Universal Curiousity | Mordecai-Mark Mac Low | TEDxMiddlebury

you

you [Music]

so I’m a research astrophysicist at a

so I’m a research astrophysicist at a museum in the department founded by

museum in the department founded by

museum in the department founded by someone some of you may have heard of

someone some of you may have heard of

someone some of you may have heard of neil degrasse tyson and what I want to

neil degrasse tyson and what I want to

neil degrasse tyson and what I want to talk to you about today is the very

talk to you about today is the very

talk to you about today is the very interesting situation that we found

interesting situation that we found

interesting situation that we found ourselves in in learning about the

ourselves in in learning about the

ourselves in in learning about the universe because we are living in a time

universe because we are living in a time

universe because we are living in a time where we have understood that the

where we have understood that the

where we have understood that the universe is far stranger than we would

universe is far stranger than we would

universe is far stranger than we would have thought if we go back to medieval

have thought if we go back to medieval

have thought if we go back to medieval times in Europe the earth was thought

times in Europe the earth was thought

times in Europe the earth was thought not as being at the center of things but

not as being at the center of things but

not as being at the center of things but at the bottom of things it was where all

at the bottom of things it was where all

at the bottom of things it was where all the dreck and garbage and sin fell the

the dreck and garbage and sin fell the

the dreck and garbage and sin fell the heavens were pure the heavens were where

heavens were pure the heavens were where

heavens were pure the heavens were where God lived the earth not so much during

God lived the earth not so much during

God lived the earth not so much during the Enlightenment Copernicus and his

the Enlightenment Copernicus and his

the Enlightenment Copernicus and his peers said we’ll wait a moment things

peers said we’ll wait a moment things

peers said we’ll wait a moment things aren’t so bad maybe the earth isn’t

aren’t so bad maybe the earth isn’t

aren’t so bad maybe the earth isn’t actually all the way at the bottom maybe

actually all the way at the bottom maybe

actually all the way at the bottom maybe it’s somewhere in the middle and the Sun

it’s somewhere in the middle and the Sun

it’s somewhere in the middle and the Sun is at the bottom this was the principle

is at the bottom this was the principle

is at the bottom this was the principle of mediocrity which was far better than

of mediocrity which was far better than

of mediocrity which was far better than being at the very bottom of the scale

being at the very bottom of the scale

being at the very bottom of the scale well this was an interesting idea but

well this was an interesting idea but

well this was an interesting idea but when it was implemented mathematically

when it was implemented mathematically

when it was implemented mathematically it was bound that if he still assume

it was bound that if he still assume

it was bound that if he still assume that the heavens were pure and that

that the heavens were pure and that

that the heavens were pure and that heavenly bodies moved in perfect circles

heavenly bodies moved in perfect circles

heavenly bodies moved in perfect circles you hadn’t actually progressed very much

you hadn’t actually progressed very much

you hadn’t actually progressed very much from ptolemies ideas that you had

from ptolemies ideas that you had

from ptolemies ideas that you had circles and then epicyclic smaller

circles and then epicyclic smaller

circles and then epicyclic smaller circles that explained planetary motions

circles that explained planetary motions

circles that explained planetary motions now it turns out that ptolemies ideas

now it turns out that ptolemies ideas

now it turns out that ptolemies ideas lasted for so long partly because the

lasted for so long partly because the

lasted for so long partly because the system he set up was very very good it

system he set up was very very good it

system he set up was very very good it could explain the motions of the planets

could explain the motions of the planets

could explain the motions of the planets and make predictions that were extremely

and make predictions that were extremely

and make predictions that were extremely accurate he did this by making

accurate he did this by making

accurate he did this by making some special purpose adjustments not

some special purpose adjustments not

some special purpose adjustments not just the epicycles but every planet did

just the epicycles but every planet did

just the epicycles but every planet did not go around the earth it went around

not go around the earth it went around

not go around the earth it went around the equant which was a point of the

the equant which was a point of the

the equant which was a point of the earth that you had to assume to get the

earth that you had to assume to get the

earth that you had to assume to get the planets to behave properly so there were

planets to behave properly so there were

planets to behave properly so there were a lot of special-purpose fixes but it

a lot of special-purpose fixes but it

a lot of special-purpose fixes but it was a system that worked when Kepler guy

was a system that worked when Kepler guy

was a system that worked when Kepler guy up there drops the assumption of

up there drops the assumption of

up there drops the assumption of circular motion and assumes ellipses yes

circular motion and assumes ellipses yes

circular motion and assumes ellipses yes it’s a much simpler system but the

it’s a much simpler system but the

it’s a much simpler system but the difference in predictive power was a

difference in predictive power was a

difference in predictive power was a matter of eight seconds of arc in

matter of eight seconds of arc in

matter of eight seconds of arc in position of the planet Mars eight

position of the planet Mars eight

position of the planet Mars eight seconds of arc is the width of a coin 10

seconds of arc is the width of a coin 10

seconds of arc is the width of a coin 10 blocks away you needed huge naked eye

blocks away you needed huge naked eye

blocks away you needed huge naked eye instruments to even measure that you had

instruments to even measure that you had

instruments to even measure that you had to site along that extremely long arm

to site along that extremely long arm

to site along that extremely long arm and swing it back and forth to measure

and swing it back and forth to measure

and swing it back and forth to measure the angle at which you are observing

the angle at which you are observing

the angle at which you are observing something so already in the naked eye

something so already in the naked eye

something so already in the naked eye era we’re talking large instruments and

era we’re talking large instruments and

era we’re talking large instruments and great observational dedication to

great observational dedication to

great observational dedication to understand the fundamentals of our

understand the fundamentals of our

understand the fundamentals of our universe during the same period the

universe during the same period the

universe during the same period the first telescopes start to be built

first telescopes start to be built

first telescopes start to be built Galileo didn’t invent the telescope but

Galileo didn’t invent the telescope but

Galileo didn’t invent the telescope but he was an early adopter and he was

he was an early adopter and he was

he was an early adopter and he was aggressive in getting the word out that

aggressive in getting the word out that

aggressive in getting the word out that wait the heavens are not pure there are

wait the heavens are not pure there are

wait the heavens are not pure there are mountains there are craters there are

mountains there are craters there are

mountains there are craters there are imperfections on the moon this picture

imperfections on the moon this picture

imperfections on the moon this picture by the way was taken by Galileo the

by the way was taken by Galileo the

by the way was taken by Galileo the spacecraft on its way to Jupiter well

spacecraft on its way to Jupiter well

spacecraft on its way to Jupiter well now we had some understanding of the

now we had some understanding of the

now we had some understanding of the solar system that it was a heliocentric

solar system that it was a heliocentric

solar system that it was a heliocentric solar system with planets moving and

solar system with planets moving and

solar system with planets moving and imperfect ellipses to step out further

imperfect ellipses to step out further

imperfect ellipses to step out further we had to understand the distances to

we had to understand the distances to

we had to understand the distances to the stars and this took hundreds of

the stars and this took hundreds of

the stars and this took hundreds of years because the stars are very far

years because the stars are very far

years because the stars are very far away you can measure their distances

away you can measure their distances

away you can measure their distances with parallax but parallax right you

with parallax but parallax right you

with parallax but parallax right you hold out your finger and if it’s close

hold out your finger and if it’s close

hold out your finger and if it’s close to you and you go one eye to the other

to you and you go one eye to the other

to you and you go one eye to the other you’ll see it move a lot if you move it

you’ll see it move a lot if you move it

you’ll see it move a lot if you move it out further it doesn’t move as much well

out further it doesn’t move as much well

out further it doesn’t move as much well stars move fractions of a single arc

stars move fractions of a single arc

stars move fractions of a single arc second so you needed these very you

second so you needed these very you

second so you needed these very you needed substantial telescopes in order

needed substantial telescopes in order

needed substantial telescopes in order to make that measurement and understand

to make that measurement and understand

to make that measurement and understand that the stars were trillions of miles

that the stars were trillions of miles

that the stars were trillions of miles away parallax only gets you so far if

away parallax only gets you so far if

away parallax only gets you so far if you don’t have a telescope in space

you don’t have a telescope in space

you don’t have a telescope in space that’s outside the Earth’s atmosphere

that’s outside the Earth’s atmosphere

that’s outside the Earth’s atmosphere and the next step was one of the first

and the next step was one of the first

and the next step was one of the first instances of the application of what we

instances of the application of what we

instances of the application of what we now call Big Data now at the turn of the

now call Big Data now at the turn of the

now call Big Data now at the turn of the last century around 1900 a computer was

last century around 1900 a computer was

last century around 1900 a computer was not a machine it was a profession these

not a machine it was a profession these

not a machine it was a profession these were computers at the Harvard College

were computers at the Harvard College

were computers at the Harvard College observatory they were the people who

observatory they were the people who

observatory they were the people who were in touch with the data who are

were in touch with the data who are

were in touch with the data who are actually working with it and they made

actually working with it and they made

actually working with it and they made some very important discoveries one of

some very important discoveries one of

some very important discoveries one of them Henrietta Leavitt in the center

them Henrietta Leavitt in the center

them Henrietta Leavitt in the center here was the person who realized that

here was the person who realized that

here was the person who realized that the variability period of a certain kind

the variability period of a certain kind

the variability period of a certain kind of star called a Cepheid correlated

of star called a Cepheid correlated

of star called a Cepheid correlated directly with its brightness as shown in

directly with its brightness as shown in

directly with its brightness as shown in that graph up there the brightness going

that graph up there the brightness going

that graph up there the brightness going up the period going to the right so if

up the period going to the right so if

up the period going to the right so if you could walk something varying you

you could walk something varying you

you could walk something varying you knew how bright it actually was by

knew how bright it actually was by

knew how bright it actually was by measuring how dim it appeared you can

measuring how dim it appeared you can

measuring how dim it appeared you can see its distance that allowed us to

see its distance that allowed us to

see its distance that allowed us to measure the distance across our own

measure the distance across our own

measure the distance across our own galaxy

galaxy

galaxy and even more importantly to other

and even more importantly to other

and even more importantly to other galaxies and to understand that other

galaxies and to understand that other

galaxies and to understand that other galaxies were objects like our own Milky

galaxies were objects like our own Milky

galaxies were objects like our own Milky Way galaxy but outside of our own now if

Way galaxy but outside of our own now if

Way galaxy but outside of our own now if the universe is a static and unchanging

the universe is a static and unchanging

the universe is a static and unchanging universe as we perceive it on the human

universe as we perceive it on the human

universe as we perceive it on the human scale then those other galaxies like our

scale then those other galaxies like our

scale then those other galaxies like our own ought to move like this here we are

own ought to move like this here we are

own ought to move like this here we are at the center of the image the galaxies

at the center of the image the galaxies

at the center of the image the galaxies that are moving towards us their light

that are moving towards us their light

that are moving towards us their light gets squeezed a little and moved to the

gets squeezed a little and moved to the

gets squeezed a little and moved to the blue the galaxies that are moving away

blue the galaxies that are moving away

blue the galaxies that are moving away from us the light gets stretched and

from us the light gets stretched and

from us the light gets stretched and moved to the red it’s called blue shift

moved to the red it’s called blue shift

moved to the red it’s called blue shift or red shift it’s the principle on which

or red shift it’s the principle on which

or red shift it’s the principle on which the radar gun works if the cop points

the radar gun works if the cop points

the radar gun works if the cop points the radar gun at your car and the

the radar gun at your car and the

the radar gun at your car and the returning waves are shifted too far to

returning waves are shifted too far to

returning waves are shifted too far to the blue you get a ticket galaxies

the blue you get a ticket galaxies

the blue you get a ticket galaxies should have been moving randomly when

should have been moving randomly when

should have been moving randomly when measurements were taken of distant

measurements were taken of distant

measurements were taken of distant galaxies this was not the result this

galaxies this was not the result this

galaxies this was not the result this was so the guy up here that’s the Slifer

was so the guy up here that’s the Slifer

was so the guy up here that’s the Slifer finds that practically every galaxy is

finds that practically every galaxy is

finds that practically every galaxy is moving away from us is redshifted only a

moving away from us is redshifted only a

moving away from us is redshifted only a few nearby galaxies are moving towards

few nearby galaxies are moving towards

few nearby galaxies are moving towards us okay I’m going to show you a clip

us okay I’m going to show you a clip

us okay I’m going to show you a clip from a space show that we did at the

from a space show that we did at the

from a space show that we did at the Museum called dark universe and this is

Museum called dark universe and this is

Museum called dark universe and this is our galaxy as we pull out we will see an

our galaxy as we pull out we will see an

our galaxy as we pull out we will see an accurate map of all the

accurate map of all the

accurate map of all the three-dimensional positions of galaxies

three-dimensional positions of galaxies

three-dimensional positions of galaxies that we have measured and their

that we have measured and their

that we have measured and their velocities there’s the Andromeda galaxy

velocities there’s the Andromeda galaxy

velocities there’s the Andromeda galaxy Hubble was the first person to find a

Hubble was the first person to find a

Hubble was the first person to find a Cepheid variable in the Andromeda galaxy

Cepheid variable in the Andromeda galaxy

Cepheid variable in the Andromeda galaxy and show that this was not just a fuzzy

and show that this was not just a fuzzy

and show that this was not just a fuzzy nebula like they get nebulae in our own

nebula like they get nebulae in our own

nebula like they get nebulae in our own galaxies around star forming regions but

galaxies around star forming regions but

galaxies around star forming regions but was a different object and here we are

was a different object and here we are

was a different object and here we are in the universe of galaxies they have

in the universe of galaxies they have

in the universe of galaxies they have structure and that structure

structure and that structure

structure and that structure we’ll talk about later but these

we’ll talk about later but these

we’ll talk about later but these galaxies are all expanding away now if

galaxies are all expanding away now if

galaxies are all expanding away now if all the galaxies are expanding away from

all the galaxies are expanding away from

all the galaxies are expanding away from you there are two possibilities either

you there are two possibilities either

you there are two possibilities either you are a very lucky person and you are

you are a very lucky person and you are

you are a very lucky person and you are sitting right at the center of the

sitting right at the center of the

sitting right at the center of the universe which some people believe or

universe which some people believe or

universe which some people believe or it’s not just us everybody sees

it’s not just us everybody sees

it’s not just us everybody sees expansion so this galaxy sees expansion

expansion so this galaxy sees expansion

expansion so this galaxy sees expansion but so does another galaxy and if that

but so does another galaxy and if that

but so does another galaxy and if that is true then the entire universe must be

is true then the entire universe must be

is true then the entire universe must be expanding its not just expanding out

expanding its not just expanding out

expanding its not just expanding out into something everywhere is expanding

into something everywhere is expanding

into something everywhere is expanding every point in the universe is expanding

every point in the universe is expanding

every point in the universe is expanding away from every other point objects that

away from every other point objects that

away from every other point objects that are bound together by chemical forces or

are bound together by chemical forces or

are bound together by chemical forces or gravitational forces space expands out

gravitational forces space expands out

gravitational forces space expands out from under them that’s why we’re not

from under them that’s why we’re not

from under them that’s why we’re not expanded happily but if every object is

expanded happily but if every object is

expanded happily but if every object is expanding from every other object then

expanding from every other object then

expanding from every other object then if you project backwards in time things

if you project backwards in time things

if you project backwards in time things must have been once much much denser and

must have been once much much denser and

must have been once much much denser and therefore much much hotter and that is

therefore much much hotter and that is

therefore much much hotter and that is the fundamental reason for believing in

the fundamental reason for believing in

the fundamental reason for believing in the idea of a big bang that once the

the idea of a big bang that once the

the idea of a big bang that once the universe was extraordinarily hot and

universe was extraordinarily hot and

universe was extraordinarily hot and dense in fact once the universe was as

dense in fact once the universe was as

dense in fact once the universe was as hot and dense as the surface of the Sun

hot and dense as the surface of the Sun

hot and dense as the surface of the Sun and the light emitted at that time which

and the light emitted at that time which

and the light emitted at that time which is what’s visible light at the time has

is what’s visible light at the time has

is what’s visible light at the time has been traveling through the universe and

been traveling through the universe and

been traveling through the universe and getting stretched out as it travels so

getting stretched out as it travels so

getting stretched out as it travels so that it is now shifted from the visible

that it is now shifted from the visible

that it is now shifted from the visible light to the infrared light to the

light to the infrared light to the

light to the infrared light to the microwave and this

microwave and this

microwave and this the Cosmic Microwave Background the very

the Cosmic Microwave Background the very

the Cosmic Microwave Background the very small variations in which were measured

small variations in which were measured

small variations in which were measured in this map by the Ponk satellite and

in this map by the Ponk satellite and

in this map by the Ponk satellite and have been measured over the years okay

have been measured over the years okay

have been measured over the years okay so we have a universe that’s expanding

so we have a universe that’s expanding

so we have a universe that’s expanding from an origin when this was first

from an origin when this was first

from an origin when this was first proposed it was denounced as creationist

proposed it was denounced as creationist

proposed it was denounced as creationist and indeed it was proposed by a Catholic

and indeed it was proposed by a Catholic

and indeed it was proposed by a Catholic priest Father lometa and yet all the

priest Father lometa and yet all the

priest Father lometa and yet all the evidence that we have points to the idea

evidence that we have points to the idea

evidence that we have points to the idea that the universe Kate started at a

that the universe Kate started at a

that the universe Kate started at a definite time extraordinarily hot

definite time extraordinarily hot

definite time extraordinarily hot extraordinarily dense furthermore

extraordinarily dense furthermore

extraordinarily dense furthermore furthermore most of the matter in the

furthermore most of the matter in the

furthermore most of the matter in the universe is not the stuff we are made of

universe is not the stuff we are made of

universe is not the stuff we are made of it’s not Adams of any sort the first

it’s not Adams of any sort the first

it’s not Adams of any sort the first person who realized this was this guy up

person who realized this was this guy up

person who realized this was this guy up here fritz zwicky back in the 1930s he

here fritz zwicky back in the 1930s he

here fritz zwicky back in the 1930s he looked at galaxy clusters and realized

looked at galaxy clusters and realized

looked at galaxy clusters and realized that there was far too much mass in them

that there was far too much mass in them

that there was far too much mass in them they couldn’t be explained by the

they couldn’t be explained by the

they couldn’t be explained by the visible galaxies he measured how fast

visible galaxies he measured how fast

visible galaxies he measured how fast galaxies were orbiting using their red

galaxies were orbiting using their red

galaxies were orbiting using their red shifts and compared to how much mass was

shifts and compared to how much mass was

shifts and compared to how much mass was in the stars whose brightness he could

in the stars whose brightness he could

in the stars whose brightness he could measure and the answer came out it was a

measure and the answer came out it was a

measure and the answer came out it was a hundred times wrong there was a hundred

hundred times wrong there was a hundred

hundred times wrong there was a hundred times more mass in that cluster than

times more mass in that cluster than

times more mass in that cluster than could be accounted for by the visible

could be accounted for by the visible

could be accounted for by the visible galaxies well back then first of all he

galaxies well back then first of all he

galaxies well back then first of all he was a famously follow mouth and paranoid

was a famously follow mouth and paranoid

was a famously follow mouth and paranoid guy who nobody liked and second we

guy who nobody liked and second we

guy who nobody liked and second we didn’t really understand galaxy clusters

didn’t really understand galaxy clusters

didn’t really understand galaxy clusters so everybody just sort of shoved it to

so everybody just sort of shoved it to

so everybody just sort of shoved it to the side until the 1970s when Vera Rubin

the side until the 1970s when Vera Rubin

the side until the 1970s when Vera Rubin comes along and looks at individual

comes along and looks at individual

comes along and looks at individual galaxies and how stars orbit around the

galaxies and how stars orbit around the

galaxies and how stars orbit around the center in those galaxies and she finds

center in those galaxies and she finds

center in those galaxies and she finds that if the stars were in the galaxy

that if the stars were in the galaxy

that if the stars were in the galaxy they should if the stars were the only

they should if the stars were the only

they should if the stars were the only mass in the galaxy they should orbit

mass in the galaxy they should orbit

mass in the galaxy they should orbit like this line labeled disk and yet they

like this line labeled disk and yet they

like this line labeled disk and yet they don’t they orbit like the top line

don’t they orbit like the top line

don’t they orbit like the top line meaning there’s lots of extra

meaning there’s lots of extra

meaning there’s lots of extra ass after that point people started

ass after that point people started

ass after that point people started taking the idea of dark matter seriously

taking the idea of dark matter seriously

taking the idea of dark matter seriously given the timing we’re going to keep

given the timing we’re going to keep

given the timing we’re going to keep going because that was bad enough but

going because that was bad enough but

going because that was bad enough but still we understood that now we know

still we understood that now we know

still we understood that now we know where most where all the mass is and

where most where all the mass is and

where most where all the mass is and mass will act on the expansion of the

mass will act on the expansion of the

mass will act on the expansion of the universe to slow it down because gravity

universe to slow it down because gravity

universe to slow it down because gravity is pulling it in now to measure the mass

is pulling it in now to measure the mass

is pulling it in now to measure the mass well it would be good to know how

well it would be good to know how

well it would be good to know how quickly the universe is decelerating how

quickly the universe is decelerating how

quickly the universe is decelerating how quickly that expansion is slowing down

quickly that expansion is slowing down

quickly that expansion is slowing down because of all the mass in the universe

because of all the mass in the universe

because of all the mass in the universe and so a number of teams in the 1990s

and so a number of teams in the 1990s

and so a number of teams in the 1990s set out to measure the deceleration of

set out to measure the deceleration of

set out to measure the deceleration of the universe by measuring galaxies at

the universe by measuring galaxies at

the universe by measuring galaxies at great distances and finding their red

great distances and finding their red

great distances and finding their red shifts they used a certain type of

shifts they used a certain type of

shifts they used a certain type of supernova it could be calibrated to

supernova it could be calibrated to

supernova it could be calibrated to reveal its absolute luminosity how

reveal its absolute luminosity how

reveal its absolute luminosity how bright it actually was and compare it to

bright it actually was and compare it to

bright it actually was and compare it to its apparent luminosity and they went

its apparent luminosity and they went

its apparent luminosity and they went out and found lots of supernovae with

out and found lots of supernovae with

out and found lots of supernovae with great effort and built robotic

great effort and built robotic

great effort and built robotic telescopes to do this and at the end it

telescopes to do this and at the end it

telescopes to do this and at the end it came down to this guy over on the Left

came down to this guy over on the Left

came down to this guy over on the Left who was a graduate student in the group

who was a graduate student in the group

who was a graduate student in the group taking all the data putting it together

taking all the data putting it together

taking all the data putting it together to measure the deceleration of the

to measure the deceleration of the

to measure the deceleration of the universe and so late one night he

universe and so late one night he

universe and so late one night he finishes the program and adds up all the

finishes the program and adds up all the

finishes the program and adds up all the numbers and gets out the answer and he’s

numbers and gets out the answer and he’s

numbers and gets out the answer and he’s got a sign error the deceleration is

got a sign error the deceleration is

got a sign error the deceleration is negative it’s not a deceleration at all

negative it’s not a deceleration at all

negative it’s not a deceleration at all it’s an acceleration well he goes back

it’s an acceleration well he goes back

it’s an acceleration well he goes back and gets his boss and his boss’s boss

and gets his boss and his boss’s boss

and gets his boss and his boss’s boss and they all check the numbers and it

and they all check the numbers and it

and they all check the numbers and it remains an acceleration it turns out

remains an acceleration it turns out

remains an acceleration it turns out that there’s something else besides

that there’s something else besides

that there’s something else besides matter and it is dominating the dynamics

matter and it is dominating the dynamics

matter and it is dominating the dynamics of our universe we’ve given it a label

of our universe we’ve given it a label

of our universe we’ve given it a label we’ve called it dark energy its energy

we’ve called it dark energy its energy

we’ve called it dark energy its energy that we cannot detect so it’s dark we

that we cannot detect so it’s dark we

that we cannot detect so it’s dark we know that to about ten percent it hasn’t

know that to about ten percent it hasn’t

know that to about ten percent it hasn’t changed over time there’s not more and

changed over time there’s not more and

changed over time there’s not more and more of it but yet it is causing our

more of it but yet it is causing our

more of it but yet it is causing our universe to go faster and faster so we

universe to go faster and faster so we

universe to go faster and faster so we are starting to characterize it more and

are starting to characterize it more and

are starting to characterize it more and more accurately but we still don’t know

more accurately but we still don’t know

more accurately but we still don’t know physically why it’s there why it is as

physically why it’s there why it is as

physically why it’s there why it is as strong as it is now we’ve now

strong as it is now we’ve now

strong as it is now we’ve now accomplished multiple independent

accomplished multiple independent

accomplished multiple independent measurements of how much dark matter

measurements of how much dark matter

measurements of how much dark matter there is and how much matter there is

there is and how much matter there is

there is and how much matter there is and this is Cosmic Microwave Background

and this is Cosmic Microwave Background

and this is Cosmic Microwave Background this is the supernova the other one is

this is the supernova the other one is

this is the supernova the other one is measuring the positions of galaxies and

measuring the positions of galaxies and

measuring the positions of galaxies and how fast they’re falling together they

how fast they’re falling together they

how fast they’re falling together they come together in that very small error

come together in that very small error

come together in that very small error circle and that small error circle is a

circle and that small error circle is a

circle and that small error circle is a place that is extraordinarily odd it is

place that is extraordinarily odd it is

place that is extraordinarily odd it is a universe dominated by dark energy and

a universe dominated by dark energy and

a universe dominated by dark energy and dark matter everything that we know

dark matter everything that we know

dark matter everything that we know about and can detect at this point is in

about and can detect at this point is in

about and can detect at this point is in that little 4% sliver of which only this

that little 4% sliver of which only this

that little 4% sliver of which only this little red sliver over here is the heavy

little red sliver over here is the heavy

little red sliver over here is the heavy elements the carb in the nitrogen the

elements the carb in the nitrogen the

elements the carb in the nitrogen the oxygen all the stuff that makes up us

oxygen all the stuff that makes up us

oxygen all the stuff that makes up us our planets aside from hydrogen most of

our planets aside from hydrogen most of

our planets aside from hydrogen most of the universe has not yet been detected

the universe has not yet been detected

the universe has not yet been detected Dark Matter is perhaps on the cusp of

Dark Matter is perhaps on the cusp of

Dark Matter is perhaps on the cusp of being detected there are many efforts

being detected there are many efforts

being detected there are many efforts being made to directly detect a dark

being made to directly detect a dark

being made to directly detect a dark matter particle they may be successful

matter particle they may be successful

matter particle they may be successful possibly soon dark energy we’re still in

possibly soon dark energy we’re still in

possibly soon dark energy we’re still in the in the mode of I’m a blind person

the in the mode of I’m a blind person

the in the mode of I’m a blind person and I’m feeling the elephant is it have

and I’m feeling the elephant is it have

and I’m feeling the elephant is it have a long skinny bit is it a big hard bit

a long skinny bit is it a big hard bit

a long skinny bit is it a big hard bit what is it that’s how we’re living in

what is it that’s how we’re living in

what is it that’s how we’re living in the question of understanding

the question of understanding

the question of understanding our own universe thank you

our own universe thank you

our own universe thank you [Applause]