Friendly Fire: How Foreign Aid Hurts Development | Abhishek Parajuli | TEDxOxford

[Music]

[Music] cows are awesome no seriously if you’re

cows are awesome no seriously if you’re

cows are awesome no seriously if you’re a family in the developing world a cows

a family in the developing world a cows

a family in the developing world a cows a fantastic asset

a fantastic asset

a fantastic asset the milks nutritious you can sell it in

the milks nutritious you can sell it in

the milks nutritious you can sell it in the market for additional income and the

the market for additional income and the

the market for additional income and the manure is great for farming so a couple

manure is great for farming so a couple

manure is great for farming so a couple of years ago I was serving as Nepal’s

of years ago I was serving as Nepal’s

of years ago I was serving as Nepal’s youth ambassador to the United Nations

youth ambassador to the United Nations

youth ambassador to the United Nations and one of the delegates told me a

and one of the delegates told me a

and one of the delegates told me a fascinating story a dutch NGO figured

fascinating story a dutch NGO figured

fascinating story a dutch NGO figured out how awesome cows are and decided to

out how awesome cows are and decided to

out how awesome cows are and decided to give a bunch to Indian villages to help

give a bunch to Indian villages to help

give a bunch to Indian villages to help them out sounds like a pretty good idea

them out sounds like a pretty good idea

them out sounds like a pretty good idea when they came back a year later they

when they came back a year later they

when they came back a year later they found a disaster unfolding you see what

found a disaster unfolding you see what

found a disaster unfolding you see what had happened was a bunch of the

had happened was a bunch of the

had happened was a bunch of the villagers took their girl child out of

villagers took their girl child out of

villagers took their girl child out of school to look after the cows there’s

school to look after the cows there’s

school to look after the cows there’s now a generation of girls in these

now a generation of girls in these

now a generation of girls in these villages without an education aid the

villages without an education aid the

villages without an education aid the more important story for me is how good

more important story for me is how good

more important story for me is how good intentions the very best of intentions

intentions the very best of intentions

intentions the very best of intentions can lead to disaster the military has a

can lead to disaster the military has a

can lead to disaster the military has a term for this it’s called friendly fire

term for this it’s called friendly fire

term for this it’s called friendly fire we’re in the heat of battle in the

we’re in the heat of battle in the

we’re in the heat of battle in the confusion that ensues you end up

confusion that ensues you end up

confusion that ensues you end up shooting people you care about and I’m

shooting people you care about and I’m

shooting people you care about and I’m gonna argue to you today that foreign

gonna argue to you today that foreign

gonna argue to you today that foreign aid is friendly fire that despite our

aid is friendly fire that despite our

aid is friendly fire that despite our best intentions we’re spending billions

best intentions we’re spending billions

best intentions we’re spending billions of dollars that are hurting people and

of dollars that are hurting people and

of dollars that are hurting people and perhaps we need to redesign the way we

perhaps we need to redesign the way we

perhaps we need to redesign the way we spend this money but before I tell you

spend this money but before I tell you

spend this money but before I tell you what my argument is it’s really

what my argument is it’s really

what my argument is it’s really important for me to tell you what it’s

important for me to tell you what it’s

important for me to tell you what it’s not because you see there’s a little bit

not because you see there’s a little bit

not because you see there’s a little bit of a cottage industry of people arguing

of a cottage industry of people arguing

of a cottage industry of people arguing against Aid and the sorts of arguments

against Aid and the sorts of arguments

against Aid and the sorts of arguments they make is aid is ineffective because

they make is aid is ineffective because

they make is aid is ineffective because of waste and poor planning and they’re

of waste and poor planning and they’re

of waste and poor planning and they’re sort of right here’s an example so The

sort of right here’s an example so The

sort of right here’s an example so The Times newspaper here in the UK ran this

Times newspaper here in the UK ran this

Times newspaper here in the UK ran this story where they found out that this

story where they found out that this

story where they found out that this think-tank IIED charged D fed the UK aid

think-tank IIED charged D fed the UK aid

think-tank IIED charged D fed the UK aid agency twelve thousand seven hundred

agency twelve thousand seven hundred

agency twelve thousand seven hundred dollars for one blog post

dollars for one blog post

dollars for one blog post that’s waste if you want to talk about

that’s waste if you want to talk about

that’s waste if you want to talk about poor planning d fit again decided to

poor planning d fit again decided to

poor planning d fit again decided to build an airport in st. Helena and after

build an airport in st. Helena and after

build an airport in st. Helena and after having spent 350 million dollars

having spent 350 million dollars

having spent 350 million dollars building it realized that you can’t

building it realized that you can’t

building it realized that you can’t actually land aircraft there you see

actually land aircraft there you see

actually land aircraft there you see they forgot to check for wind shear

they forgot to check for wind shear

they forgot to check for wind shear which is a sudden change in the wind

which is a sudden change in the wind

which is a sudden change in the wind direction and speed that makes airports

direction and speed that makes airports

direction and speed that makes airports pretty much useless so there is waste

pretty much useless so there is waste

pretty much useless so there is waste there is poor planning but I think my

there is poor planning but I think my

there is poor planning but I think my argument actually goes further y-you see

argument actually goes further y-you see

argument actually goes further y-you see because these arguments just say aid is

because these arguments just say aid is

because these arguments just say aid is ineffective I’m gonna argue today that

ineffective I’m gonna argue today that

ineffective I’m gonna argue today that aid is counterproductive you’re not just

aid is counterproductive you’re not just

aid is counterproductive you’re not just wasting you’re actively hurting people

wasting you’re actively hurting people

wasting you’re actively hurting people that you want to help the other reason

that you want to help the other reason

that you want to help the other reason why my argument is different is the

why my argument is different is the

why my argument is different is the cause the cause here is waste and poor

cause the cause here is waste and poor

cause the cause here is waste and poor planning and to be honest I don’t quite

planning and to be honest I don’t quite

planning and to be honest I don’t quite buy it because if reason poor planning

buy it because if reason poor planning

buy it because if reason poor planning is all that’s wrong you need to cut the

is all that’s wrong you need to cut the

is all that’s wrong you need to cut the waste and plan better you don’t throw

waste and plan better you don’t throw

waste and plan better you don’t throw the baby out with the bathwater the

the baby out with the bathwater the

the baby out with the bathwater the argument I’m gonna make to you today is

argument I’m gonna make to you today is

argument I’m gonna make to you today is that aid does not work because of human

that aid does not work because of human

that aid does not work because of human nature the problem runs deeper so what

nature the problem runs deeper so what

nature the problem runs deeper so what do I mean by this see I’m gonna show you

do I mean by this see I’m gonna show you

do I mean by this see I’m gonna show you a lot of academic evidence experiments

a lot of academic evidence experiments

a lot of academic evidence experiments I’ve run in Nepal a lot of other studies

I’ve run in Nepal a lot of other studies

I’ve run in Nepal a lot of other studies that prove the point

that prove the point

that prove the point but at its essence the idea is really

but at its essence the idea is really

but at its essence the idea is really simple people care about what they pay

simple people care about what they pay

simple people care about what they pay for imagine going out for dinner the

for imagine going out for dinner the

for imagine going out for dinner the more expensive the restaurant the better

more expensive the restaurant the better

more expensive the restaurant the better the service you expect the better the

the service you expect the better the

the service you expect the better the food recalibrate things based on what we

food recalibrate things based on what we

food recalibrate things based on what we pay for foreign aid grants to

pay for foreign aid grants to

pay for foreign aid grants to governments are free and my simple

governments are free and my simple

governments are free and my simple contention to you is that people care

contention to you is that people care

contention to you is that people care less about governments that are funded

less about governments that are funded

less about governments that are funded by foreign money simply because it’s

by foreign money simply because it’s

by foreign money simply because it’s free the idea is what foreign aid and a

free the idea is what foreign aid and a

free the idea is what foreign aid and a lack of taxation structures around the

lack of taxation structures around the

lack of taxation structures around the world is doing is it switching off

world is doing is it switching off

world is doing is it switching off accountability demands people don’t care

accountability demands people don’t care

accountability demands people don’t care as much as they should my road to this

as much as they should my road to this

as much as they should my road to this realization started with trips to Nepal

realization started with trips to Nepal

realization started with trips to Nepal so I go back home to Nepal quite often

so I go back home to Nepal quite often

so I go back home to Nepal quite often and every time I’m in Nepal the most

and every time I’m in Nepal the most

and every time I’m in Nepal the most puzzling thing for me is why people

puzzling thing for me is why people

puzzling thing for me is why people aren’t more

aren’t more

aren’t more Stav no seriously pick up the paper and

Stav no seriously pick up the paper and

Stav no seriously pick up the paper and the number of corruption cases you read

the number of corruption cases you read

the number of corruption cases you read about is astonishing and then you talk

about is astonishing and then you talk

about is astonishing and then you talk to people and they seem to sort of be

to people and they seem to sort of be

to people and they seem to sort of be yeah this is what’s going on and you

yeah this is what’s going on and you

yeah this is what’s going on and you know so it really puzzles me just to

know so it really puzzles me just to

know so it really puzzles me just to give you an illustration this isn’t just

give you an illustration this isn’t just

give you an illustration this isn’t just a Nepal problem right this is across the

a Nepal problem right this is across the

a Nepal problem right this is across the developing world there’s a lot of

developing world there’s a lot of

developing world there’s a lot of corruption meet mr. Jacob Zuma he’s the

corruption meet mr. Jacob Zuma he’s the

corruption meet mr. Jacob Zuma he’s the president of South Africa you know he

president of South Africa you know he

president of South Africa you know he decided to spend 16 million u.s. dollars

decided to spend 16 million u.s. dollars

decided to spend 16 million u.s. dollars to do security updates to his house and

to do security updates to his house and

to do security updates to his house and then some people went to check out what

then some people went to check out what

then some people went to check out what these security updates were and they

these security updates were and they

these security updates were and they noticed a swanky new swimming pool so I

noticed a swanky new swimming pool so I

noticed a swanky new swimming pool so I imagine the conversation went something

imagine the conversation went something

imagine the conversation went something like

like

like mr. president there is a swimming pool

mr. president there is a swimming pool

mr. president there is a swimming pool and Mr Zuma with a straight face said to

and Mr Zuma with a straight face said to

and Mr Zuma with a straight face said to them it’s a fire protection device

I mean so on the face of corruption like

I mean so on the face of corruption like this how do you not get mad right

this how do you not get mad right

this how do you not get mad right this really puzzled me and the answer I

this really puzzled me and the answer I

this really puzzled me and the answer I kept getting back from people was it’s

kept getting back from people was it’s

kept getting back from people was it’s not my money I don’t pay taxes foreign

not my money I don’t pay taxes foreign

not my money I don’t pay taxes foreign aid is funding this why should I care

aid is funding this why should I care

aid is funding this why should I care this actually doesn’t make a whole lot

this actually doesn’t make a whole lot

this actually doesn’t make a whole lot of sense

of sense

of sense if you look around there a couple of

if you look around there a couple of

if you look around there a couple of people now in the audience who are very

people now in the audience who are very

people now in the audience who are very confused those are the economists

confused those are the economists

confused those are the economists right because in economics what they’re

right because in economics what they’re

right because in economics what they’re taught is that money is fungible money

taught is that money is fungible money

taught is that money is fungible money is just a store of value so if you take

is just a store of value so if you take

is just a store of value so if you take this brand-new dollar bill or if you

this brand-new dollar bill or if you

this brand-new dollar bill or if you take this crumpled old dollar bill and

take this crumpled old dollar bill and

take this crumpled old dollar bill and you walk into a dollar store you’re

you walk into a dollar store you’re

you walk into a dollar store you’re gonna get something equally useless you

gonna get something equally useless you

gonna get something equally useless you shouldn’t make a distinction right it’s

shouldn’t make a distinction right it’s

shouldn’t make a distinction right it’s the same thing

the same thing

the same thing so it turns out though before you

so it turns out though before you

so it turns out though before you economics teaches us we don’t think this

economics teaches us we don’t think this

economics teaches us we don’t think this way now it’s a little too close to the

way now it’s a little too close to the

way now it’s a little too close to the American elections for me to provide

American elections for me to provide

American elections for me to provide evidence of human irrationality but

evidence of human irrationality but

evidence of human irrationality but turns out what goes on is this we make

turns out what goes on is this we make

turns out what goes on is this we make accounts in our heads

accounts in our heads

accounts in our heads mental accounts and based on where money

mental accounts and based on where money

mental accounts and based on where money is coming from we put money into these

is coming from we put money into these

is coming from we put money into these different accounts and what studies have

different accounts and what studies have

different accounts and what studies have shown is that say you win a lottery

shown is that say you win a lottery

shown is that say you win a lottery you’re gonna put that money not into

you’re gonna put that money not into

you’re gonna put that money not into this big bracket called money but into a

this big bracket called money but into a

this big bracket called money but into a smaller bracket called lottery money and

smaller bracket called lottery money and

smaller bracket called lottery money and you’re gonna splurge you’re gonna spend

you’re gonna splurge you’re gonna spend

you’re gonna splurge you’re gonna spend that money in a way that’s very distinct

that money in a way that’s very distinct

that money in a way that’s very distinct from your hard-earned income why are we

from your hard-earned income why are we

from your hard-earned income why are we human so irrational turns out evolution

human so irrational turns out evolution

human so irrational turns out evolution is partly to blame so there’s this idea

is partly to blame so there’s this idea

is partly to blame so there’s this idea called loss aversion which means that we

called loss aversion which means that we

called loss aversion which means that we are designed to care more about losses

are designed to care more about losses

are designed to care more about losses than gains losses hurt us more than the

than gains losses hurt us more than the

than gains losses hurt us more than the pleasure from gains there is a super

pleasure from gains there is a super

pleasure from gains there is a super cool experiment run by two professors at

cool experiment run by two professors at

cool experiment run by two professors at the University of Toronto and Chicago

the University of Toronto and Chicago

the University of Toronto and Chicago that illustrates this so these

that illustrates this so these

that illustrates this so these professors they went to a factory in

professors they went to a factory in

professors they went to a factory in China and they said an electronics

China and they said an electronics

China and they said an electronics factory and they said we’re going to

factory and they said we’re going to

factory and they said we’re going to give you an 80 yuan bonus now they

give you an 80 yuan bonus now they

give you an 80 yuan bonus now they rolled out the bonuses in a different

rolled out the bonuses in a different

rolled out the bonuses in a different way to half the workers they said we’re

way to half the workers they said we’re

way to half the workers they said we’re gonna give you an 80 yuan bonus and if

gonna give you an 80 yuan bonus and if

gonna give you an 80 yuan bonus and if you don’t make us say 10 extra

you don’t make us say 10 extra

you don’t make us say 10 extra calculators we’re gonna take it back so

calculators we’re gonna take it back so

calculators we’re gonna take it back so the other half they said make us ten

the other half they said make us ten

the other half they said make us ten extra calculators and we

extra calculators and we

extra calculators and we give you this bonus same 80 yuan and yet

give you this bonus same 80 yuan and yet

give you this bonus same 80 yuan and yet what they found is that the group that

what they found is that the group that

what they found is that the group that we’re told you already have this money

we’re told you already have this money

we’re told you already have this money but we’re gonna take it back

but we’re gonna take it back

but we’re gonna take it back worked a lot harder they didn’t want to

worked a lot harder they didn’t want to

worked a lot harder they didn’t want to lose the other group was dealing with

lose the other group was dealing with

lose the other group was dealing with gains we make this distinction in our

gains we make this distinction in our

gains we make this distinction in our minds and this is where taxes and aid go

minds and this is where taxes and aid go

minds and this is where taxes and aid go their separate ways

their separate ways

their separate ways tax income for us represents loss it

tax income for us represents loss it

tax income for us represents loss it represents going to work every day it

represents going to work every day it

represents going to work every day it represents looking at your boss’s face

represents looking at your boss’s face

represents looking at your boss’s face every day right eight income is coming

every day right eight income is coming

every day right eight income is coming from abroad and it doesn’t represent

from abroad and it doesn’t represent

from abroad and it doesn’t represent those things and therefore people don’t

those things and therefore people don’t

those things and therefore people don’t care as much so alright so there was

care as much so alright so there was

care as much so alright so there was this theoretical framework all right

this theoretical framework all right

this theoretical framework all right this might be an idea I decided to go

this might be an idea I decided to go

this might be an idea I decided to go chat do some experiments in Nepal to

chat do some experiments in Nepal to

chat do some experiments in Nepal to check if this is true I ran six

check if this is true I ran six

check if this is true I ran six experiments fortunately for you I only

experiments fortunately for you I only

experiments fortunately for you I only have time to show you one of them but

have time to show you one of them but

have time to show you one of them but here’s what I did

here’s what I did

here’s what I did so I showed people this article that

so I showed people this article that

so I showed people this article that talks about corruption in Nepal a

talks about corruption in Nepal a

talks about corruption in Nepal a politician in Nepal has stolen money

politician in Nepal has stolen money

politician in Nepal has stolen money right now there’s only one difference in

right now there’s only one difference in

right now there’s only one difference in these articles so the article on the

these articles so the article on the

these articles so the article on the right talks about the money coming from

right talks about the money coming from

right talks about the money coming from foreign aid the article on the Left says

foreign aid the article on the Left says

foreign aid the article on the Left says the money came from taxes that is the

the money came from taxes that is the

the money came from taxes that is the only distinction the corruption case the

only distinction the corruption case the

only distinction the corruption case the amounts involved everything else is the

amounts involved everything else is the

amounts involved everything else is the same I then asked Nepal EES how angry

same I then asked Nepal EES how angry

same I then asked Nepal EES how angry are you about this corruption case do

are you about this corruption case do

are you about this corruption case do you want to punish this bloke and if you

you want to punish this bloke and if you

you want to punish this bloke and if you do how long do you want to send them to

do how long do you want to send them to

do how long do you want to send them to jail the results bear out the theory the

jail the results bear out the theory the

jail the results bear out the theory the blue here represents the people who read

blue here represents the people who read

blue here represents the people who read the tax story and what you find is they

the tax story and what you find is they

the tax story and what you find is they are a lot more pissed off they want this

are a lot more pissed off they want this

are a lot more pissed off they want this bloke punished and they want to send him

bloke punished and they want to send him

bloke punished and they want to send him to jail for a longer time across the

to jail for a longer time across the

to jail for a longer time across the board people felt the pain when it was

board people felt the pain when it was

board people felt the pain when it was tax money involved in a much bigger way

tax money involved in a much bigger way

tax money involved in a much bigger way than when foreign aid was involved now I

than when foreign aid was involved now I

than when foreign aid was involved now I also wanted to triangulate use other

also wanted to triangulate use other

also wanted to triangulate use other methods to see if this is what happens

methods to see if this is what happens

methods to see if this is what happens and so I had about 500 police

and so I had about 500 police

and so I had about 500 police respondents fill out these forms I said

respondents fill out these forms I said

respondents fill out these forms I said alright you’ve read these articles now

alright you’ve read these articles now

alright you’ve read these articles now tell me how you feel and then I ran

tell me how you feel and then I ran

tell me how you feel and then I ran content analysis on this and again what

content analysis on this and again what

content analysis on this and again what you find is that the people who read

you find is that the people who read

you find is that the people who read that tax story use adjectives more

that tax story use adjectives more

that tax story use adjectives more they’re just generally more pissed off

they’re just generally more pissed off

they’re just generally more pissed off right the third piece of evidence is

right the third piece of evidence is

right the third piece of evidence is cross-national analysis and this makes

cross-national analysis and this makes

cross-national analysis and this makes it really interesting because this takes

it really interesting because this takes

it really interesting because this takes us out of the developing world context

us out of the developing world context

us out of the developing world context and into the develop role context so one

and into the develop role context so one

and into the develop role context so one of the things I wanted to check was in

of the things I wanted to check was in

of the things I wanted to check was in the United States there are some states

the United States there are some states

the United States there are some states like New Hampshire where I lived that

like New Hampshire where I lived that

like New Hampshire where I lived that don’t have income tax right now Montana

don’t have income tax right now Montana

don’t have income tax right now Montana has income tax

has income tax

has income tax I wanted to see do Montanans and New

I wanted to see do Montanans and New

I wanted to see do Montanans and New Hampshire people demand different levels

Hampshire people demand different levels

Hampshire people demand different levels of accountability from their government

of accountability from their government

of accountability from their government simply because they’re paying taxes or

simply because they’re paying taxes or

simply because they’re paying taxes or not or are they aware of more taxes or

not or are they aware of more taxes or

not or are they aware of more taxes or not what I find is that they do right

not what I find is that they do right

not what I find is that they do right and so the finding here is that taxes

and so the finding here is that taxes

and so the finding here is that taxes make you demand accountability and when

make you demand accountability and when

make you demand accountability and when you get free money it switches off

you get free money it switches off

you get free money it switches off accountability demands and fortunately

accountability demands and fortunately

accountability demands and fortunately for you don’t have to take my word for

for you don’t have to take my word for

for you don’t have to take my word for it there are other scholars who found

it there are other scholars who found

it there are other scholars who found the same thing when it comes to oil

the same thing when it comes to oil

the same thing when it comes to oil income and they’ve also done

income and they’ve also done

income and they’ve also done ethnographic studies there is now an

ethnographic studies there is now an

ethnographic studies there is now an increasing literature that foreign aid

increasing literature that foreign aid

increasing literature that foreign aid might have a negative impact on

might have a negative impact on

might have a negative impact on accountability demands alright so what’s

accountability demands alright so what’s

accountability demands alright so what’s next

next

next am I here to tell you to go home and

am I here to tell you to go home and

am I here to tell you to go home and write to your MPs saying copy aid

write to your MPs saying copy aid

write to your MPs saying copy aid absolutely not that would be disastrous

absolutely not that would be disastrous

absolutely not that would be disastrous if you look at the stories coming to us

if you look at the stories coming to us

if you look at the stories coming to us today from Syria from across the world

today from Syria from across the world

today from Syria from across the world the UNHCR needs more money not less

the UNHCR needs more money not less

the UNHCR needs more money not less there are emergency interventions that

there are emergency interventions that

there are emergency interventions that we need to fund a lot more my findings

we need to fund a lot more my findings

we need to fund a lot more my findings are only related to development aid and

are only related to development aid and

are only related to development aid and even their what I’m suggesting is not

even their what I’m suggesting is not

even their what I’m suggesting is not cutting the funding it’s redesigning the

cutting the funding it’s redesigning the

cutting the funding it’s redesigning the funding we need to work with human

funding we need to work with human

funding we need to work with human nature realize how human incentives work

nature realize how human incentives work

nature realize how human incentives work and build our aid programs around that

and build our aid programs around that

and build our aid programs around that rather than working against it so what’s

rather than working against it so what’s

rather than working against it so what’s the answer this is gonna make me really

the answer this is gonna make me really

the answer this is gonna make me really popular here taxes in fact more taxes

popular here taxes in fact more taxes

popular here taxes in fact more taxes right so I mean two things by this one a

right so I mean two things by this one a

right so I mean two things by this one a lot of developing countries have a

lot of developing countries have a

lot of developing countries have a really small tax base tax penetration is

really small tax base tax penetration is

really small tax base tax penetration is really low if you can help these

really low if you can help these

really low if you can help these countries expand their tax base such

countries expand their tax base such

countries expand their tax base such that more citizens are paying taxes

that more citizens are paying taxes

that more citizens are paying taxes these citizens are going to start

these citizens are going to start

these citizens are going to start demanding more from their government the

demanding more from their government the

demanding more from their government the second thing though is a lot of these

second thing though is a lot of these

second thing though is a lot of these citizens are incredibly poor people

citizens are incredibly poor people

citizens are incredibly poor people living on less than

living on less than

living on less than two dollars a day so am I suggesting you

two dollars a day so am I suggesting you

two dollars a day so am I suggesting you go tax them more no of course not but

go tax them more no of course not but

go tax them more no of course not but poor people pay a lot of taxes if you

poor people pay a lot of taxes if you

poor people pay a lot of taxes if you look at indirect taxes sales taxes and

look at indirect taxes sales taxes and

look at indirect taxes sales taxes and the percentage of their income that

the percentage of their income that

the percentage of their income that spent on these commodities where people

spent on these commodities where people

spent on these commodities where people pay a lot of taxes and so the second

pay a lot of taxes and so the second

pay a lot of taxes and so the second approach is to just make people realize

approach is to just make people realize

approach is to just make people realize how much taxes they already pay what

how much taxes they already pay what

how much taxes they already pay what difference do I think this is gonna make

difference do I think this is gonna make

difference do I think this is gonna make well it’s gonna engineer entitlement

well it’s gonna engineer entitlement

well it’s gonna engineer entitlement when that person then goes to the

when that person then goes to the

when that person then goes to the hospital in Nepal and is asked for a

hospital in Nepal and is asked for a

hospital in Nepal and is asked for a bribe he or she can say no I won’t pay

bribe he or she can say no I won’t pay

bribe he or she can say no I won’t pay this because guess what your salary

this because guess what your salary

this because guess what your salary comes from my taxes this idea of

comes from my taxes this idea of

comes from my taxes this idea of accountability of engineering

accountability of engineering

accountability of engineering entitlement is what I think will lead to

entitlement is what I think will lead to

entitlement is what I think will lead to sustainable development so again the

sustainable development so again the

sustainable development so again the takeaway from my talk for you is this

takeaway from my talk for you is this

takeaway from my talk for you is this foreign aid and a lack of tax structures

foreign aid and a lack of tax structures

foreign aid and a lack of tax structures has made people switch off

has made people switch off

has made people switch off accountability demands and it’s hurting

accountability demands and it’s hurting

accountability demands and it’s hurting development by redesigning aid in a way

development by redesigning aid in a way

development by redesigning aid in a way that helps expand these tax structures

that helps expand these tax structures

that helps expand these tax structures by making people demand accountability

by making people demand accountability

by making people demand accountability from their governments we can spark an

from their governments we can spark an

from their governments we can spark an accountability revolution that will lead

accountability revolution that will lead

accountability revolution that will lead to real development thank you