that the community would
to ensure that the community would continue functioning despite these new
continue functioning despite these new
continue functioning despite these new threats it improvised things it printed
threats it improvised things it printed
threats it improvised things it printed signs that could tell people when it was
signs that could tell people when it was
signs that could tell people when it was safe to go about after an air raid
safe to go about after an air raid
safe to go about after an air raid delivered among other things five Boy
delivered among other things five Boy
delivered among other things five Boy Scouts on bicycles but by 1917 when
Scouts on bicycles but by 1917 when
Scouts on bicycles but by 1917 when daylight raids by airplanes began there
daylight raids by airplanes began there
daylight raids by airplanes began there was a new call to issue public warnings
was a new call to issue public warnings
was a new call to issue public warnings but in private not everyone could agree
but in private not everyone could agree
but in private not everyone could agree and there was concern about particular
and there was concern about particular
and there was concern about particular types of the population and how they
types of the population and how they
types of the population and how they would respond the mayor of a London
would respond the mayor of a London
would respond the mayor of a London borough wrote to the Home Office on the
borough wrote to the Home Office on the
borough wrote to the Home Office on the 26th of June that year that quote when
26th of June that year that quote when
26th of June that year that quote when has only to remember the unfortunate and
has only to remember the unfortunate and
has only to remember the unfortunate and prejudicial effect upon health
prejudicial effect upon health
prejudicial effect upon health especially in the case of delicate women
especially in the case of delicate women
especially in the case of delicate women that the general warning would
that the general warning would
that the general warning would undoubtedly create for one to realize
undoubtedly create for one to realize
undoubtedly create for one to realize the much evil would probably result by
the much evil would probably result by
the much evil would probably result by needlessly causing disturbance and there
needlessly causing disturbance and there
needlessly causing disturbance and there was a thick file of people responding to
was a thick file of people responding to
was a thick file of people responding to whether it was a good idea to warn
whether it was a good idea to warn
whether it was a good idea to warn people an impending danger that may or
people an impending danger that may or
people an impending danger that may or may not materialize what would be the
may not materialize what would be the
may not materialize what would be the effects on women how could you get
effects on women how could you get
effects on women how could you get people to keep calm and carry on and you
people to keep calm and carry on and you
people to keep calm and carry on and you can see the tremendous power that air
can see the tremendous power that air
can see the tremendous power that air raids had because of their shock would
raids had because of their shock would
raids had because of their shock would be new and in fact terrifying in the
be new and in fact terrifying in the
be new and in fact terrifying in the letters
letters
letters that are found throughout archives in
that are found throughout archives in
that are found throughout archives in England including those of Edie Bennett
England including those of Edie Bennett
England including those of Edie Bennett who is a young wife and mother living
who is a young wife and mother living
who is a young wife and mother living the East End of London married to a
the East End of London married to a
the East End of London married to a gunner in the Royal feed Field Artillery
gunner in the Royal feed Field Artillery
gunner in the Royal feed Field Artillery she wrote to her husband from her perch
she wrote to her husband from her perch
she wrote to her husband from her perch in a home under fire messages that
in a home under fire messages that
in a home under fire messages that convey all too well that the idea that
convey all too well that the idea that
convey all too well that the idea that you should stay calm was not always
you should stay calm was not always
you should stay calm was not always possible in a series of distraught
possible in a series of distraught
possible in a series of distraught letters in July of 1917 she told him oh
letters in July of 1917 she told him oh
letters in July of 1917 she told him oh darling this life is getting too
darling this life is getting too
darling this life is getting too terrible for words and one’s nerves
terrible for words and one’s nerves
terrible for words and one’s nerves cannot stand much more when I shut my
cannot stand much more when I shut my
cannot stand much more when I shut my eyes can see these huge things like
eyes can see these huge things like
eyes can see these huge things like great black words right over us and
great black words right over us and
great black words right over us and coming all directions to London and God
coming all directions to London and God
coming all directions to London and God help us next time for you’re absolutely
help us next time for you’re absolutely
help us next time for you’re absolutely beaten and no mourning whenever baby and
beaten and no mourning whenever baby and
beaten and no mourning whenever baby and I stood in the passage clenched tightly
I stood in the passage clenched tightly
I stood in the passage clenched tightly together expecting the last of our lives
together expecting the last of our lives
together expecting the last of our lives and every hour we do not know but will
and every hour we do not know but will
and every hour we do not know but will be our last don’t think I have any fear
be our last don’t think I have any fear
be our last don’t think I have any fear but should like once more to see you of
but should like once more to see you of
but should like once more to see you of this wicked war will it ever end and in
this wicked war will it ever end and in
this wicked war will it ever end and in a letter not that long after she
a letter not that long after she
a letter not that long after she continuing in the same vein life seems
continuing in the same vein life seems
continuing in the same vein life seems just one misery night and day and
just one misery night and day and
just one misery night and day and forever and fear but I suppose you must
forever and fear but I suppose you must
forever and fear but I suppose you must try and keep smiling for your dear sake
try and keep smiling for your dear sake
try and keep smiling for your dear sake there’s a way in which this is a
there’s a way in which this is a
there’s a way in which this is a reversal of the normal order of things
reversal of the normal order of things
reversal of the normal order of things she was in some senses in more danger
she was in some senses in more danger
she was in some senses in more danger with her little girl than her husband
with her little girl than her husband
with her little girl than her husband was in a war zone a traditional war zone
was in a war zone a traditional war zone
was in a war zone a traditional war zone it was not till the aftermath of this
it was not till the aftermath of this
it was not till the aftermath of this summer that the British government
summer that the British government
summer that the British government decided that it had to provide clear
decided that it had to provide clear
decided that it had to provide clear public warnings along with other
public warnings along with other
public warnings along with other measures that were meant both to keep
measures that were meant both to keep
measures that were meant both to keep the public safe and to minimize panic
the public safe and to minimize panic
the public safe and to minimize panic yet well official warnings the
yet well official warnings the
yet well official warnings the organization of shelters grants of
organization of shelters grants of
organization of shelters grants of financial aid and public Symphony helped
financial aid and public Symphony helped
financial aid and public Symphony helped the air raids first victims it was clear
the air raids first victims it was clear
the air raids first victims it was clear that civilians were no longer safe that
that civilians were no longer safe that
that civilians were no longer safe that their government cannot completely
their government cannot completely
their government cannot completely defend the homeland from attack
defend the homeland from attack
defend the homeland from attack furthermore a now significant air power
furthermore a now significant air power
furthermore a now significant air power disrupted these divisions between a home
disrupted these divisions between a home
disrupted these divisions between a home front populated by women and children in
front populated by women and children in
front populated by women and children in need of protection
need of protection
need of protection and a battle zone filled with male
and a battle zone filled with male
and a battle zone filled with male warriors women like Bennett could absorb
warriors women like Bennett could absorb
warriors women like Bennett could absorb the message they
the message they
the message they needed to keep smiling but there had to
needed to keep smiling but there had to
needed to keep smiling but there had to be something more to do to help ordinary
be something more to do to help ordinary
be something more to do to help ordinary folks like her cope by the end of the
folks like her cope by the end of the
folks like her cope by the end of the first world war at the age of airpower
first world war at the age of airpower
first world war at the age of airpower had arrived and there were some visible
had arrived and there were some visible
had arrived and there were some visible reminders in the immediate aftermath
reminders in the immediate aftermath
reminders in the immediate aftermath such as a monument erected to the
such as a monument erected to the
such as a monument erected to the schoolchildren of poplar a place in East
schoolchildren of poplar a place in East
schoolchildren of poplar a place in East London where an infant’s nursery school
London where an infant’s nursery school
London where an infant’s nursery school had been directly hit by a bomb well the
had been directly hit by a bomb well the
had been directly hit by a bomb well the official toll of dead from this air raid
official toll of dead from this air raid
official toll of dead from this air raid are miniscule compared to the huge
are miniscule compared to the huge
are miniscule compared to the huge numbers of combatants and millions of
numbers of combatants and millions of
numbers of combatants and millions of combatants death in this war it’s not
combatants death in this war it’s not
combatants death in this war it’s not the numbers of dead that matter but the
the numbers of dead that matter but the
the numbers of dead that matter but the terrifying new circumstances that
terrifying new circumstances that
terrifying new circumstances that surround them
surround them
surround them post-war air theorists and military
post-war air theorists and military
post-war air theorists and military planners argued that this way to wage
planners argued that this way to wage
planners argued that this way to wage war was going to succeed because of its
war was going to succeed because of its
war was going to succeed because of its unrelenting capacity to demoralize the
unrelenting capacity to demoralize the
unrelenting capacity to demoralize the enemy population and force them to
enemy population and force them to
enemy population and force them to collapse and see their own governments
collapse and see their own governments
collapse and see their own governments for peace or cause these governments to
for peace or cause these governments to
for peace or cause these governments to just disappear what might stop such a
just disappear what might stop such a
just disappear what might stop such a result was the development what became
result was the development what became
result was the development what became known as civil defense and plans for
known as civil defense and plans for
known as civil defense and plans for this started in many places including
this started in many places including
this started in many places including Britain in the aftermath of the first
Britain in the aftermath of the first
Britain in the aftermath of the first world war one of the first meetings
world war one of the first meetings
world war one of the first meetings British planners determined that this
British planners determined that this
British planners determined that this was the message civilians had to hear
was the message civilians had to hear
was the message civilians had to hear they must realize that they are living
they must realize that they are living
they must realize that they are living within the zones of active operations
within the zones of active operations
within the zones of active operations and therefore must expect to suffer
and therefore must expect to suffer
and therefore must expect to suffer casualties and that the enemy people is
casualties and that the enemy people is
casualties and that the enemy people is being subjected to similar but harsher
being subjected to similar but harsher
being subjected to similar but harsher treatment that they themselves are
treatment that they themselves are
treatment that they themselves are called upon to support and that victory
called upon to support and that victory
called upon to support and that victory will fall to the nation with the greater
will fall to the nation with the greater
will fall to the nation with the greater powers of endurance those actively and
powers of endurance those actively and
powers of endurance those actively and to large extent secretly engaged in the
to large extent secretly engaged in the
to large extent secretly engaged in the process of planning for the next war had
process of planning for the next war had
process of planning for the next war had to determine what would allow a civilian
to determine what would allow a civilian
to determine what would allow a civilian population to injure what they construed
population to injure what they construed
population to injure what they construed as a devastating war that might involve
as a devastating war that might involve
as a devastating war that might involve incendiary bombs high explosives and
incendiary bombs high explosives and
incendiary bombs high explosives and even chemical weapons in short how to
even chemical weapons in short how to
even chemical weapons in short how to prepare them to face a war of
prepare them to face a war of
prepare them to face a war of annihilation
annihilation
annihilation civil defense measures became more and
civil defense measures became more and
civil defense measures became more and more public in Britain and elsewhere in
more public in Britain and elsewhere in
more public in Britain and elsewhere in an increasingly tense interim
an increasingly tense interim
an increasingly tense interim context in the late made actually to
context in the late made actually to
context in the late made actually to late 1930s and in places like Britain
late 1930s and in places like Britain
late 1930s and in places like Britain that were democracy is there is heated
that were democracy is there is heated
that were democracy is there is heated even vocal opposition to the very idea
even vocal opposition to the very idea
even vocal opposition to the very idea of civil defense opponents claimed that
of civil defense opponents claimed that
of civil defense opponents claimed that to prepare for such a war was to
to prepare for such a war was to
to prepare for such a war was to encourage its rival but what’s
encourage its rival but what’s
encourage its rival but what’s remarkable but the transnational
remarkable but the transnational
remarkable but the transnational development is that after the first
development is that after the first
development is that after the first world war he committed to relying on
world war he committed to relying on
world war he committed to relying on ordinary people to keep calm and carry
ordinary people to keep calm and carry
ordinary people to keep calm and carry on when Britain released its first
on when Britain released its first
on when Britain released its first public statement about civil defense or
public statement about civil defense or
public statement about civil defense or what it called at the time air raid
what it called at the time air raid
what it called at the time air raid precautions it was clear that the notion
precautions it was clear that the notion
precautions it was clear that the notion that there could be no guarantee of
that there could be no guarantee of
that there could be no guarantee of immunity for anyone any longer was going
immunity for anyone any longer was going
immunity for anyone any longer was going to be the rule one example of the public
to be the rule one example of the public
to be the rule one example of the public conversation that followed this idea can
conversation that followed this idea can
conversation that followed this idea can be found in a newspaper editorial that
be found in a newspaper editorial that
be found in a newspaper editorial that appeared directly responding to the
appeared directly responding to the
appeared directly responding to the release of this document this is a
release of this document this is a
release of this document this is a reminder of the peril that hovers above
reminder of the peril that hovers above
reminder of the peril that hovers above there used to be a specious phrase
there used to be a specious phrase
there used to be a specious phrase civilized war after the first bombs fell
civilized war after the first bombs fell
civilized war after the first bombs fell in 1914 after the first gas attack
in 1914 after the first gas attack
in 1914 after the first gas attack common sense would no longer believe in
common sense would no longer believe in
common sense would no longer believe in it the invention of the airplane has
it the invention of the airplane has
it the invention of the airplane has made more unspeakably barbarous women
made more unspeakably barbarous women
made more unspeakably barbarous women children the age the sick the animals
children the age the sick the animals
children the age the sick the animals all are now in the line of fire war has
all are now in the line of fire war has
all are now in the line of fire war has less conscience today than at any other
less conscience today than at any other
less conscience today than at any other time the war being planned for was not
time the war being planned for was not
time the war being planned for was not going to discriminate but the
going to discriminate but the
going to discriminate but the fundamental question remained
fundamental question remained
fundamental question remained how would or could an entire population
how would or could an entire population
how would or could an entire population respond when these proposals became
respond when these proposals became
respond when these proposals became enshrined and legislation again in
enshrined and legislation again in
enshrined and legislation again in Brinton which didn’t take which took two
Brinton which didn’t take which took two
Brinton which didn’t take which took two years to achieve in 1937 parliamentary
years to achieve in 1937 parliamentary
years to achieve in 1937 parliamentary debates about the passage of this
debates about the passage of this
debates about the passage of this legislation involved the following
legislation involved the following
legislation involved the following statement the new factor of terror from
statement the new factor of terror from
statement the new factor of terror from the air means that as in all war it is
the air means that as in all war it is
the air means that as in all war it is the spirit of the people that in the
the spirit of the people that in the
the spirit of the people that in the last resort makes victory possible in
last resort makes victory possible in
last resort makes victory possible in practice the British government did
practice the British government did
practice the British government did again countries across the world they
again countries across the world they
again countries across the world they began to recruit an army of volunteers
began to recruit an army of volunteers
began to recruit an army of volunteers for civil defense creating among other
for civil defense creating among other
for civil defense creating among other things the key role of a warden an
things the key role of a warden an
things the key role of a warden an individual with responsibilities that
individual with responsibilities that
individual with responsibilities that link this
link this
link this date in the home that looked after a
date in the home that looked after a
date in the home that looked after a post or a neighborhood that were trying
post or a neighborhood that were trying
post or a neighborhood that were trying to make themselves um take
to make themselves um take
to make themselves um take responsibility for their large role and
responsibility for their large role and
responsibility for their large role and local communities and there’s perhaps no
local communities and there’s perhaps no
local communities and there’s perhaps no better sign of just how open this was
better sign of just how open this was
better sign of just how open this was then Britain’s women’s voluntary service
then Britain’s women’s voluntary service
then Britain’s women’s voluntary service for civil defenses housewives unit which
for civil defenses housewives unit which
for civil defenses housewives unit which encouraged ordinary wives and mothers to
encouraged ordinary wives and mothers to
encouraged ordinary wives and mothers to work part-time and they were to hang
work part-time and they were to hang
work part-time and they were to hang this sign in their windows so people
this sign in their windows so people
this sign in their windows so people knew that they were trained and that you
knew that they were trained and that you
knew that they were trained and that you could seek help from them it crucially
could seek help from them it crucially
could seek help from them it crucially recognised that wives and mothers were
recognised that wives and mothers were
recognised that wives and mothers were now frontline fighters this is a theme
now frontline fighters this is a theme
now frontline fighters this is a theme reiterated from the dawn of air power
reiterated from the dawn of air power
reiterated from the dawn of air power and again the cornerstone of the u.s. is
and again the cornerstone of the u.s. is
and again the cornerstone of the u.s. is own civil defence Corps every civilian a
own civil defence Corps every civilian a
own civil defence Corps every civilian a fighter during the Second World War
fighter during the Second World War
fighter during the Second World War women and men across the borders of age
women and men across the borders of age
women and men across the borders of age and class and ethnicity and geography
and class and ethnicity and geography
and class and ethnicity and geography volunteered to help keep each other safe
volunteered to help keep each other safe
volunteered to help keep each other safe ER at its core the invention of civil
ER at its core the invention of civil
ER at its core the invention of civil defense relied upon a new relationship
defense relied upon a new relationship
defense relied upon a new relationship between the state and the individual it
between the state and the individual it
between the state and the individual it insisted on the mobilization literally
insisted on the mobilization literally
insisted on the mobilization literally of everybody on behalf of the nation at
of everybody on behalf of the nation at
of everybody on behalf of the nation at war and it promoted the idea that since
war and it promoted the idea that since
war and it promoted the idea that since nothing could prevent danger from
nothing could prevent danger from
nothing could prevent danger from reaching us we had an obligation to keep
reaching us we had an obligation to keep
reaching us we had an obligation to keep each other safe keep calm and carry on
each other safe keep calm and carry on
each other safe keep calm and carry on only works if most of us carry on and at
only works if most of us carry on and at
only works if most of us carry on and at least some of us keep calm while few
least some of us keep calm while few
least some of us keep calm while few states still practice the civil defense
states still practice the civil defense
states still practice the civil defense that we associate with the Second World
that we associate with the Second World
that we associate with the Second World War the drills of the Cold War the
War the drills of the Cold War the
War the drills of the Cold War the principles and means of uniting an
principles and means of uniting an
principles and means of uniting an entire population to face war or to face
entire population to face war or to face
entire population to face war or to face danger that underline is developments
danger that underline is developments
danger that underline is developments continue to overshadow our lives in a
continue to overshadow our lives in a
continue to overshadow our lives in a post-911 world all of us are vulnerable
post-911 world all of us are vulnerable
post-911 world all of us are vulnerable to attack and so all of us have been
to attack and so all of us have been
to attack and so all of us have been enlisted in an effort to keep society
enlisted in an effort to keep society
enlisted in an effort to keep society safe from the signs and public transit
safe from the signs and public transit
safe from the signs and public transit and in every major airport that asks us
and in every major airport that asks us
and in every major airport that asks us to be aware of and report suspicious
to be aware of and report suspicious
to be aware of and report suspicious parcels and behavior we live with
parcels and behavior we live with
parcels and behavior we live with visible reminders that even in our
visible reminders that even in our
visible reminders that even in our modern wars against terrorism and less
modern wars against terrorism and less
modern wars against terrorism and less visible non-state agents the expectation
visible non-state agents the expectation
visible non-state agents the expectation that the ordinary man woman and child
that the ordinary man woman and child
that the ordinary man woman and child must calmly face risks is one of the
must calmly face risks is one of the
must calmly face risks is one of the most important legacies of this
most important legacies of this
most important legacies of this transformation
transformation
transformation keep calm and carry on has become a
keep calm and carry on has become a
keep calm and carry on has become a shorthand for do not live in fear or do
shorthand for do not live in fear or do
shorthand for do not live in fear or do not let fear stop you from living as
not let fear stop you from living as
not let fear stop you from living as individuals we’ve become deputized
individuals we’ve become deputized
individuals we’ve become deputized agents of the state responsible as best
agents of the state responsible as best
agents of the state responsible as best we can for helping each other survive
we can for helping each other survive
we can for helping each other survive this can be do alleged we’re being
this can be do alleged we’re being
this can be do alleged we’re being taught or asked to be suspicious and
taught or asked to be suspicious and
taught or asked to be suspicious and attentive to danger but this could also
attentive to danger but this could also
attentive to danger but this could also mean using our prejudices or bias
mean using our prejudices or bias
mean using our prejudices or bias scapegoating people and it’s certainly
scapegoating people and it’s certainly
scapegoating people and it’s certainly easy to criticize the simplicity of
easy to criticize the simplicity of
easy to criticize the simplicity of telling anyone in danger to just keep
telling anyone in danger to just keep
telling anyone in danger to just keep calm and carry on but the history behind
calm and carry on but the history behind
calm and carry on but the history behind this concept also means recognizing this
this concept also means recognizing this
this concept also means recognizing this sense of community that underlay it that
sense of community that underlay it that
sense of community that underlay it that we survive by keeping more or less calm
we survive by keeping more or less calm
we survive by keeping more or less calm and facing our fears together that we
and facing our fears together that we
and facing our fears together that we need a solidarity to carry on this is
need a solidarity to carry on this is
need a solidarity to carry on this is not new but it’s only about a hundred
not new but it’s only about a hundred
not new but it’s only about a hundred years old and it’s one of the first
years old and it’s one of the first
years old and it’s one of the first world wars most significant and
world wars most significant and
world wars most significant and forgotten legacies thank you
forgotten legacies thank you
forgotten legacies thank you [Applause]
[Applause]
[Applause] [Music]
you
you [Music]
”
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