of May 1959 so on the 7th of May 1959
of May 1959 so on the 7th of May 1959 Sir Charles snow gave an influential
Sir Charles snow gave an influential
Sir Charles snow gave an influential lecture at Star at Cambridge it was
lecture at Star at Cambridge it was
lecture at Star at Cambridge it was titled
titled
titled the two cultures in the lecture he
the two cultures in the lecture he
the two cultures in the lecture he argued that two of the foremost
argued that two of the foremost
argued that two of the foremost intellectual disciplines of our times
intellectual disciplines of our times
intellectual disciplines of our times the humanities and the sciences failed
the humanities and the sciences failed
the humanities and the sciences failed to communicate adequately and the
to communicate adequately and the
to communicate adequately and the barriers to communication between the
barriers to communication between the
barriers to communication between the two disciplines was a hindrance to human
two disciplines was a hindrance to human
two disciplines was a hindrance to human progress since then these disciplines
progress since then these disciplines
progress since then these disciplines have communicated on and off come
have communicated on and off come
have communicated on and off come together drifted apart and once again
together drifted apart and once again
together drifted apart and once again it’s time for the two disciplines to
it’s time for the two disciplines to
it’s time for the two disciplines to come together to address one of the most
come together to address one of the most
come together to address one of the most significant developments in the history
significant developments in the history
significant developments in the history of mankind
of mankind
of mankind this is the rise of artificial
this is the rise of artificial
this is the rise of artificial intelligence over the next few minutes
intelligence over the next few minutes
intelligence over the next few minutes what I’d like to talk about is what
what I’d like to talk about is what
what I’d like to talk about is what impact this is going to have on a
impact this is going to have on a
impact this is going to have on a country like India the developing world
country like India the developing world
country like India the developing world so let’s let’s go back a little what do
so let’s let’s go back a little what do
so let’s let’s go back a little what do we know about AI right we’ve known for a
we know about AI right we’ve known for a
we know about AI right we’ve known for a few decades now that machines can learn
few decades now that machines can learn
few decades now that machines can learn right no surprises there in fact my own
right no surprises there in fact my own
right no surprises there in fact my own PhD when I was a graduate student was
PhD when I was a graduate student was
PhD when I was a graduate student was about teaching optical devices to learn
about teaching optical devices to learn
about teaching optical devices to learn so that they can more light that goes
so that they can more light that goes
so that they can more light that goes into an optical fiber and what we
into an optical fiber and what we
into an optical fiber and what we achieved by teaching these devices to
achieved by teaching these devices to
achieved by teaching these devices to learn was a 10 200 fold improvement in
learn was a 10 200 fold improvement in
learn was a 10 200 fold improvement in telecom capacity this was experimentally
telecom capacity this was experimentally
telecom capacity this was experimentally demonstrated and it was time to move on
demonstrated and it was time to move on
demonstrated and it was time to move on machines can see read and write this is
machines can see read and write this is
machines can see read and write this is true as of today in fact here’s here’s
true as of today in fact here’s here’s
true as of today in fact here’s here’s something from Google research
something from Google research
something from Google research recognizing scenes and actually
recognizing scenes and actually
recognizing scenes and actually captioning it machines can analyze
captioning it machines can analyze
captioning it machines can analyze images and in fact can analyze medical
images and in fact can analyze medical
images and in fact can analyze medical images and detect illness
images and detect illness
images and detect illness right machines can navigate we know this
right machines can navigate we know this
right machines can navigate we know this and occasionally they can get pulled
and occasionally they can get pulled
and occasionally they can get pulled over and be given tickets machines can
over and be given tickets machines can
over and be given tickets machines can build here’s a brick laying machine it’s
build here’s a brick laying machine it’s
build here’s a brick laying machine it’s a brick laying robot that lays bricks in
a brick laying robot that lays bricks in
a brick laying robot that lays bricks in cement it does not take breaks can works
cement it does not take breaks can works
cement it does not take breaks can works 24 hours okay and you do not struggle
24 hours okay and you do not struggle
24 hours okay and you do not struggle with labor problems here’s a rod laying
with labor problems here’s a rod laying
with labor problems here’s a rod laying machine and you can and it can lay
machine and you can and it can lay
machine and you can and it can lay bricks in fantastic fabulous forms that
bricks in fantastic fabulous forms that
bricks in fantastic fabulous forms that are normally not humanly conceivable so
are normally not humanly conceivable so
are normally not humanly conceivable so there are many many wonderful
there are many many wonderful
there are many many wonderful possibilities with machines being able
possibilities with machines being able
possibilities with machines being able to do new things what does this mean for
to do new things what does this mean for
to do new things what does this mean for what are some possibilities for a
what are some possibilities for a
what are some possibilities for a country like ours well first is lots of
country like ours well first is lots of
country like ours well first is lots of cheaper manufactured goods once you
cheaper manufactured goods once you
cheaper manufactured goods once you automate factories so let’s let’s look
automate factories so let’s let’s look
automate factories so let’s let’s look at the boundary here I’m going to stay
at the boundary here I’m going to stay
at the boundary here I’m going to stay within machines that can that do not
within machines that can that do not
within machines that can that do not require creativity or empathy and I say
require creativity or empathy and I say
require creativity or empathy and I say that because creativity and empathy it
that because creativity and empathy it
that because creativity and empathy it is not because machines may not be able
is not because machines may not be able
is not because machines may not be able to achieve that but it but because it is
to achieve that but it but because it is
to achieve that but it but because it is easier to agree that things that do not
easier to agree that things that do not
easier to agree that things that do not require creativity or empathy will be
require creativity or empathy will be
require creativity or empathy will be easy to algorithm eyes so machines can
easy to algorithm eyes so machines can
easy to algorithm eyes so machines can actually do a lot in factories and so
actually do a lot in factories and so
actually do a lot in factories and so manufactured goods will become vastly
manufactured goods will become vastly
manufactured goods will become vastly cheaper cheaper high quality
cheaper cheaper high quality
cheaper cheaper high quality construction will be possible right we
construction will be possible right we
construction will be possible right we just saw examples people can have houses
just saw examples people can have houses
just saw examples people can have houses at significantly lower costs the supply
at significantly lower costs the supply
at significantly lower costs the supply chains involved in getting the raw
chains involved in getting the raw
chains involved in getting the raw materials will be significantly easier
materials will be significantly easier
materials will be significantly easier or can be significantly easier once you
or can be significantly easier once you
or can be significantly easier once you have automated procedures none of this
have automated procedures none of this
have automated procedures none of this requires any creativity or empathy
requires any creativity or empathy
requires any creativity or empathy vastly cheaper clean energy is possible
vastly cheaper clean energy is possible
vastly cheaper clean energy is possible because large solar firms can be
because large solar firms can be
because large solar firms can be constructed automatically and lines can
constructed automatically and lines can
constructed automatically and lines can be laid automatically metering can be
be laid automatically metering can be
be laid automatically metering can be done
one of my pet favorites are ubiquitous
one of my pet favorites are ubiquitous helped
helped
helped what does medicine involve well there’s
what does medicine involve well there’s
what does medicine involve well there’s diagnosis and then this therapy and then
diagnosis and then this therapy and then
diagnosis and then this therapy and then there’s surgery diagnosis is
there’s surgery diagnosis is
there’s surgery diagnosis is fundamentally a decision-making process
fundamentally a decision-making process
fundamentally a decision-making process you look at data decide if a person ill
you look at data decide if a person ill
you look at data decide if a person ill or not and if the person’s ill what kind
or not and if the person’s ill what kind
or not and if the person’s ill what kind of illness something that machines excel
of illness something that machines excel
of illness something that machines excel at therapy again is a is a
at therapy again is a is a
at therapy again is a is a decision-making process what what course
decision-making process what what course
decision-making process what what course of treatment is likely to maximize the
of treatment is likely to maximize the
of treatment is likely to maximize the probability of a favorable outcome and
probability of a favorable outcome and
probability of a favorable outcome and surgery as well so outside of medical
surgery as well so outside of medical
surgery as well so outside of medical research typically medicine does not
research typically medicine does not
research typically medicine does not require any creativity and in fact at
require any creativity and in fact at
require any creativity and in fact at embrace we are working on developing a
embrace we are working on developing a
embrace we are working on developing a and into an artificial intelligence
and into an artificial intelligence
and into an artificial intelligence based diagnostic system to help babies
based diagnostic system to help babies
based diagnostic system to help babies and detect illness in them automatically
and detect illness in them automatically
and detect illness in them automatically for remote rural areas tremendous
for remote rural areas tremendous
for remote rural areas tremendous possibilities in healthcare law
possibilities in healthcare law
possibilities in healthcare law enforcement we just heard the previous
enforcement we just heard the previous
enforcement we just heard the previous speaker talked about challenges and law
speaker talked about challenges and law
speaker talked about challenges and law enforcement well once you have you
enforcement well once you have you
enforcement well once you have you equate a census right image is being
equate a census right image is being
equate a census right image is being captured things being recorded I’m not
captured things being recorded I’m not
captured things being recorded I’m not arguing that you should have Robocop’s
arguing that you should have Robocop’s
arguing that you should have Robocop’s but even even if you just have digital
but even even if you just have digital
but even even if you just have digital data being captured you will have
data being captured you will have
data being captured you will have recorded evidence and the ability of
recorded evidence and the ability of
recorded evidence and the ability of criminals to walk away with impunity
criminals to walk away with impunity
criminals to walk away with impunity will be significantly lower matters for
will be significantly lower matters for
will be significantly lower matters for a country like ours and finally the
a country like ours and finally the
a country like ours and finally the public distribution system right the
public distribution system right the
public distribution system right the rationing system can be complete it is
rationing system can be complete it is
rationing system can be complete it is possible to completely automate these
possible to completely automate these
possible to completely automate these systems to minimize weight wastage
systems to minimize weight wastage
systems to minimize weight wastage pilferage corruption I am NOT arguing
pilferage corruption I am NOT arguing
pilferage corruption I am NOT arguing that this will happen these are all
that this will happen these are all
that this will happen these are all things that can happen lots of wonderful
things that can happen lots of wonderful
things that can happen lots of wonderful possibilities in fact we are talking
possibilities in fact we are talking
possibilities in fact we are talking about the situation where machines will
about the situation where machines will
about the situation where machines will be able to do most things better than
be able to do most things better than
be able to do most things better than most people take a second to gather that
most people take a second to gather that
most people take a second to gather that not saying all things better than all
not saying all things better than all
not saying all things better than all people but most things better than most
people but most things better than most
people but most things better than most people
people
people in a country like ours what does this
in a country like ours what does this
in a country like ours what does this mean and something that does not require
mean and something that does not require
mean and something that does not require creativity or empathy a lot of jobs will
creativity or empathy a lot of jobs will
creativity or empathy a lot of jobs will get replaced we are talking about
get replaced we are talking about
get replaced we are talking about construction stop the construction jobs
construction stop the construction jobs
construction stop the construction jobs disappearing possibly driving
manufacturing delivery the list has
manufacturing delivery the list has countless
countless
countless what can this mean for a country like
what can this mean for a country like
what can this mean for a country like ours where the vast majority of the
ours where the vast majority of the
ours where the vast majority of the population does not drink engage in
population does not drink engage in
population does not drink engage in Labor’s that require either creativity
Labor’s that require either creativity
Labor’s that require either creativity or empathy which is what makes the
or empathy which is what makes the
or empathy which is what makes the developing country context different
developing country context different
developing country context different what is likely to be the political
what is likely to be the political
what is likely to be the political fallout of this to analyze this we have
fallout of this to analyze this we have
fallout of this to analyze this we have to go back to one basic notion which is
to go back to one basic notion which is
to go back to one basic notion which is jobs so the notion of a job that as a
jobs so the notion of a job that as a
jobs so the notion of a job that as a means of earning an income for the
means of earning an income for the
means of earning an income for the majority of the population is actually a
majority of the population is actually a
majority of the population is actually a relatively new notion we are very used
relatively new notion we are very used
relatively new notion we are very used to it employment and earning an income
to it employment and earning an income
to it employment and earning an income from employment but for this to be the
from employment but for this to be the
from employment but for this to be the norm in society is actually a
norm in society is actually a
norm in society is actually a post-industrial revolution notion before
post-industrial revolution notion before
post-industrial revolution notion before that what we had was primarily a feudal
that what we had was primarily a feudal
that what we had was primarily a feudal system not just here but in most
system not just here but in most
system not just here but in most countries across the world what we had a
countries across the world what we had a
countries across the world what we had a feudal system where people were
feudal system where people were
feudal system where people were affiliated with a household or at a
affiliated with a household or at a
affiliated with a household or at a different level they were affiliated
different level they were affiliated
different level they were affiliated with coats and the and they provide
with coats and the and they provide
with coats and the and they provide patronage in exchange for their labor so
patronage in exchange for their labor so
patronage in exchange for their labor so what we hold the sacred the jobs as
what we hold the sacred the jobs as
what we hold the sacred the jobs as income needn’t necessarily hold in fact
income needn’t necessarily hold in fact
income needn’t necessarily hold in fact countries are there there are folks
countries are there there are folks
countries are there there are folks already trying experiments with this
already trying experiments with this
already trying experiments with this once you have a situation of abundance
once you have a situation of abundance
once you have a situation of abundance when it’s possible to actually provide
when it’s possible to actually provide
when it’s possible to actually provide certain essentials at very very low cost
certain essentials at very very low cost
certain essentials at very very low cost is it possible to give everyone in the
is it possible to give everyone in the
is it possible to give everyone in the country a living wage that is one
country a living wage that is one
country a living wage that is one possible pathway give everyone a living
possible pathway give everyone a living
possible pathway give everyone a living wage their essentials are taken care of
wage their essentials are taken care of
wage their essentials are taken care of and dissociate income from jobs
and dissociate income from jobs
and dissociate income from jobs Scandinavian countries do this tour
Scandinavian countries do this tour
Scandinavian countries do this tour extend unemployment wages are sufficient
extend unemployment wages are sufficient
extend unemployment wages are sufficient to actually live comfortably for a
to actually live comfortably for a
to actually live comfortably for a certain period of time in fact Y
certain period of time in fact Y
certain period of time in fact Y Combinator is running an experiment on
Combinator is running an experiment on
Combinator is running an experiment on this to understand the impact of of a
this to understand the impact of of a
this to understand the impact of of a wage provided is this necessarily the
wage provided is this necessarily the
wage provided is this necessarily the right thing for the country I don’t know
right thing for the country I don’t know
right thing for the country I don’t know because fundamentally you release the
because fundamentally you release the
because fundamentally you release the question of after a living wage what
question of after a living wage what
question of after a living wage what will be the purpose we will be in the
will be the purpose we will be in the
will be the purpose we will be in the situation of the idle rich where the
situation of the idle rich where the
situation of the idle rich where the essentials are taken care of and we have
essentials are taken care of and we have
essentials are taken care of and we have lots of time on our hands there will be
lots of time on our hands there will be
lots of time on our hands there will be a percentage of the population that will
a percentage of the population that will
a percentage of the population that will engage in creative and empathetic
engage in creative and empathetic
engage in creative and empathetic pursuits how large can that percentage
pursuits how large can that percentage
pursuits how large can that percentage be it’s anyone’s guess and what will the
be it’s anyone’s guess and what will the
be it’s anyone’s guess and what will the rest do we have a challenge here of
rest do we have a challenge here of
rest do we have a challenge here of human capital so what will what will the
human capital so what will what will the
human capital so what will what will the rest do I don’t have an answer to be
rest do I don’t have an answer to be
rest do I don’t have an answer to be honest so there’s a second possibility
honest so there’s a second possibility
honest so there’s a second possibility that can play out in a democratic
that can play out in a democratic
that can play out in a democratic context which is the idea of a walled
context which is the idea of a walled
context which is the idea of a walled garden regulations prevent these
garden regulations prevent these
garden regulations prevent these technologies from coming in or impose
technologies from coming in or impose
technologies from coming in or impose regulations control them so that you
regulations control them so that you
regulations control them so that you don’t have social upheaval now we impose
don’t have social upheaval now we impose
don’t have social upheaval now we impose these walled gardens does not mean that
these walled gardens does not mean that
these walled gardens does not mean that the rest of the world is actually going
the rest of the world is actually going
the rest of the world is actually going to engage quite the same way there will
to engage quite the same way there will
to engage quite the same way there will be other countries especially countries
be other countries especially countries
be other countries especially countries where the majority of the population has
where the majority of the population has
where the majority of the population has the ability to engage in creative or
the ability to engage in creative or
the ability to engage in creative or empathetic pursuits especially smaller
empathetic pursuits especially smaller
empathetic pursuits especially smaller countries like a Switzerland or a
countries like a Switzerland or a
countries like a Switzerland or a Singapore or the Scandinavian countries
Singapore or the Scandinavian countries
Singapore or the Scandinavian countries or in Israel and they will progress but
or in Israel and they will progress but
or in Israel and they will progress but this is this is an this is a possible
this is this is an this is a possible
this is this is an this is a possible reaction in democratic context where
reaction in democratic context where
reaction in democratic context where does this lead I do not know but I want
does this lead I do not know but I want
does this lead I do not know but I want to leave you with questions as young
to leave you with questions as young
to leave you with questions as young technologists one there is one another
technologists one there is one another
technologists one there is one another eventual eventualities that is highly
eventual eventualities that is highly
eventual eventualities that is highly likely to play out though which is the
likely to play out though which is the
likely to play out though which is the question of creative and empathetic
question of creative and empathetic
question of creative and empathetic machines
machines
machines I stayed off that question in the
I stayed off that question in the
I stayed off that question in the interest of agreement but already we
interest of agreement but already we
interest of agreement but already we know that machines do have the
know that machines do have the
know that machines do have the capability to be creative and empathetic
capability to be creative and empathetic
capability to be creative and empathetic and let’s understand why creativity is
and let’s understand why creativity is
and let’s understand why creativity is nothing but the ability to form novel
nothing but the ability to form novel
nothing but the ability to form novel combinations painting is the ability to
combinations painting is the ability to
combinations painting is the ability to form colors shapes objects ideas in new
form colors shapes objects ideas in new
form colors shapes objects ideas in new ways
ways
ways music the ability to sound notes groups
music the ability to sound notes groups
music the ability to sound notes groups of notes instruments in new ways
of notes instruments in new ways
of notes instruments in new ways creative creativity in music creativity
creative creativity in music creativity
creative creativity in music creativity in the sciences in mathematics is the
in the sciences in mathematics is the
in the sciences in mathematics is the ability to piece together axioms and the
ability to piece together axioms and the
ability to piece together axioms and the rules of inference together in new ways
rules of inference together in new ways
rules of inference together in new ways to form new understanding so creativity
to form new understanding so creativity
to form new understanding so creativity is actually a generative process that
is actually a generative process that
is actually a generative process that involves piecing together things in
involves piecing together things in
involves piecing together things in novel combinations and you know what we
novel combinations and you know what we
novel combinations and you know what we have creative machines artificial
have creative machines artificial
have creative machines artificial creativity already exists they are
creativity already exists they are
creativity already exists they are nowhere near human level our empathy
nowhere near human level our empathy
nowhere near human level our empathy empathy is the ability to respond to
empathy is the ability to respond to
empathy is the ability to respond to another person understanding the other
another person understanding the other
another person understanding the other person’s emotional state and how do we
person’s emotional state and how do we
person’s emotional state and how do we understand another person’s emotional
understand another person’s emotional
understand another person’s emotional state it is based on past experience it
state it is based on past experience it
state it is based on past experience it is based on reading the other person’s
is based on reading the other person’s
is based on reading the other person’s body language it is based on reading the
body language it is based on reading the
body language it is based on reading the other person’s language tone and so on
other person’s language tone and so on
other person’s language tone and so on you know what a machine can do all of
you know what a machine can do all of
you know what a machine can do all of these and in that actually it can do
these and in that actually it can do
these and in that actually it can do many things that I can’t
many things that I can’t
many things that I can’t for example sitting here if I had kept
for example sitting here if I had kept
for example sitting here if I had kept my I had the capabilities of the machine
my I had the capabilities of the machine
my I had the capabilities of the machine I’d be able to I would be able to tell
I’d be able to I would be able to tell
I’d be able to I would be able to tell not only all of these things but I would
not only all of these things but I would
not only all of these things but I would be able to look at
be able to look at
be able to look at I would instantly know all the publicly
I would instantly know all the publicly
I would instantly know all the publicly available information about this person
available information about this person
available information about this person that is available on Facebook or
that is available on Facebook or
that is available on Facebook or Instagram or any of these settings and
Instagram or any of these settings and
Instagram or any of these settings and have context I’ll be able to look at the
have context I’ll be able to look at the
have context I’ll be able to look at the person and measure his or her pupil
person and measure his or her pupil
person and measure his or her pupil dilation breath rate pulse rate I know I
dilation breath rate pulse rate I know I
dilation breath rate pulse rate I know I know far more than a human being is able
know far more than a human being is able
know far more than a human being is able to sense and we already have empathetic
to sense and we already have empathetic
to sense and we already have empathetic machines and preamp
machines and preamp
machines and preamp that here’s an example of machine
that here’s an example of machine
that here’s an example of machine creativity Google actually recently
creativity Google actually recently
creativity Google actually recently showcased art forms created by machines
showcased art forms created by machines
showcased art forms created by machines here is the case of machines being able
here is the case of machines being able
here is the case of machines being able to identify emotions this is from
to identify emotions this is from
to identify emotions this is from Microsoft and it’s able to correctly
Microsoft and it’s able to correctly
Microsoft and it’s able to correctly identify surprise where does all of this
identify surprise where does all of this
identify surprise where does all of this lead eventually there is like with
lead eventually there is like with
lead eventually there is like with progresses in neural implants that are
progresses in neural implants that are
progresses in neural implants that are already happening
already happening
already happening and genetic modification there will be a
and genetic modification there will be a
and genetic modification there will be a time when we we are faced with the
time when we we are faced with the
time when we we are faced with the choice of do we actually augment
choice of do we actually augment
choice of do we actually augment ourselves with machines do we augment
ourselves with machines do we augment
ourselves with machines do we augment ours do we augment our memory do we
ours do we augment our memory do we
ours do we augment our memory do we augment our processing capability do we
augment our processing capability do we
augment our processing capability do we actually plug into the Internet all of
actually plug into the Internet all of
actually plug into the Internet all of these questions will come up Edward o
these questions will come up Edward o
these questions will come up Edward o Wilson a Harvard biologist wrote the
Wilson a Harvard biologist wrote the
Wilson a Harvard biologist wrote the Pulitzer prizing piece of work
Pulitzer prizing piece of work
Pulitzer prizing piece of work prize-winning piece of work on human
prize-winning piece of work on human
prize-winning piece of work on human nature in which he talks about
nature in which he talks about
nature in which he talks about sociobiology the genetic predispositions
sociobiology the genetic predispositions
sociobiology the genetic predispositions that gives us human nature and at the
that gives us human nature and at the
that gives us human nature and at the end of the book he asked the question
end of the book he asked the question
end of the book he asked the question asked the question very pleasantly when
asked the question very pleasantly when
asked the question very pleasantly when we reach a situation where we are able
we reach a situation where we are able
we reach a situation where we are able to change our own nature what will we do
to change our own nature what will we do
to change our own nature what will we do we have reached that point and the two
we have reached that point and the two
we have reached that point and the two cultures have to come together to answer
cultures have to come together to answer
cultures have to come together to answer this question thank you
this question thank you
this question thank you [Applause]
”
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