it’s a real pleasure to be here and thanks so much for your presence and
thanks so much for your presence and
thanks so much for your presence and your attention in recent years we’ve
your attention in recent years we’ve
your attention in recent years we’ve moved so much of our lives from usual
moved so much of our lives from usual
moved so much of our lives from usual physical space up to cyberspace we’ve
physical space up to cyberspace we’ve
physical space up to cyberspace we’ve done so because it’s brought about so
done so because it’s brought about so
done so because it’s brought about so many convenient and helpful
many convenient and helpful
many convenient and helpful opportunities we’ve embraced this for so
opportunities we’ve embraced this for so
opportunities we’ve embraced this for so many reasons it’s allowed us to do
many reasons it’s allowed us to do
many reasons it’s allowed us to do things that previously weren’t even
things that previously weren’t even
things that previously weren’t even imaginable and in the coming years we’re
imaginable and in the coming years we’re
imaginable and in the coming years we’re going to embrace cyberspace even more in
going to embrace cyberspace even more in
going to embrace cyberspace even more in ways we surely can’t even imagine today
ways we surely can’t even imagine today
ways we surely can’t even imagine today this means however that cyber security
this means however that cyber security
this means however that cyber security will pose an increasing threat to our
will pose an increasing threat to our
will pose an increasing threat to our safety and security and while there’s
safety and security and while there’s
safety and security and while there’s great enthusiasm to seize these new
great enthusiasm to seize these new
great enthusiasm to seize these new opportunities the new business
opportunities the new business
opportunities the new business opportunities and so on there isn’t it
opportunities and so on there isn’t it
opportunities and so on there isn’t it isn’t as much fun or an exciting
isn’t as much fun or an exciting
isn’t as much fun or an exciting business opportunity to make things safe
business opportunity to make things safe
business opportunity to make things safe and because of this imbalance it means
and because of this imbalance it means
and because of this imbalance it means our cyber systems will not be as safe as
our cyber systems will not be as safe as
our cyber systems will not be as safe as they could or should be the threats to
they could or should be the threats to
they could or should be the threats to cyber security we don’t even understand
cyber security we don’t even understand
cyber security we don’t even understand them today let alone the ones that are
them today let alone the ones that are
them today let alone the ones that are coming and when you’re facing such fast
coming and when you’re facing such fast
coming and when you’re facing such fast moving and changing threat landscape
moving and changing threat landscape
moving and changing threat landscape what you need is sort of the analogy of
what you need is sort of the analogy of
what you need is sort of the analogy of a strong immune system we need a cyber
a strong immune system we need a cyber
a strong immune system we need a cyber immune system that’s able to quickly
immune system that’s able to quickly
immune system that’s able to quickly recognize and adapt and mitigate the new
recognize and adapt and mitigate the new
recognize and adapt and mitigate the new and evolving threats but we don’t have
and evolving threats but we don’t have
and evolving threats but we don’t have anything close to that right now what is
anything close to that right now what is
anything close to that right now what is surely for me the most unexpected threat
surely for me the most unexpected threat
surely for me the most unexpected threat to cyber security when I would never
to cyber security when I would never
to cyber security when I would never have anticipated was the emergence of a
have anticipated was the emergence of a
have anticipated was the emergence of a new paradigm for physics over a century
new paradigm for physics over a century
new paradigm for physics over a century ago so it’s helpful to explain the
ago so it’s helpful to explain the
ago so it’s helpful to explain the difference between a new paradigm for
difference between a new paradigm for
difference between a new paradigm for physics versus a new theory invented
physics versus a new theory invented
physics versus a new theory invented within a paradigm for physics new
within a paradigm for physics new
within a paradigm for physics new paradigm is like the Flat Earth model
paradigm is like the Flat Earth model
paradigm is like the Flat Earth model for the world it’s a mathematical model
for the world it’s a mathematical model
for the world it’s a mathematical model and then we we explore
and then we we explore
and then we we explore the earth we discover new lands and
the earth we discover new lands and
the earth we discover new lands and oceans and so on we measure things and
oceans and so on we measure things and
oceans and so on we measure things and we we take pictures of them and we draw
we we take pictures of them and we draw
we we take pictures of them and we draw them in this to this two-dimensional
them in this to this two-dimensional
them in this to this two-dimensional Flat Earth model that we have and it
Flat Earth model that we have and it
Flat Earth model that we have and it works fine for a while but as you know
works fine for a while but as you know
works fine for a while but as you know as we start to discover more and more
as we start to discover more and more
as we start to discover more and more things start to break down we get
things start to break down we get
things start to break down we get paradoxes how could we have sailed west
paradoxes how could we have sailed west
paradoxes how could we have sailed west and ended up in the east and you can try
and ended up in the east and you can try
and ended up in the east and you can try really hard to come up with some pretty
really hard to come up with some pretty
really hard to come up with some pretty harebrained contorted explanations to
harebrained contorted explanations to
harebrained contorted explanations to make sense of what you’re seeing but
make sense of what you’re seeing but
make sense of what you’re seeing but ultimately what you need is not more
ultimately what you need is not more
ultimately what you need is not more precise measurements and more
precise measurements and more
precise measurements and more discovering of hard facts but you need a
discovering of hard facts but you need a
discovering of hard facts but you need a new mathematical paradigm when you take
new mathematical paradigm when you take
new mathematical paradigm when you take the knowledge you have and embedded in a
the knowledge you have and embedded in a
the knowledge you have and embedded in a spherical model for the world the
spherical model for the world the
spherical model for the world the paradoxes vanish you have a much deeper
paradoxes vanish you have a much deeper
paradoxes vanish you have a much deeper or accurate understanding of what’s
or accurate understanding of what’s
or accurate understanding of what’s going on around you and this new
going on around you and this new
going on around you and this new understanding of the world also opened
understanding of the world also opened
understanding of the world also opened up many new opportunities for Humanity
up many new opportunities for Humanity
up many new opportunities for Humanity once we learn the earth was spherical so
once we learn the earth was spherical so
once we learn the earth was spherical so quantum theory a century ago there were
quantum theory a century ago there were
quantum theory a century ago there were a number of puzzles paradoxes things we
a number of puzzles paradoxes things we
a number of puzzles paradoxes things we didn’t understand why is matter stable
didn’t understand why is matter stable
didn’t understand why is matter stable because the calculations calculations
because the calculations calculations
because the calculations calculations showed that Adam should only exist for a
showed that Adam should only exist for a
showed that Adam should only exist for a tiny fraction of a second well that’s
tiny fraction of a second well that’s
tiny fraction of a second well that’s not the case why is a Tomic specter
not the case why is a Tomic specter
not the case why is a Tomic specter discreet why doesn’t the ultraviolet
discreet why doesn’t the ultraviolet
discreet why doesn’t the ultraviolet catastrophe occur and so on and you know
catastrophe occur and so on and you know
catastrophe occur and so on and you know the problem was that people thought well
the problem was that people thought well
the problem was that people thought well we just need to try a little harder and
we just need to try a little harder and
we just need to try a little harder and we’ll resolve those problems it turned
we’ll resolve those problems it turned
we’ll resolve those problems it turned out what we needed was a new paradigm
out what we needed was a new paradigm
out what we needed was a new paradigm for physics a new mathematical language
for physics a new mathematical language
for physics a new mathematical language for physics the language we had at the
for physics the language we had at the
for physics the language we had at the time allowed us to talk about an
time allowed us to talk about an
time allowed us to talk about an electron being here or there or there or
electron being here or there or there or
electron being here or there or there or there but that language wasn’t powerful
there but that language wasn’t powerful
there but that language wasn’t powerful enough to resolve these paradoxes what
enough to resolve these paradoxes what
enough to resolve these paradoxes what we needed was a language that allowed an
we needed was a language that allowed an
we needed was a language that allowed an electron to be here and there at the
electron to be here and there at the
electron to be here and there at the same time so what does that mean so
same time so what does that mean so
same time so what does that mean so understanding what that means is beyond
understanding what that means is beyond
understanding what that means is beyond the scope of this lecture it’s actually
the scope of this lecture it’s actually
the scope of this lecture it’s actually beyond the scope of any lecture I’ve
beyond the scope of any lecture I’ve
beyond the scope of any lecture I’ve ever given okay famous American
ever given okay famous American
ever given okay famous American physicist and Nobel laureate Richard
physicist and Nobel laureate Richard
physicist and Nobel laureate Richard Feynman said it’s a mystery we don’t
Feynman said it’s a mystery we don’t
Feynman said it’s a mystery we don’t understand it but we can tell you how it
understand it but we can tell you how it
understand it but we can tell you how it works
works
works so this new mathematical paradigm allows
so this new mathematical paradigm allows
so this new mathematical paradigm allows electron or any other particle to be in
electron or any other particle to be in
electron or any other particle to be in many different configurations at the
many different configurations at the
many different configurations at the same time whatever that means so what
same time whatever that means so what
same time whatever that means so what does this have to do with cybersecurity
does this have to do with cybersecurity
does this have to do with cybersecurity and computation so a computer is a
and computation so a computer is a
and computation so a computer is a device that stores information in a
device that stores information in a
device that stores information in a physical system usually a two-state
physical system usually a two-state
physical system usually a two-state system that we call a bit something that
system that we call a bit something that
system that we call a bit something that can store 0 or a 1 once it’s two
can store 0 or a 1 once it’s two
can store 0 or a 1 once it’s two distinguishable States we label one
distinguishable States we label one
distinguishable States we label one state 0 the other state won the old days
state 0 the other state won the old days
state 0 the other state won the old days this could have been a mechanical switch
this could have been a mechanical switch
this could have been a mechanical switch up or down and in recent decades
up or down and in recent decades
up or down and in recent decades transistors that can be on or off so we
transistors that can be on or off so we
transistors that can be on or off so we have physical systems like this you know
have physical systems like this you know
have physical systems like this you know one of these ions here could be a bit in
one of these ions here could be a bit in
one of these ions here could be a bit in two distinguishable States can store 0
two distinguishable States can store 0
two distinguishable States can store 0 this one could store 1001 for example
this one could store 1001 for example
this one could store 1001 for example but this bit if we take advantage of the
but this bit if we take advantage of the
but this bit if we take advantage of the quantum paradigm of the quantum
quantum paradigm of the quantum
quantum paradigm of the quantum properties of this system can actually
properties of this system can actually
properties of this system can actually be 0 and 1 at the same time with
be 0 and 1 at the same time with
be 0 and 1 at the same time with different quantum probabilities of being
different quantum probabilities of being
different quantum probabilities of being in 0 and 1 and these five bits these
in 0 and 1 and these five bits these
in 0 and 1 and these five bits these five quantum bits can be in 32 different
five quantum bits can be in 32 different
five quantum bits can be in 32 different states at the same time all 0 0 0 0 1
states at the same time all 0 0 0 0 1
states at the same time all 0 0 0 0 1 and so on all at the same time whatever
and so on all at the same time whatever
and so on all at the same time whatever that means but in some meaningful way it
that means but in some meaningful way it
that means but in some meaningful way it really is these 10 bits can be in a
really is these 10 bits can be in a
really is these 10 bits can be in a thousand 24 states at the same time
thousand 24 states at the same time
thousand 24 states at the same time these 20 bits can be in over a million
these 20 bits can be in over a million
these 20 bits can be in over a million configurations at the same time and
configurations at the same time and
configurations at the same time and thousands and millions and billions of
thousands and millions and billions of
thousands and millions and billions of such quantum bits can be an
such quantum bits can be an
such quantum bits can be an astronomically many configurations all
astronomically many configurations all
astronomically many configurations all at the same time it’s mind-boggling this
at the same time it’s mind-boggling this
at the same time it’s mind-boggling this opens up the possibility that such a
opens up the possibility that such a
opens up the possibility that such a device could perhaps solve some problems
device could perhaps solve some problems
device could perhaps solve some problems astronomically faster than we thought it
astronomically faster than we thought it
astronomically faster than we thought it could in the classical paradigm for
could in the classical paradigm for
could in the classical paradigm for physics here’s an example of a quantum
physics here’s an example of a quantum
physics here’s an example of a quantum bit this is just a little loop of
bit this is just a little loop of
bit this is just a little loop of superconducting material you can have
superconducting material you can have
superconducting material you can have thousands of electrons going this way
thousands of electrons going this way
thousands of electrons going this way that’s a zero thousands of electrons
that’s a zero thousands of electrons
that’s a zero thousands of electrons going that way that’s a one
going that way that’s a one
going that way that’s a one and scientists have figured out how to
and scientists have figured out how to
and scientists have figured out how to get these electrons to be going this way
get these electrons to be going this way
get these electrons to be going this way or that way at the same time there’s
or that way at the same time there’s
or that way at the same time there’s four of these quantum bits here and
four of these quantum bits here and
four of these quantum bits here and these Wiggly lines are ways that they
these Wiggly lines are ways that they
these Wiggly lines are ways that they can interact and you can form
can interact and you can form
can interact and you can form computational logic and this is an ion
computational logic and this is an ion
computational logic and this is an ion trap it’s again a mechanism for trapping
trap it’s again a mechanism for trapping
trap it’s again a mechanism for trapping ions in a two-dimensional surface
ions in a two-dimensional surface
ions in a two-dimensional surface essentially an instantiation of this
essentially an instantiation of this
essentially an instantiation of this kind of vision ok so the quantum
kind of vision ok so the quantum
kind of vision ok so the quantum paradigm for physics leads to a new
paradigm for physics leads to a new
paradigm for physics leads to a new paradigm for computation the thing with
paradigm for computation the thing with
paradigm for computation the thing with new paradigms is they’re very exciting
new paradigms is they’re very exciting
new paradigms is they’re very exciting and wonderful in hindsight but at the
and wonderful in hindsight but at the
and wonderful in hindsight but at the time we don’t really embrace them with
time we don’t really embrace them with
time we don’t really embrace them with such enthusiasm typically it’s just
such enthusiasm typically it’s just
such enthusiasm typically it’s just human nature that when something is
human nature that when something is
human nature that when something is pushing us out of our comfort zone we
pushing us out of our comfort zone we
pushing us out of our comfort zone we tend to look for all sorts of reasons
tend to look for all sorts of reasons
tend to look for all sorts of reasons and explanations to ignore the
and explanations to ignore the
and explanations to ignore the inconvenient truths we seem to be sort
inconvenient truths we seem to be sort
inconvenient truths we seem to be sort of hardwired for policy-driven evidence
of hardwired for policy-driven evidence
of hardwired for policy-driven evidence so to speak so this new paradigm offers
so to speak so this new paradigm offers
so to speak so this new paradigm offers us many wonderful opportunities if we
us many wonderful opportunities if we
us many wonderful opportunities if we can build these quantum computers for
can build these quantum computers for
can build these quantum computers for example there are certain problems that
example there are certain problems that
example there are certain problems that we can solve astronomically faster so if
we can solve astronomically faster so if
we can solve astronomically faster so if we want to simulate quantum materials
we want to simulate quantum materials
we want to simulate quantum materials design new quantum materials materials
design new quantum materials materials
design new quantum materials materials that we can do it much faster with a
that we can do it much faster with a
that we can do it much faster with a quantum computer so we can design for
quantum computer so we can design for
quantum computer so we can design for example there’s the opportunity to
example there’s the opportunity to
example there’s the opportunity to design new materials for much better
design new materials for much better
design new materials for much better energy capture and energy transport or
energy capture and energy transport or
energy capture and energy transport or the better design of new drugs or design
the better design of new drugs or design
the better design of new drugs or design of new fertilizers and so on we can also
of new fertilizers and so on we can also
of new fertilizers and so on we can also optimize the allocation the use of very
optimize the allocation the use of very
optimize the allocation the use of very precious resource is much better than we
precious resource is much better than we
precious resource is much better than we ever thought was possible such as again
ever thought was possible such as again
ever thought was possible such as again energy or algorithm algorithms for
energy or algorithm algorithms for
energy or algorithm algorithms for scheduling and so on related quantum
scheduling and so on related quantum
scheduling and so on related quantum technologies allow for ultra sensitive
technologies allow for ultra sensitive
technologies allow for ultra sensitive and much less invasive measurements and
and much less invasive measurements and
and much less invasive measurements and imaging and medical imaging for example
these are just a few examples that we
these are just a few examples that we know of the truth of the matter is just
know of the truth of the matter is just
know of the truth of the matter is just as the beginning of wireless
as the beginning of wireless
as the beginning of wireless communication or of computation or of
communication or of computation or of
communication or of computation or of the Internet in the early days of these
the Internet in the early days of these
the Internet in the early days of these fundamental new discoveries we really
fundamental new discoveries we really
fundamental new discoveries we really had almost no clue what the impact would
had almost no clue what the impact would
had almost no clue what the impact would be on our lives completely incapable of
be on our lives completely incapable of
be on our lives completely incapable of predicting and I believe that we really
predicting and I believe that we really
predicting and I believe that we really have only scratched the surface of what
have only scratched the surface of what
have only scratched the surface of what these new quantum technologies are going
these new quantum technologies are going
these new quantum technologies are going to offer humanity and I very much look
to offer humanity and I very much look
to offer humanity and I very much look forward to seeing what the new
forward to seeing what the new
forward to seeing what the new generation discovers and brings to the
generation discovers and brings to the
generation discovers and brings to the world there is one catch however tiny
world there is one catch however tiny
world there is one catch however tiny little detail we do need to think about
little detail we do need to think about
little detail we do need to think about cyber security today now I’ll connect
cyber security today now I’ll connect
cyber security today now I’ll connect what computation has to do a cyber
what computation has to do a cyber
what computation has to do a cyber security is based on a couple things
security is based on a couple things
security is based on a couple things many things but one of them is that
many things but one of them is that
many things but one of them is that certain problems are easy to do it’s
certain problems are easy to do it’s
certain problems are easy to do it’s easy to multiply two numbers and that’s
easy to multiply two numbers and that’s
easy to multiply two numbers and that’s good because it means we can encrypt and
good because it means we can encrypt and
good because it means we can encrypt and decrypt our emails for example very
decrypt our emails for example very
decrypt our emails for example very quickly without even noticing it that’s
quickly without even noticing it that’s
quickly without even noticing it that’s good it also means that certain it also
good it also means that certain it also
good it also means that certain it also appears as certain problems are hard by
appears as certain problems are hard by
appears as certain problems are hard by give you a large number and I say well
give you a large number and I say well
give you a large number and I say well what are its prime factors for a large
what are its prime factors for a large
what are its prime factors for a large enough number we just it just takes
enough number we just it just takes
enough number we just it just takes forever to do that that’s good because
forever to do that that’s good because
forever to do that that’s good because this is a problem if a hacker could do
this is a problem if a hacker could do
this is a problem if a hacker could do that they could break the codes based on
that they could break the codes based on
that they could break the codes based on this problem so the fact that certain
this problem so the fact that certain
this problem so the fact that certain computational problems are hard give us
computational problems are hard give us
computational problems are hard give us a way to protect ourselves in a digital
a way to protect ourselves in a digital
a way to protect ourselves in a digital world and the catch is that a colleague
world and the catch is that a colleague
world and the catch is that a colleague discovered that peter shor discovered
discovered that peter shor discovered
discovered that peter shor discovered that if you could build a quantum
that if you could build a quantum
that if you could build a quantum computer factoring actually becomes easy
computer factoring actually becomes easy
computer factoring actually becomes easy fortunately he discovered it 20 years
fortunately he discovered it 20 years
fortunately he discovered it 20 years ago more than 20 years ago before
ago more than 20 years ago before
ago more than 20 years ago before quantum computers for reality and
quantum computers for reality and
quantum computers for reality and there’s the large-scale quantum computer
there’s the large-scale quantum computer
there’s the large-scale quantum computer still aren’t reality so if we can build
still aren’t reality so if we can build
still aren’t reality so if we can build when we harness fully harness to cut the
when we harness fully harness to cut the
when we harness fully harness to cut the power of quantum mechanics for
power of quantum mechanics for
power of quantum mechanics for computation we’re going to break some of
computation we’re going to break some of
computation we’re going to break some of the most fundamental pillars of our
the most fundamental pillars of our
the most fundamental pillars of our cyber security infrastructure that’s a
cyber security infrastructure that’s a
cyber security infrastructure that’s a problem
but that’s a very unpleasant thing to
but that’s a very unpleasant thing to have happened okay and it takes that the
have happened okay and it takes that the
have happened okay and it takes that the fact of the matter is it takes many
fact of the matter is it takes many
fact of the matter is it takes many years to fix these problems and i
years to fix these problems and i
years to fix these problems and i believe so one approach is to say well
believe so one approach is to say well
believe so one approach is to say well these quantum computers they’re never
these quantum computers they’re never
these quantum computers they’re never going to happen in our lifetimes so we
going to happen in our lifetimes so we
going to happen in our lifetimes so we can just ignore this but and that’s what
can just ignore this but and that’s what
can just ignore this but and that’s what i thought initially but that my
i thought initially but that my
i thought initially but that my supervisor encouraged me to study this
supervisor encouraged me to study this
supervisor encouraged me to study this problem a little more and then I
problem a little more and then I
problem a little more and then I realized I was wrong and that I became
realized I was wrong and that I became
realized I was wrong and that I became very confident that we would see
very confident that we would see
very confident that we would see large-scale quantum computers while I
large-scale quantum computers while I
large-scale quantum computers while I was still in the middle of my career and
was still in the middle of my career and
was still in the middle of my career and currently right now based on progress
currently right now based on progress
currently right now based on progress I’ve seen in technology I believe
I’ve seen in technology I believe
I’ve seen in technology I believe there’s about a 50 percent chance that
there’s about a 50 percent chance that
there’s about a 50 percent chance that these computers will be real that will
these computers will be real that will
these computers will be real that will be able to break these codes by in about
be able to break these codes by in about
be able to break these codes by in about 15 years you might think okay we have 15
15 years you might think okay we have 15
15 years you might think okay we have 15 years to worry about it not know because
years to worry about it not know because
years to worry about it not know because it takes about 15 years to fix the
it takes about 15 years to fix the
it takes about 15 years to fix the problem these are not easy problems to
problem these are not easy problems to
problem these are not easy problems to face these are long and complicated
face these are long and complicated
face these are long and complicated tasks and the price of procrastination
tasks and the price of procrastination
tasks and the price of procrastination isn’t just more frequent cyber punch to
isn’t just more frequent cyber punch to
isn’t just more frequent cyber punch to the face we’re talking about critical
the face we’re talking about critical
the face we’re talking about critical cyber systems collapsing the internet
cyber systems collapsing the internet
cyber systems collapsing the internet financial payment systems and so on true
financial payment systems and so on true
financial payment systems and so on true global catastrophes if we do nothing so
global catastrophes if we do nothing so
global catastrophes if we do nothing so there are solutions that we know what
there are solutions that we know what
there are solutions that we know what the solutions are at least at a high
the solutions are at least at a high
the solutions are at least at a high level the first and most obvious thing
level the first and most obvious thing
level the first and most obvious thing to do is find new mathematical codes
to do is find new mathematical codes
to do is find new mathematical codes that we don’t think can be broken by a
that we don’t think can be broken by a
that we don’t think can be broken by a quantum computer there’s always a chance
quantum computer there’s always a chance
quantum computer there’s always a chance they will be there’s still at risk but
they will be there’s still at risk but
they will be there’s still at risk but essentially we can recreate the status
essentially we can recreate the status
essentially we can recreate the status quo and have sort of good enough
quo and have sort of good enough
quo and have sort of good enough security tools cryptographic tools that
security tools cryptographic tools that
security tools cryptographic tools that will protect us again with high
will protect us again with high
will protect us again with high probability against the most likely
probability against the most likely
probability against the most likely attacks so we can sort of recreate the
attacks so we can sort of recreate the
attacks so we can sort of recreate the status quo but maybe this cyber threat
status quo but maybe this cyber threat
status quo but maybe this cyber threat was a blessing in disguise because not
was a blessing in disguise because not
was a blessing in disguise because not only does it allow us to remember all
only does it allow us to remember all
only does it allow us to remember all this work to recreate the status quo but
this work to recreate the status quo but
this work to recreate the status quo but it also gives us something extra quantum
it also gives us something extra quantum
it also gives us something extra quantum cryptography another feature the quantum
cryptography another feature the quantum
cryptography another feature the quantum paradigm that didn’t
paradigm that didn’t
paradigm that didn’t exists in the classical paradigm is that
exists in the classical paradigm is that
exists in the classical paradigm is that to extract a little bit of information
to extract a little bit of information
to extract a little bit of information you must disturb a little bit and the
you must disturb a little bit and the
you must disturb a little bit and the amount of disturbance is proportional to
amount of disturbance is proportional to
amount of disturbance is proportional to how much you extract so if you extract a
how much you extract so if you extract a
how much you extract so if you extract a little bit more information you must
little bit more information you must
little bit more information you must disturb proportionately more and this is
disturb proportionately more and this is
disturb proportionately more and this is a requirement it’s not like if you’re a
a requirement it’s not like if you’re a
a requirement it’s not like if you’re a little more clever or a little more
little more clever or a little more
little more clever or a little more careful no this is just fundamental by
careful no this is just fundamental by
careful no this is just fundamental by the laws of physics so we have this
the laws of physics so we have this
the laws of physics so we have this intrinsic eavesdropper defect ability
intrinsic eavesdropper defect ability
intrinsic eavesdropper defect ability thanks to the quantum paradigm this
thanks to the quantum paradigm this
thanks to the quantum paradigm this allows us to create a new generation of
allows us to create a new generation of
allows us to create a new generation of cryptographic tools that are
cryptographic tools that are
cryptographic tools that are cryptographically unbreakable and these
cryptographically unbreakable and these
cryptographically unbreakable and these are a wonderful compliment to these
are a wonderful compliment to these
are a wonderful compliment to these other conventional tools that provide a
other conventional tools that provide a
other conventional tools that provide a maybe a more practical more efficient
maybe a more practical more efficient
maybe a more practical more efficient good enough security and together we can
good enough security and together we can
good enough security and together we can have a much stronger cryptographic
have a much stronger cryptographic
have a much stronger cryptographic infrastructure than we ever thought was
infrastructure than we ever thought was
infrastructure than we ever thought was imaginable and be much safer in a cyber
imaginable and be much safer in a cyber
imaginable and be much safer in a cyber world the question is are we going to
world the question is are we going to
world the question is are we going to deploy this new suite of tools in time
while there are many very difficult
while there are many very difficult science and technology challenges to
science and technology challenges to
science and technology challenges to solving these problems I don’t want to
solving these problems I don’t want to
solving these problems I don’t want to underestimate them for example we have
underestimate them for example we have
underestimate them for example we have quantum cryptography solutions on the
quantum cryptography solutions on the
quantum cryptography solutions on the order of a few hundred kilometers but
order of a few hundred kilometers but
order of a few hundred kilometers but there’s a long way to go before it’s a
there’s a long way to go before it’s a
there’s a long way to go before it’s a globally deployable solution there’s a
globally deployable solution there’s a
globally deployable solution there’s a lot of work to be done even to deploy
lot of work to be done even to deploy
lot of work to be done even to deploy the conventional cryptographic
the conventional cryptographic
the conventional cryptographic alternatives it’s a lot of work to be
alternatives it’s a lot of work to be
alternatives it’s a lot of work to be done but I have brilliant colleagues all
done but I have brilliant colleagues all
done but I have brilliant colleagues all around the world scientists and
around the world scientists and
around the world scientists and engineers who are ready and keen to
engineers who are ready and keen to
engineers who are ready and keen to tackle those problems that I have no
tackle those problems that I have no
tackle those problems that I have no doubt they will and I naively used to
doubt they will and I naively used to
doubt they will and I naively used to think once we communicate this problem
think once we communicate this problem
think once we communicate this problem and the solutions the rest will be
and the solutions the rest will be
and the solutions the rest will be details and then I very quickly realize
details and then I very quickly realize
details and then I very quickly realize that those details are the hardest part
that those details are the hardest part
that those details are the hardest part of the problem the hardest part of the
of the problem the hardest part of the
of the problem the hardest part of the problem appears to be getting the
problem appears to be getting the
problem appears to be getting the political decisions the policy decisions
political decisions the policy decisions
political decisions the policy decisions the business decisions and most
the business decisions and most
the business decisions and most importantly the personal decisions
importantly the personal decisions
importantly the personal decisions needed to drive the necessary changes to
needed to drive the necessary changes to
needed to drive the necessary changes to make the world more cyber safe that
make the world more cyber safe that
make the world more cyber safe that appears to be hardest part so like food
appears to be hardest part so like food
appears to be hardest part so like food safety car safety and so on these are
safety car safety and so on these are
safety car safety and so on these are not driven
not driven
not driven by market forces alone and neither will
by market forces alone and neither will
by market forces alone and neither will cyber safety experts have told me you
cyber safety experts have told me you
cyber safety experts have told me you know until we have the cyber equivalent
know until we have the cyber equivalent
know until we have the cyber equivalent of Pearl Harbor where many lives are
of Pearl Harbor where many lives are
of Pearl Harbor where many lives are lost in a very visceral way we’re not
lost in a very visceral way we’re not
lost in a very visceral way we’re not really going to have the emotional bayan
really going to have the emotional bayan
really going to have the emotional bayan we’re not going to have the necessary
we’re not going to have the necessary
we’re not going to have the necessary buy in to make the changes we need to
buy in to make the changes we need to
buy in to make the changes we need to make the world a cyber safe as we know
make the world a cyber safe as we know
make the world a cyber safe as we know it could and should be well that worries
it could and should be well that worries
it could and should be well that worries me and I hope we can bypass that that
me and I hope we can bypass that that
me and I hope we can bypass that that terrible step and find ways to make the
terrible step and find ways to make the
terrible step and find ways to make the world safer without first having this
world safer without first having this
world safer without first having this very much more catastrophic event than
very much more catastrophic event than
very much more catastrophic event than we’ve witnessed to date the choice is
we’ve witnessed to date the choice is
we’ve witnessed to date the choice is ours ultimately
we can drive the necessary necessary
we can drive the necessary necessary policy decisions and business decisions
policy decisions and business decisions
policy decisions and business decisions how can we do that well for one we can
how can we do that well for one we can
how can we do that well for one we can reject some of the the false decisions
reject some of the the false decisions
reject some of the the false decisions or the false choices were often told
or the false choices were often told
or the false choices were often told about so for example we’re often given
about so for example we’re often given
about so for example we’re often given this impression that we must choose
this impression that we must choose
this impression that we must choose between security and privacy or freedom
between security and privacy or freedom
between security and privacy or freedom so sort of like a Heisenberg uncertainty
so sort of like a Heisenberg uncertainty
so sort of like a Heisenberg uncertainty principle okay to have this much
principle okay to have this much
principle okay to have this much security you have to give up this much
security you have to give up this much
security you have to give up this much privacy that’s not the case it’s it’s
privacy that’s not the case it’s it’s
privacy that’s not the case it’s it’s certainly possible brilliant colleagues
certainly possible brilliant colleagues
certainly possible brilliant colleagues around the world can develop tools that
around the world can develop tools that
around the world can develop tools that allow us to have both analogously
allow us to have both analogously
allow us to have both analogously insecurity is not a fundamental part is
insecurity is not a fundamental part is
insecurity is not a fundamental part is that a fundamental requirement for being
that a fundamental requirement for being
that a fundamental requirement for being able to embrace and enjoy what the next
able to embrace and enjoy what the next
able to embrace and enjoy what the next generation of technologies offer it’s
generation of technologies offer it’s
generation of technologies offer it’s just not a fundamental part of that so I
just not a fundamental part of that so I
just not a fundamental part of that so I hope I’m optimistic that we’re able to
hope I’m optimistic that we’re able to
hope I’m optimistic that we’re able to embrace the bright new future that these
embrace the bright new future that these
embrace the bright new future that these new technologies offer and at the same
new technologies offer and at the same
new technologies offer and at the same time live in a safer and for your world
time live in a safer and for your world
time live in a safer and for your world thanks very much for your attention
”
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