I’m cognitive zoologist and I’m going to talk about intelligent birds today and
talk about intelligent birds today and
talk about intelligent birds today and therefore I thought I better introduce
therefore I thought I better introduce
therefore I thought I better introduce you to one right away
you to one right away
you to one right away this is Dolly she is a jackdaw and
this is Dolly she is a jackdaw and
this is Dolly she is a jackdaw and belongs to the corvids the crow family
belongs to the corvids the crow family
belongs to the corvids the crow family that’s one of the two families bad
that’s one of the two families bad
that’s one of the two families bad families with the largest brains
families with the largest brains
families with the largest brains relative to their body Tony Pena
relative to their body Tony Pena
relative to their body Tony Pena maybe you can’t imagine that this little
maybe you can’t imagine that this little
maybe you can’t imagine that this little head has the cognitive kept the brain
head has the cognitive kept the brain
head has the cognitive kept the brain capacity like that of a great ape and
capacity like that of a great ape and
capacity like that of a great ape and too many people grow and another reason
too many people grow and another reason
too many people grow and another reason why abroad I have to say because I
why abroad I have to say because I
why abroad I have to say because I wanted her to be the first covered in a
wanted her to be the first covered in a
wanted her to be the first covered in a TED talk there has been a crow and
TED talk there has been a crow and
TED talk there has been a crow and parrot before and I thought it’s about
parrot before and I thought it’s about
parrot before and I thought it’s about time for covered as well if she now
time for covered as well if she now
time for covered as well if she now doesn’t come back to me then don’t worry
doesn’t come back to me then don’t worry
doesn’t come back to me then don’t worry Dan I pick her up and a break but don’t
Dan I pick her up and a break but don’t
Dan I pick her up and a break but don’t worry she’s she’s not she’s not
worry she’s she’s not she’s not
worry she’s she’s not she’s not dangerous because as you see Julie
she will find a place to sit and then
she will find a place to sit and then I’d pick her up later just do me the
I’d pick her up later just do me the
I’d pick her up later just do me the favor and and keep the doors closed
favor and and keep the doors closed
favor and and keep the doors closed so um so too many crows don’t have the
so um so too many crows don’t have the
so um so too many crows don’t have the most positive image but why that is I
most positive image but why that is I
most positive image but why that is I never understood
never understood
never understood I find them highly fascinating birds and
I find them highly fascinating birds and
I find them highly fascinating birds and I’m intrigued by their social and by
I’m intrigued by their social and by
I’m intrigued by their social and by their complex social life and in fact um
their complex social life and in fact um
their complex social life and in fact um doli was brought to me when she was a
doli was brought to me when she was a
doli was brought to me when she was a chick because she had fallen out of the
chick because she had fallen out of the
chick because she had fallen out of the nest prematurely and I hand raped her
nest prematurely and I hand raped her
nest prematurely and I hand raped her and that established a very special bond
and that established a very special bond
and that established a very special bond between us and response the last also
between us and response the last also
between us and response the last also she’s pad for many years with a jackdaw
she’s pad for many years with a jackdaw
she’s pad for many years with a jackdaw male the ability to form bonds is very
male the ability to form bonds is very
male the ability to form bonds is very typical of jackals and of Corbet’s they
typical of jackals and of Corbet’s they
typical of jackals and of Corbet’s they form long-term friendships and lifelong
form long-term friendships and lifelong
form long-term friendships and lifelong pair bonds they recognize former group
pair bonds they recognize former group
pair bonds they recognize former group members for many years and they are
members for many years and they are
members for many years and they are virtually inseparable from their partner
virtually inseparable from their partner
virtually inseparable from their partner and a very pet and tender toward each
and a very pet and tender toward each
and a very pet and tender toward each other and talk about the most
other and talk about the most
other and talk about the most fascinating thing about crows is their
fascinating thing about crows is their
fascinating thing about crows is their intelligence and talking about doctors
intelligence and talking about doctors
intelligence and talking about doctors there for example extremely sensitive to
there for example extremely sensitive to
there for example extremely sensitive to eye orientation and they recognize
eye orientation and they recognize
eye orientation and they recognize attentional states and even if it’s a
attentional states and even if it’s a
attentional states and even if it’s a person and not a bird they also use it
person and not a bird they also use it
person and not a bird they also use it in the use I orientation as
in the use I orientation as
in the use I orientation as communicative signals but it also in
communicative signals but it also in
communicative signals but it also in competitive situations reason about the
competitive situations reason about the
competitive situations reason about the perspective of others and consider the
perspective of others and consider the
perspective of others and consider the knowledge state so they they show
knowledge state so they they show
knowledge state so they they show aspects of a theory so called theory of
aspects of a theory so called theory of
aspects of a theory so called theory of mind that’s something that develops in
mind that’s something that develops in
mind that’s something that develops in human children quite late so and the
human children quite late so and the
human children quite late so and the past decades have seen a major increase
past decades have seen a major increase
past decades have seen a major increase in research on the animal mind and and
in research on the animal mind and and
in research on the animal mind and and until the 90s these studies largely
until the 90s these studies largely
until the 90s these studies largely focused on primates our closest
focused on primates our closest
focused on primates our closest relatives and they revealed that
relatives and they revealed that
relatives and they revealed that they exhibit many cognitive abilities
they exhibit many cognitive abilities
they exhibit many cognitive abilities that have originally considered to be
that have originally considered to be
that have originally considered to be uniquely human and that’s not so
uniquely human and that’s not so
uniquely human and that’s not so surprising considering that our last
surprising considering that our last
surprising considering that our last ancestor lived only 6 million years ago
ancestor lived only 6 million years ago
ancestor lived only 6 million years ago and that we share the majority of our
and that we share the majority of our
and that we share the majority of our genome but when throughout the last 15
genome but when throughout the last 15
genome but when throughout the last 15 years that it has been shown that crows
years that it has been shown that crows
years that it has been shown that crows and also parrots parallel the great apes
and also parrots parallel the great apes
and also parrots parallel the great apes and cognitive ability this was of major
and cognitive ability this was of major
and cognitive ability this was of major significance and the implication of it
significance and the implication of it
significance and the implication of it is that intelligence not just evolved in
is that intelligence not just evolved in
is that intelligence not just evolved in our lineage but several times
our lineage but several times
our lineage but several times independently and interestingly this is
independently and interestingly this is
independently and interestingly this is also matched and if you look at brain
also matched and if you look at brain
also matched and if you look at brain size and diverted breaths in addition to
size and diverted breaths in addition to
size and diverted breaths in addition to our lineage the primates there’s three
our lineage the primates there’s three
our lineage the primates there’s three more groups that stand out for the large
more groups that stand out for the large
more groups that stand out for the large relative brains to in relation to their
relative brains to in relation to their
relative brains to in relation to their body and very surprisingly this includes
body and very surprisingly this includes
body and very surprisingly this includes two bird groups crows and parrots and I
two bird groups crows and parrots and I
two bird groups crows and parrots and I mean their last ancestors their last
mean their last ancestors their last
mean their last ancestors their last shared ancestor with us lifted around
shared ancestor with us lifted around
shared ancestor with us lifted around 300 million years ago so this is amazing
300 million years ago so this is amazing
300 million years ago so this is amazing and it shows that studying comets in
and it shows that studying comets in
and it shows that studying comets in parrots might they might be very good
parrots might they might be very good
parrots might they might be very good candidates for studying the evolution of
candidates for studying the evolution of
candidates for studying the evolution of complex cognition to men hey this is
complex cognition to men hey this is
complex cognition to men hey this is boring because some people still want to
boring because some people still want to
boring because some people still want to draw a clear-cut line between animals
draw a clear-cut line between animals
draw a clear-cut line between animals and humans I mean we are certainly very
and humans I mean we are certainly very
and humans I mean we are certainly very very special but we are still a primate
very special but we are still a primate
very special but we are still a primate species and we have an evolutionary past
species and we have an evolutionary past
species and we have an evolutionary past as a cognitive scientist I find it
as a cognitive scientist I find it
as a cognitive scientist I find it usually fascinating to to try to trying
usually fascinating to to try to trying
usually fascinating to to try to trying to understand how and why we became so
to understand how and why we became so
to understand how and why we became so special and why our brain expanded not
special and why our brain expanded not
special and why our brain expanded not so very long ago all of a sudden and
so very long ago all of a sudden and
so very long ago all of a sudden and became enormously big we have been the
became enormously big we have been the
became enormously big we have been the largest brain relative to body size of
largest brain relative to body size of
largest brain relative to body size of all animals and we are very special
all animals and we are very special
all animals and we are very special because we are the most by far the most
because we are the most by far the most
because we are the most by far the most innovative
innovative
innovative being on the planet and we can realize
being on the planet and we can realize
being on the planet and we can realize we can realize cognate we can realize
we can realize cognate we can realize
we can realize cognate we can realize what is otherwise merely potential but
what is otherwise merely potential but
what is otherwise merely potential but foremost we can recognize potential and
foremost we can recognize potential and
foremost we can recognize potential and we can dream up theoretical
we can dream up theoretical
we can dream up theoretical possibilities
possibilities
possibilities Thole come here we can dream up
Thole come here we can dream up
Thole come here we can dream up theoretical possibilities and and
slightly distracting for me because
slightly distracting for me because she’s now calling for me
she’s now calling for me
she’s now calling for me Dulli um well but so we humans have the
Dulli um well but so we humans have the
Dulli um well but so we humans have the ability to to dream up world and we can
ability to to dream up world and we can
ability to to dream up world and we can escape our natural limitations
escape our natural limitations
escape our natural limitations to an extent that animals could never do
to an extent that animals could never do
to an extent that animals could never do they don’t need many behavioral they
they don’t need many behavioral they
they don’t need many behavioral they don’t need much behavioral flexibility
don’t need much behavioral flexibility
don’t need much behavioral flexibility in their daily lives they live they
in their daily lives they live they
in their daily lives they live they typically lived as a largely predictable
typically lived as a largely predictable
typically lived as a largely predictable life within the limits of their species
life within the limits of their species
life within the limits of their species typical behavior repertoire so they eat
typical behavior repertoire so they eat
typical behavior repertoire so they eat they sleep they reproduce but he
they sleep they reproduce but he
they sleep they reproduce but he wouldn’t think of them they wouldn’t
wouldn’t think of them they wouldn’t
wouldn’t think of them they wouldn’t suddenly think that they want to go for
suddenly think that they want to go for
suddenly think that they want to go for the moon for example and make plans to
the moon for example and make plans to
the moon for example and make plans to realize that like we do but on the other
realize that like we do but on the other
realize that like we do but on the other hand there are living conditions on a
hand there are living conditions on a
hand there are living conditions on a rule on the planet that make might
rule on the planet that make might
rule on the planet that make might require cognitive flexibility and the
require cognitive flexibility and the
require cognitive flexibility and the ability to be spontaneous it mate might
ability to be spontaneous it mate might
ability to be spontaneous it mate might be important for survival for example in
be important for survival for example in
be important for survival for example in harsh complex and unpredictable
harsh complex and unpredictable
harsh complex and unpredictable environments it might be my payoff to be
environments it might be my payoff to be
environments it might be my payoff to be innovative and clever and we are not the
innovative and clever and we are not the
innovative and clever and we are not the only species that are subject to this
only species that are subject to this
only species that are subject to this but the big question is to to what
but the big question is to to what
but the big question is to to what extent other species might have evolved
extent other species might have evolved
extent other species might have evolved complex cognitive abilities that allow
complex cognitive abilities that allow
complex cognitive abilities that allow them to cope with novel situations very
them to cope with novel situations very
them to cope with novel situations very quickly I give you two particularly
quickly I give you two particularly
quickly I give you two particularly astonishing examples of such flexible
astonishing examples of such flexible
astonishing examples of such flexible behaviors in two representatives in
behaviors in two representatives in
behaviors in two representatives in representatives of two of the largest
representatives of two of the largest
representatives of two of the largest brained AVL family
brained AVL family
brained AVL family I’m going to talk about New Caledonian
I’m going to talk about New Caledonian
I’m going to talk about New Caledonian crows and island species that lives that
crows and island species that lives that
crows and island species that lives that uses tools habitually for stick to us
uses tools habitually for stick to us
uses tools habitually for stick to us habitually for retrieving their food and
habitually for retrieving their food and
habitually for retrieving their food and also about coffin cockatoos and
also about coffin cockatoos and
also about coffin cockatoos and particularly innovative and explorative
particularly innovative and explorative
particularly innovative and explorative parrot species living on the tannin bar
parrot species living on the tannin bar
parrot species living on the tannin bar islands and I’m starting with one of the
islands and I’m starting with one of the
islands and I’m starting with one of the best studies to date showing that
best studies to date showing that
best studies to date showing that animals might be able to think about
animals might be able to think about
animals might be able to think about cause and effect to some extent and make
cause and effect to some extent and make
cause and effect to some extent and make and causally interfere to solve novel
and causally interfere to solve novel
and causally interfere to solve novel problems here we expose the birds to
problems here we expose the birds to
problems here we expose the birds to food out of reach on a platter is
food out of reach on a platter is
food out of reach on a platter is entered on a platform inside of a
entered on a platform inside of a
entered on a platform inside of a transparent box and as a tube on top of
transparent box and as a tube on top of
transparent box and as a tube on top of the box so please put yourselves end up
the box so please put yourselves end up
the box so please put yourselves end up and the perspective of the bird it might
and the perspective of the bird it might
and the perspective of the bird it might be seemed very simple to you at first
be seemed very simple to you at first
be seemed very simple to you at first sight but consider that they cannot lift
sight but consider that they cannot lift
sight but consider that they cannot lift or shake this box and also we humans
or shake this box and also we humans
or shake this box and also we humans might we might comprehend from just
might we might comprehend from just
might we might comprehend from just looking at this box seeing the hinges
looking at this box seeing the hinges
looking at this box seeing the hinges and the magnets that this platform can
and the magnets that this platform can
and the magnets that this platform can be collapsed but if you don’t know that
be collapsed but if you don’t know that
be collapsed but if you don’t know that a platform can be collapsed it doesn’t
a platform can be collapsed it doesn’t
a platform can be collapsed it doesn’t make any sense
make any sense
make any sense to drop stones into this tube which is
to drop stones into this tube which is
to drop stones into this tube which is obviously the solution to the problem so
obviously the solution to the problem so
obviously the solution to the problem so we first established that none of our
we first established that none of our
we first established that none of our New Caledonian crows solve that problem
New Caledonian crows solve that problem
New Caledonian crows solve that problem without any experience of the mechanism
without any experience of the mechanism
without any experience of the mechanism none of them did and crows don’t use
none of them did and crows don’t use
none of them did and crows don’t use stone tools habitually in the wild but
stone tools habitually in the wild but
stone tools habitually in the wild but then we subjected them to to
then we subjected them to to
then we subjected them to to experimental groups that that were
experimental groups that that were
experimental groups that that were allowed to learn certain aspects of this
allowed to learn certain aspects of this
allowed to learn certain aspects of this problem so one group was trained to nuts
problem so one group was trained to nuts
problem so one group was trained to nuts turn from the rim into the tube right
turn from the rim into the tube right
turn from the rim into the tube right into its mouth and so they were they
into its mouth and so they were they
into its mouth and so they were they were conditioned to carry out to
were conditioned to carry out to
were conditioned to carry out to precisely the correct behaviors and they
precisely the correct behaviors and they
precisely the correct behaviors and they knew that stones were important and that
knew that stones were important and that
knew that stones were important and that had to go into the mouth of the tooth
had to go into the mouth of the tooth
had to go into the mouth of the tooth now she’s complaining de bahía the
now she’s complaining de bahía the
now she’s complaining de bahía the other group they they only learned
other group they they only learned
other group they they only learned indirectly not just the mechanism of
indirectly not just the mechanism of
indirectly not just the mechanism of this task they had to push the platform
this task they had to push the platform
this task they had to push the platform down directly with their big through a
down directly with their big through a
down directly with their big through a shortened tube but importantly they
shortened tube but importantly they
shortened tube but importantly they never ever learned anything about stones
never ever learned anything about stones
never ever learned anything about stones being important
being important
being important they were never reinforced for touching
they were never reinforced for touching
they were never reinforced for touching stones so what do you think which of the
stones so what do you think which of the
stones so what do you think which of the two groups of the problem not so
two groups of the problem not so
two groups of the problem not so surprisingly the first group that had
surprisingly the first group that had
surprisingly the first group that had been trained to nuts stones into the
been trained to nuts stones into the
been trained to nuts stones into the tube and succeeded but their only
tube and succeeded but their only
tube and succeeded but their only transfer was to consisted in picking up
transfer was to consisted in picking up
transfer was to consisted in picking up stones and carrying to the mouth of the
stones and carrying to the mouth of the
stones and carrying to the mouth of the tube before dropping it but also the
tube before dropping it but also the
tube before dropping it but also the other there were animals from the other
other there were animals from the other
other there were animals from the other group that succeeded and they suddenly
group that succeeded and they suddenly
group that succeeded and they suddenly decided to use tools stone spontaneously
decided to use tools stone spontaneously
decided to use tools stone spontaneously as another tools to solve this problem
as another tools to solve this problem
as another tools to solve this problem and this is remarkable because they’ve
and this is remarkable because they’ve
and this is remarkable because they’ve never interacted with stones before it
never interacted with stones before it
never interacted with stones before it actually shows that they were reasoning
actually shows that they were reasoning
actually shows that they were reasoning about the mechanistic structure of the
about the mechanistic structure of the
about the mechanistic structure of the problem and about physical forces
problem and about physical forces
problem and about physical forces gravity and pressure and we’re putting
gravity and pressure and we’re putting
gravity and pressure and we’re putting the two flexibly into relation until
the two flexibly into relation until
the two flexibly into relation until they came up with the right solution
they came up with the right solution
they came up with the right solution spontaneously and I show you how this
spontaneously and I show you how this
spontaneously and I show you how this looked like in reality this is first the
looked like in reality this is first the
looked like in reality this is first the training phase where the bird learns to
training phase where the bird learns to
training phase where the bird learns to push down the platform with its beak so
push down the platform with its beak so
push down the platform with its beak so it learns about the collapsibility
it learns about the collapsibility
it learns about the collapsibility and next it’s exposed to the original
and next it’s exposed to the original
and next it’s exposed to the original test again where the tube where there’s
test again where the tube where there’s
test again where the tube where there’s a long tube on top of the box and you
a long tube on top of the box and you
a long tube on top of the box and you can see that in the beginning it’s
can see that in the beginning it’s
can see that in the beginning it’s fairly annoyed that suddenly can’t reach
fairly annoyed that suddenly can’t reach
fairly annoyed that suddenly can’t reach the platform within Peaks any longer but
yes loli is annoyed too so but then it
yes loli is annoyed too so but then it clicks and suddenly she uses a tool and
clicks and suddenly she uses a tool and
clicks and suddenly she uses a tool and uses and with it extensive reach next
uses and with it extensive reach next
uses and with it extensive reach next I’m going to talk to probably one of the
I’m going to talk to probably one of the
I’m going to talk to probably one of the most amazing innovative behaviors
most amazing innovative behaviors
most amazing innovative behaviors spontaneously shown by an animal
spontaneously shown by an animal
spontaneously shown by an animal reporter today and that is by and guffin
reporter today and that is by and guffin
reporter today and that is by and guffin cockatoo a species that does not use
cockatoo a species that does not use
cockatoo a species that does not use tools in the wild and and this was a
tools in the wild and and this was a
tools in the wild and and this was a chance observation by my sister at least
chance observation by my sister at least
chance observation by my sister at least osburgh who observed that figure hoe a
osburgh who observed that figure hoe a
osburgh who observed that figure hoe a copper tool was playing with a little
copper tool was playing with a little
copper tool was playing with a little stone and he wasn’t at some stage he was
stone and he wasn’t at some stage he was
stone and he wasn’t at some stage he was inserting it through the mesh of the
inserting it through the mesh of the
inserting it through the mesh of the aviary and it fell just outside of his
aviary and it fell just outside of his
aviary and it fell just outside of his reach and then he tried for a few
reach and then he tried for a few
reach and then he tried for a few moments to retrieve it with his claws
moments to retrieve it with his claws
moments to retrieve it with his claws but when this was not successful he said
but when this was not successful he said
but when this was not successful he said he suddenly went away and came back with
he suddenly went away and came back with
he suddenly went away and came back with a little stick and then tried to fish
a little stick and then tried to fish
a little stick and then tried to fish for the toy of the out of his reach and
for the toy of the out of his reach and
for the toy of the out of his reach and when after this happened it learned that
when after this happened it learned that
when after this happened it learned that there was caused a follow-up study and
there was caused a follow-up study and
there was caused a follow-up study and after this happened he was immediately
after this happened he was immediately
after this happened he was immediately separated from his peers and tested and
separated from his peers and tested and
separated from his peers and tested and their more controlled conditions
their more controlled conditions
their more controlled conditions the bird was tested with a peanut his
the bird was tested with a peanut his
the bird was tested with a peanut his favorite food and was just placed
favorite food and was just placed
favorite food and was just placed outside of the Avery behind the mesh and
outside of the Avery behind the mesh and
outside of the Avery behind the mesh and to our big astonishment the bird did not
to our big astonishment the bird did not
to our big astonishment the bird did not go and fetch the tool that we had
go and fetch the tool that we had
go and fetch the tool that we had provided but instead he started capping
provided but instead he started capping
provided but instead he started capping out and wouldn’t splinter out of the
out and wouldn’t splinter out of the
out and wouldn’t splinter out of the wooden beam of the aviary step by step
wooden beam of the aviary step by step
wooden beam of the aviary step by step and then used the splinter to and now
and then used the splinter to and now
and then used the splinter to and now she’s bored if you want to know
this is they start singing when they’re
this is they start singing when they’re bored and so then use that splinter to
bored and so then use that splinter to
bored and so then use that splinter to fish store the food out of reach and I
fish store the food out of reach and I
fish store the food out of reach and I bet see for yourself please so you can
bet see for yourself please so you can
bet see for yourself please so you can see that it’s pretty pretty tedious
see that it’s pretty pretty tedious
see that it’s pretty pretty tedious pretty tedious to bite out a splinter
pretty tedious to bite out a splinter
pretty tedious to bite out a splinter and it suggests that he really acted in
and it suggests that he really acted in
and it suggests that he really acted in a goal-directed manner and you’ll also
a goal-directed manner and you’ll also
a goal-directed manner and you’ll also see that it’s not exactly easy to
see that it’s not exactly easy to
see that it’s not exactly easy to maneuver such a tool with a curved beak
maneuver such a tool with a curved beak
maneuver such a tool with a curved beak we had to help Elizabeth but then he
we had to help Elizabeth but then he
we had to help Elizabeth but then he it’s not exactly easy to maneuver it but
it’s not exactly easy to maneuver it but
it’s not exactly easy to maneuver it but he if you look closely we used his
he if you look closely we used his
he if you look closely we used his tongue to support the tool against his
tongue to support the tool against his
tongue to support the tool against his upper beak – to have more control of the
upper beak – to have more control of the
upper beak – to have more control of the grip we replicated his behavior but he
grip we replicated his behavior but he
grip we replicated his behavior but he used several different methods and
used several different methods and
used several different methods and different materials flexibly so we
different materials flexibly so we
different materials flexibly so we really had the impression that he had
really had the impression that he had
really had the impression that he had some kind of inner some kind of template
some kind of inner some kind of template
some kind of inner some kind of template in front of his inner eyes and was
in front of his inner eyes and was
in front of his inner eyes and was shaping and going on really producing
shaping and going on really producing
shaping and going on really producing the tools according to some plan and of
the tools according to some plan and of
the tools according to some plan and of course we we can show that and future
course we we can show that and future
course we we can show that and future research we have to study in more detail
research we have to study in more detail
research we have to study in more detail the cognitive processes that underlie
the cognitive processes that underlie
the cognitive processes that underlie such complex innovative behavior but he
such complex innovative behavior but he
such complex innovative behavior but he definitely shaped another tool out of a
definitely shaped another tool out of a
definitely shaped another tool out of a shapeless source material and it will
shapeless source material and it will
shapeless source material and it will fulfill another need and a that meets
fulfill another need and a that meets
fulfill another need and a that meets the definition of real tool innovation
the definition of real tool innovation
the definition of real tool innovation and it’s may be interesting for you to
and it’s may be interesting for you to
and it’s may be interesting for you to know for you to know that this is a
know for you to know that this is a
know for you to know that this is a behavior if the tool iterations are
behavior if the tool iterations are
behavior if the tool iterations are developing very late in human auto Gini
developing very late in human auto Gini
developing very late in human auto Gini by a children readily starts using tools
by a children readily starts using tools
by a children readily starts using tools at an early age they only invent a tool
at an early age they only invent a tool
at an early age they only invent a tool readily when they’re about and 5 to 8
readily when they’re about and 5 to 8
readily when they’re about and 5 to 8 years of age so this is surprising so I
years of age so this is surprising so I
years of age so this is surprising so I hope that I could show to you that tears
hope that I could show to you that tears
hope that I could show to you that tears and large brain burst species
and large brain burst species
and large brain burst species have evolved capacities for complex
have evolved capacities for complex
have evolved capacities for complex thought processes that allow them to
thought processes that allow them to
thought processes that allow them to respond to novel situation flexibly and
respond to novel situation flexibly and
respond to novel situation flexibly and that allow them to solve novel problems
that allow them to solve novel problems
that allow them to solve novel problems but this might be hard to swallow for
but this might be hard to swallow for
but this might be hard to swallow for some people that want to make a big
some people that want to make a big
some people that want to make a big distinction between animals and humans
distinction between animals and humans
distinction between animals and humans and but actually I think there is a big
and but actually I think there is a big
and but actually I think there is a big fundamental difference between us and
fundamental difference between us and
fundamental difference between us and animals and that is that we are the only
animals and that is that we are the only
animals and that is that we are the only species that can fully foresee the
species that can fully foresee the
species that can fully foresee the consequences of our own actions and as a
consequences of our own actions and as a
consequences of our own actions and as a consequence we are only also the only
consequence we are only also the only
consequence we are only also the only species that carries the full
species that carries the full
species that carries the full responsibility for our own actions and
responsibility for our own actions and
responsibility for our own actions and therefore my appeal to you is if you
therefore my appeal to you is if you
therefore my appeal to you is if you want to be different then show it and
want to be different then show it and
want to be different then show it and take responsibility for your actions for
take responsibility for your actions for
take responsibility for your actions for the sake of this planet and all species
the sake of this planet and all species
the sake of this planet and all species living on it thank you
living on it thank you
living on it thank you [Applause]
[Applause]
[Applause] [Music]
”
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