Medical Augmented Reality: coming soon to (operating) theaters near you | Nassir Navab | TEDxTUM

at some point lost someone to medical

at some point lost someone to medical errors the movie industry lost one of

errors the movie industry lost one of

errors the movie industry lost one of their greatest director Abbas Kiarostami

their greatest director Abbas Kiarostami

their greatest director Abbas Kiarostami that I was raised by his amazing movies

that I was raised by his amazing movies

that I was raised by his amazing movies during during the last 20 30 years and

during during the last 20 30 years and

during during the last 20 30 years and we lost him quite young to medical

we lost him quite young to medical

we lost him quite young to medical errors on the other side many of us have

errors on the other side many of us have

errors on the other side many of us have seen fruit of excellence medicine

seen fruit of excellence medicine

seen fruit of excellence medicine excellence medical practice I personally

excellence medical practice I personally

excellence medical practice I personally tried you know experience it my dad had

tried you know experience it my dad had

tried you know experience it my dad had in 86 a bypass than an hour tikka stent

in 86 a bypass than an hour tikka stent

in 86 a bypass than an hour tikka stent in 98 the carotid artery repair in 2008

in 98 the carotid artery repair in 2008

in 98 the carotid artery repair in 2008 and pacemaker in 2012 so basically

and pacemaker in 2012 so basically

and pacemaker in 2012 so basically science and medicine and good

science and medicine and good

science and medicine and good performances extended his life and he is

performances extended his life and he is

performances extended his life and he is blessing to us and to his big family for

blessing to us and to his big family for

blessing to us and to his big family for over 25 years

over 25 years

over 25 years surgical performance affects our life

surgical performance affects our life

surgical performance affects our life and the lives of our you know loved one

and the lives of our you know loved one

and the lives of our you know loved one but what is this performance how can we

but what is this performance how can we

but what is this performance how can we improve this performance so basically

improve this performance so basically

improve this performance so basically this performance is complicated I mean I

this performance is complicated I mean I

this performance is complicated I mean I usually tell my students you know a

usually tell my students you know a

usually tell my students you know a surgeon who cuts well and sutures well

surgeon who cuts well and sutures well

surgeon who cuts well and sutures well is not really the definition of surgery

is not really the definition of surgery

is not really the definition of surgery you don’t need 30 years of acquiring

you don’t need 30 years of acquiring

you don’t need 30 years of acquiring knowledge and education and many years

knowledge and education and many years

knowledge and education and many years of hands-on experience to cut and suture

of hands-on experience to cut and suture

of hands-on experience to cut and suture the performance is about information

the performance is about information

the performance is about information analysis of tests information making

analysis of tests information making

analysis of tests information making decisions and then doing the action and

decisions and then doing the action and

decisions and then doing the action and this is in surgery this is a very

this is in surgery this is a very

this is in surgery this is a very dynamic process now about 100 years ago

dynamic process now about 100 years ago

dynamic process now about 100 years ago or about 120 years ago doctors had no

or about 120 years ago doctors had no

or about 120 years ago doctors had no imaging so what would how do they how

imaging so what would how do they how

imaging so what would how do they how did they decide about their patient

did they decide about their patient

did they decide about their patient so as we say but I do know the engineers

so as we say but I do know the engineers

so as we say but I do know the engineers they would look at patients as a black

they would look at patients as a black

they would look at patients as a black box like a device that you get so the

box like a device that you get so the

box like a device that you get so the only way they could analyze that was to

only way they could analyze that was to

only way they could analyze that was to looking at all the input/output so

looking at all the input/output so

looking at all the input/output so that’s where they could look what is the

that’s where they could look what is the

that’s where they could look what is the input output of this system looked

input output of this system looked

input output of this system looked through this input output eventually

through this input output eventually

through this input output eventually make observation of that that black box

make observation of that that black box

make observation of that that black box that they wanted to know what’s going

that they wanted to know what’s going

that they wanted to know what’s going wrong inside it taking looking at the

wrong inside it taking looking at the

wrong inside it taking looking at the symptoms measuring signals coming from

symptoms measuring signals coming from

symptoms measuring signals coming from that closed system eventually taking

that closed system eventually taking

that closed system eventually taking some samples blood sample urine or

some samples blood sample urine or

some samples blood sample urine or saliva or maybe going more invasively

saliva or maybe going more invasively

saliva or maybe going more invasively doing a biopsy and trying to get samples

doing a biopsy and trying to get samples

doing a biopsy and trying to get samples of this system in the you know in the

of this system in the you know in the

of this system in the you know in the extreme case even opened the patient to

extreme case even opened the patient to

extreme case even opened the patient to see what’s wrong which was happening in

see what’s wrong which was happening in

see what’s wrong which was happening in end of 19th century in the last century

end of 19th century in the last century

end of 19th century in the last century thanks to a lot of development in

thanks to a lot of development in

thanks to a lot of development in imaging starting from home can

imaging starting from home can

imaging starting from home can Hounsfield all the way to mansfield we

Hounsfield all the way to mansfield we

Hounsfield all the way to mansfield we went from not having imaging to have

went from not having imaging to have

went from not having imaging to have x-ray CT ultrasound M or Pet PET CT so

x-ray CT ultrasound M or Pet PET CT so

x-ray CT ultrasound M or Pet PET CT so we started to have a lot of imaging and

we started to have a lot of imaging and

we started to have a lot of imaging and a lot of information and also to have

a lot of information and also to have

a lot of information and also to have computational power to visualize that

computational power to visualize that

computational power to visualize that however the majority of this information

however the majority of this information

however the majority of this information was mostly displayed on you know on

was mostly displayed on you know on

was mostly displayed on you know on monitors on this place so the best

monitors on this place so the best

monitors on this place so the best doctor of medicine experts radiologists

doctor of medicine experts radiologists

doctor of medicine experts radiologists or even surgeons they were looking at

or even surgeons they were looking at

or even surgeons they were looking at this display to analyze this data and

this display to analyze this data and

this display to analyze this data and make their mental model of what’s going

make their mental model of what’s going

make their mental model of what’s going wrong in inside the surgery room this

wrong in inside the surgery room this

wrong in inside the surgery room this was even more complicated because they

was even more complicated because they

was even more complicated because they had to interact with this data and if

had to interact with this data and if

had to interact with this data and if the data is far away on a screen even

the data is far away on a screen even

the data is far away on a screen even interacting with it becomes very complex

interacting with it becomes very complex

interacting with it becomes very complex so about ten years ago we took our team

so about ten years ago we took our team

so about ten years ago we took our team with our head mounted display

with our head mounted display

with our head mounted display with our surgical partners and we went

with our surgical partners and we went

with our surgical partners and we went to Berlin in an orthopedic conference

to Berlin in an orthopedic conference

to Berlin in an orthopedic conference and we showed to hundreds of surgeons

and we showed to hundreds of surgeons

and we showed to hundreds of surgeons that they in fact tacks to this

that they in fact tacks to this

that they in fact tacks to this augmented reality or medical augmented

augmented reality or medical augmented

augmented reality or medical augmented reality they could see the CT data the

reality they could see the CT data the

reality they could see the CT data the data of the patient directly on top of

data of the patient directly on top of

data of the patient directly on top of the Anatoly they could take a wireless

the Anatoly they could take a wireless

the Anatoly they could take a wireless mouse interact with that data instead of

mouse interact with that data instead of

mouse interact with that data instead of seeing an extra shot or a CT on a screen

seeing an extra shot or a CT on a screen

seeing an extra shot or a CT on a screen they could actually directly see it on

they could actually directly see it on

they could actually directly see it on the patient and analyze it directly on

the patient and analyze it directly on

the patient and analyze it directly on the patient they could they could have

the patient they could they could have

the patient they could they could have volume rendering thanks Nick

volume rendering thanks Nick

volume rendering thanks Nick they were very very excited we we wanted

they were very very excited we we wanted

they were very very excited we we wanted to bring this further to bring it into

to bring this further to bring it into

to bring this further to bring it into procedures into surgeries so how do we

procedures into surgeries so how do we

procedures into surgeries so how do we bring this augmented reality into the

bring this augmented reality into the

bring this augmented reality into the operating room the first augmented

operating room the first augmented

operating room the first augmented reality system we went which went on

reality system we went which went on

reality system we went which went on many many operating room was thanks to a

many many operating room was thanks to a

many many operating room was thanks to a startup company of two of my PhD

startup company of two of my PhD

startup company of two of my PhD students and the surgical company which

students and the surgical company which

students and the surgical company which allowed many processes such as sentinel

allowed many processes such as sentinel

allowed many processes such as sentinel lymph node biopsies to be able to see

lymph node biopsies to be able to see

lymph node biopsies to be able to see actually the nodules in augmented

actually the nodules in augmented

actually the nodules in augmented reality and also in virtual reality but

reality and also in virtual reality but

reality and also in virtual reality but why did we need this visual neonatal

why did we need this visual neonatal

why did we need this visual neonatal window on the side because that

window on the side because that

window on the side because that materiality was very nice was showing

materiality was very nice was showing

materiality was very nice was showing them where these nodules are but to get

them where these nodules are but to get

them where these nodules are but to get a 3d distance 3d perception doing

a 3d distance 3d perception doing

a 3d distance 3d perception doing interaction with that data they still

interaction with that data they still

interaction with that data they still needed this additional visual reality

needed this additional visual reality

needed this additional visual reality display the reason is augmented reality

display the reason is augmented reality

display the reason is augmented reality is not only about 3d image overlay 3d

is not only about 3d image overlay 3d

is not only about 3d image overlay 3d image overlay is a very very little part

image overlay is a very very little part

image overlay is a very very little part of the augmented reality if we want to

of the augmented reality if we want to

of the augmented reality if we want to be augmented humans we want to see

be augmented humans we want to see

be augmented humans we want to see beyond the wavelengths that our eyes can

beyond the wavelengths that our eyes can

beyond the wavelengths that our eyes can see we want to hear

see we want to hear

see we want to hear beyond the frequencies that are

beyond the frequencies that are

beyond the frequencies that are system can absorb or analyze but still

system can absorb or analyze but still

system can absorb or analyze but still do you know if I take the X er if I take

do you know if I take the X er if I take

do you know if I take the X er if I take the city is still I have to bring it to

the city is still I have to bring it to

the city is still I have to bring it to this limited bandwidth that humans can

this limited bandwidth that humans can

this limited bandwidth that humans can see and this transfer is not easy if I

see and this transfer is not easy if I

see and this transfer is not easy if I only argument the 3d even in the stereo

only argument the 3d even in the stereo

only argument the 3d even in the stereo on top of the feet you see it floating

on top of the feet you see it floating

on top of the feet you see it floating your brain says this is floating this is

your brain says this is floating this is

your brain says this is floating this is not integrated so what we know at that

not integrated so what we know at that

not integrated so what we know at that point tried to do is to use human

point tried to do is to use human

point tried to do is to use human perception and the cues we are using

perception and the cues we are using

perception and the cues we are using every day to actually fool the system

every day to actually fool the system

every day to actually fool the system and improve our perception to use the

and improve our perception to use the

and improve our perception to use the human cues of perception and make the

human cues of perception and make the

human cues of perception and make the human believe that the human is really

human believe that the human is really

human believe that the human is really seeing 3d inside that patient so now

seeing 3d inside that patient so now

seeing 3d inside that patient so now this little tricks of computational

this little tricks of computational

this little tricks of computational salesmen mathematics the same data now

salesmen mathematics the same data now

salesmen mathematics the same data now you feel much more integrated as we are

you feel much more integrated as we are

you feel much more integrated as we are looking we are using a few cues one of

looking we are using a few cues one of

looking we are using a few cues one of them is parallax when I move I see more

them is parallax when I move I see more

them is parallax when I move I see more I can see different positions I can’t

I can see different positions I can’t

I can see different positions I can’t see more information that allows me to

see more information that allows me to

see more information that allows me to believe that that Anatomy is behind the

believe that that Anatomy is behind the

believe that that Anatomy is behind the surface but I still keep the ghosts of

surface but I still keep the ghosts of

surface but I still keep the ghosts of the high curvature information on the

the high curvature information on the

the high curvature information on the surface because if I remove that I lose

surface because if I remove that I lose

surface because if I remove that I lose the shape of the of the Anatomy we also

the shape of the of the Anatomy we also

the shape of the of the Anatomy we also use the fact that if I look directly

use the fact that if I look directly

use the fact that if I look directly into the window I have to see through it

into the window I have to see through it

into the window I have to see through it if I look on the side I see less so we

if I look on the side I see less so we

if I look on the side I see less so we start to go you know instead of looking

start to go you know instead of looking

start to go you know instead of looking at the cadaver and sovereign pose the

at the cadaver and sovereign pose the

at the cadaver and sovereign pose the city that I see completely floating we

city that I see completely floating we

city that I see completely floating we can go to a more complex visualization

can go to a more complex visualization

can go to a more complex visualization this is the same CT data that now we are

this is the same CT data that now we are

this is the same CT data that now we are looking through meta cues of perception

looking through meta cues of perception

looking through meta cues of perception of human and now you start getting

of human and now you start getting

of human and now you start getting confused what is real what is virtual

confused what is real what is virtual

confused what is real what is virtual because now we are using if you see the

because now we are using if you see the

because now we are using if you see the lines on the surface and continuing

lines on the surface and continuing

lines on the surface and continuing while

while

while feel that you’re saying inside the

feel that you’re saying inside the

feel that you’re saying inside the anatomy how could we enforce this

anatomy how could we enforce this

anatomy how could we enforce this coexistence of real and virtual so how

coexistence of real and virtual so how

coexistence of real and virtual so how can I work with real tools in a virtual

can I work with real tools in a virtual

can I work with real tools in a virtual environment and can now you know go

environment and can now you know go

environment and can now you know go towards a direction where I cannot

towards a direction where I cannot

towards a direction where I cannot perceive them or separate them from each

perceive them or separate them from each

perceive them or separate them from each other so this is Felix one of our master

other so this is Felix one of our master

other so this is Felix one of our master student a few years ago working with

student a few years ago working with

student a few years ago working with Christopher Kristoff

Christopher Kristoff

Christopher Kristoff Vishal Meyer he is looking with a tool

Vishal Meyer he is looking with a tool

Vishal Meyer he is looking with a tool and now what you see here is the shadow

and now what you see here is the shadow

and now what you see here is the shadow of the tool it’s following both on real

of the tool it’s following both on real

of the tool it’s following both on real and virtual so as he’s moving this

and virtual so as he’s moving this

and virtual so as he’s moving this shadow doesn’t exist this is a virtual

shadow doesn’t exist this is a virtual

shadow doesn’t exist this is a virtual shadow but you see it both in real and

shadow but you see it both in real and

shadow but you see it both in real and virtual so your brain starts to feel

virtual so your brain starts to feel

virtual so your brain starts to feel that all this belongs to one environment

that all this belongs to one environment

that all this belongs to one environment so your brain starts to put everything

so your brain starts to put everything

so your brain starts to put everything into one shape now if I have

into one shape now if I have

into one shape now if I have argumentation how do I explore the 3d

argumentation how do I explore the 3d

argumentation how do I explore the 3d usually when you have a 3d data you move

usually when you have a 3d data you move

usually when you have a 3d data you move it around and get all kinds of

it around and get all kinds of

it around and get all kinds of perception about full 3d shape of the

perception about full 3d shape of the

perception about full 3d shape of the object you have in front of you now if I

object you have in front of you now if I

object you have in front of you now if I am in an argumentative situation when I

am in an argumentative situation when I

am in an argumentative situation when I have the patient in front in front of me

have the patient in front in front of me

have the patient in front in front of me and I see the anatomy of the patient I

and I see the anatomy of the patient I

and I see the anatomy of the patient I can’t ask the doctor if I move it I lose

can’t ask the doctor if I move it I lose

can’t ask the doctor if I move it I lose the alignment and of course I can’t ask

the alignment and of course I can’t ask

the alignment and of course I can’t ask the surgeon to go under the table to see

the surgeon to go under the table to see

the surgeon to go under the table to see the other side so we got inspired

the other side so we got inspired

the other side so we got inspired but what dentists do we took a virtual

but what dentists do we took a virtual

but what dentists do we took a virtual handheld tangible mirror and we brought

handheld tangible mirror and we brought

handheld tangible mirror and we brought it inside this augmented reality view

it inside this augmented reality view

it inside this augmented reality view which means now I can have my

which means now I can have my

which means now I can have my augmentation but I can create any

augmentation but I can create any

augmentation but I can create any impossible view and therefore I can

impossible view and therefore I can

impossible view and therefore I can interact with that data so now I have an

interact with that data so now I have an

interact with that data so now I have an augmentation but I can look at any of

augmentation but I can look at any of

augmentation but I can look at any of you I am interested inside that patient

you I am interested inside that patient

you I am interested inside that patient now one of the challenging point real

now one of the challenging point real

now one of the challenging point real challenging point when you want to bring

challenging point when you want to bring

challenging point when you want to bring the solution such complex solutions

the solution such complex solutions

the solution such complex solutions operating room is how to integrate it

operating room is how to integrate it

operating room is how to integrate it into the workflow and how to make sure

into the workflow and how to make sure

into the workflow and how to make sure that you are showing the relevant

that you are showing the relevant

that you are showing the relevant information if I show everything suffer

information if I show everything suffer

information if I show everything suffer imposed it may not be useful you have to

imposed it may not be useful you have to

imposed it may not be useful you have to show the relevant information at the

show the relevant information at the

show the relevant information at the right time so many years ago we

right time so many years ago we

right time so many years ago we developed this system where the x-ray

developed this system where the x-ray

developed this system where the x-ray system and the camera system were

system and the camera system were

system and the camera system were attached thanks to mirror system x-ray

attached thanks to mirror system x-ray

attached thanks to mirror system x-ray and optics always had the same view so

and optics always had the same view so

and optics always had the same view so the advantage was that when we were

the advantage was that when we were

the advantage was that when we were going to the surgery and actually we

going to the surgery and actually we

going to the surgery and actually we went to 40 trauma surgery in the center

went to 40 trauma surgery in the center

went to 40 trauma surgery in the center of the Munich thanks to incredible

of the Munich thanks to incredible

of the Munich thanks to incredible surgeons too so you could you could

surgeons too so you could you could

surgeons too so you could you could position the patient for the first time

position the patient for the first time

position the patient for the first time you could take an x-ray stop the x-ray I

you could take an x-ray stop the x-ray I

you could take an x-ray stop the x-ray I want to use minimum x-ray

want to use minimum x-ray

want to use minimum x-ray so you take one x-ray you stop it and

so you take one x-ray you stop it and

so you take one x-ray you stop it and now you can start working under the

now you can start working under the

now you can start working under the optic but you can see through the

optic but you can see through the

optic but you can see through the patient and about 40 patient used for 40

patient and about 40 patient used for 40

patient and about 40 patient used for 40 patients this system was used quite

patients this system was used quite

patients this system was used quite successfully now this is nice

successfully now this is nice

successfully now this is nice I see the x-ray I see my hand I can go

I see the x-ray I see my hand I can go

I see the x-ray I see my hand I can go through it and I can reduce the number

through it and I can reduce the number

through it and I can reduce the number of x-ray from 40 to about 2 or 3 and

of x-ray from 40 to about 2 or 3 and

of x-ray from 40 to about 2 or 3 and improve the surgery but now the question

improve the surgery but now the question

improve the surgery but now the question is that this material is seen is very

is that this material is seen is very

is that this material is seen is very crowded so we started to bring in

crowded so we started to bring in

crowded so we started to bring in machine learning

machine learning

machine learning how does machine learning play a role

how does machine learning play a role

how does machine learning play a role here we have to learn we have to

here we have to learn we have to

here we have to learn we have to understand what the doctor needs to see

understand what the doctor needs to see

understand what the doctor needs to see at each moment from each modality if I

at each moment from each modality if I

at each moment from each modality if I have x-ray optics in this case or if I

have x-ray optics in this case or if I

have x-ray optics in this case or if I have PET CT M or etc during the surgery

have PET CT M or etc during the surgery

have PET CT M or etc during the surgery the surgeon needs to see the relevant

the surgeon needs to see the relevant

the surgeon needs to see the relevant information only so what we started was

information only so what we started was

information only so what we started was a very simple machine learning system we

a very simple machine learning system we

a very simple machine learning system we sell the system that I want to come

sell the system that I want to come

sell the system that I want to come combined x-ray on optics but I want you

combined x-ray on optics but I want you

combined x-ray on optics but I want you the system to automatically

the system to automatically

the system to automatically recognize which element is in the scene

recognize which element is in the scene

recognize which element is in the scene in optics and x-ray view and to

in optics and x-ray view and to

in optics and x-ray view and to automatically decide how the blending

automatically decide how the blending

automatically decide how the blending should happen to give me the optimized

should happen to give me the optimized

should happen to give me the optimized view so instead of what we were showing

view so instead of what we were showing

view so instead of what we were showing on the left-hand side now the system

on the left-hand side now the system

on the left-hand side now the system automatically shows what is on the

automatically shows what is on the

automatically shows what is on the right-hand side so it says if I have a

right-hand side so it says if I have a

right-hand side so it says if I have a knife I want to see it I don’t want the

knife I want to see it I don’t want the

knife I want to see it I don’t want the x-ray on my visualization on my hand I

x-ray on my visualization on my hand I

x-ray on my visualization on my hand I am interested in the x-ray of internal

am interested in the x-ray of internal

am interested in the x-ray of internal anatomy but I don’t want it to reduce my

anatomy but I don’t want it to reduce my

anatomy but I don’t want it to reduce my performance by making it overloaded so

performance by making it overloaded so

performance by making it overloaded so now at each pixel of the optics and

now at each pixel of the optics and

now at each pixel of the optics and x-ray the system is deciding

x-ray the system is deciding

x-ray the system is deciding automatically what that pixel is

automatically what that pixel is

automatically what that pixel is information is and how it should be

information is and how it should be

information is and how it should be merged into virtual and real the last

merged into virtual and real the last

merged into virtual and real the last part is how to create this for the next

part is how to create this for the next

part is how to create this for the next generation how to prepare the next

generation how to prepare the next

generation how to prepare the next generation you know we have this

generation you know we have this

generation you know we have this acceptance issue but we also now we want

acceptance issue but we also now we want

acceptance issue but we also now we want this to come to our everyday life so we

this to come to our everyday life so we

this to come to our everyday life so we started to work on augmented reality

started to work on augmented reality

started to work on augmented reality also for education and for patient and

also for education and for patient and

also for education and for patient and public information for our last few

public information for our last few

public information for our last few years and actually I brought a system

years and actually I brought a system

years and actually I brought a system here that after my talk you can try it

here that after my talk you can try it

here that after my talk you can try it so basically the system allows you to to

so basically the system allows you to to

so basically the system allows you to to get in front of the system and then the

get in front of the system and then the

get in front of the system and then the system sees to rule you so basically the

system sees to rule you so basically the

system sees to rule you so basically the system is going to recognize me and then

system is going to recognize me and then

system is going to recognize me and then it starts to augment my body so with the

it starts to augment my body so with the

it starts to augment my body so with the left hand I can show different part of

left hand I can show different part of

left hand I can show different part of anatomy and focus on different anatomy

anatomy and focus on different anatomy

anatomy and focus on different anatomy of my body with the right hand I can

of my body with the right hand I can

of my body with the right hand I can increase the amount of information go

increase the amount of information go

increase the amount of information go from simple balls to vasculature to

from simple balls to vasculature to

from simple balls to vasculature to arteries and vein to internal anatomy

arteries and vein to internal anatomy

arteries and vein to internal anatomy and finally to muscles and then I can

and finally to muscles and then I can

and finally to muscles and then I can see the system with and then I can

see the system with and then I can

see the system with and then I can analyze it we brought this to many

analyze it we brought this to many

analyze it we brought this to many places to many schools

places to many schools

places to many schools can turn it off if you want it was very

can turn it off if you want it was very

can turn it off if you want it was very intuitive so we brought it to Essen and

intuitive so we brought it to Essen and

intuitive so we brought it to Essen and about 2000 people played with the system

about 2000 people played with the system

about 2000 people played with the system they were children they were adult and

they were children they were adult and

they were children they were adult and all of them well right away started to

all of them well right away started to

all of them well right away started to play around with their own body look at

play around with their own body look at

play around with their own body look at different part of their body play and

different part of their body play and

different part of their body play and try to understand what’s going on and

try to understand what’s going on and

try to understand what’s going on and the signal was so simple the system was

the signal was so simple the system was

the signal was so simple the system was so easy to handle that not only children

so easy to handle that not only children

so easy to handle that not only children and adult but also politicians could

and adult but also politicians could

and adult but also politicians could vote with it so you can imagine that the

vote with it so you can imagine that the

vote with it so you can imagine that the system was extremely simple now the main

system was extremely simple now the main

system was extremely simple now the main idea the main message I have here is if

idea the main message I have here is if

idea the main message I have here is if we go for you know in the last century

we go for you know in the last century

we go for you know in the last century imaging come in and radiation therapy

imaging come in and radiation therapy

imaging come in and radiation therapy departments nuclear medicine Department

departments nuclear medicine Department

departments nuclear medicine Department radiology departments they had to bring

radiology departments they had to bring

radiology departments they had to bring physicists into their departments to

physicists into their departments to

physicists into their departments to help them take advantage of radiation

help them take advantage of radiation

help them take advantage of radiation therapy take advantage of you know pet

therapy take advantage of you know pet

therapy take advantage of you know pet em or CT etc and our generation or

em or CT etc and our generation or

em or CT etc and our generation or community or society now needs to have

community or society now needs to have

community or society now needs to have computational scientists at the heart of

computational scientists at the heart of

computational scientists at the heart of hospital it’s not acceptable that we can

hospital it’s not acceptable that we can

hospital it’s not acceptable that we can on my mobile phone we can get all the

on my mobile phone we can get all the

on my mobile phone we can get all the information that we need in a matter at

information that we need in a matter at

information that we need in a matter at our fingertip and our surgeon the

our fingertip and our surgeon the

our fingertip and our surgeon the surgeon who is doing the surgery on us

surgeon who is doing the surgery on us

surgeon who is doing the surgery on us cannot get the information needs to

cannot get the information needs to

cannot get the information needs to improve its performance right in front

improve its performance right in front

improve its performance right in front of him thank you

of him thank you

of him thank you [Applause]