now then everyone who’s hearing this talk is the speaker of English and as
talk is the speaker of English and as
talk is the speaker of English and as such is participating in a language
such is participating in a language
such is participating in a language culture which we share with about half
culture which we share with about half
culture which we share with about half the planet and which reaches back about
the planet and which reaches back about
the planet and which reaches back about seven thousand years into our prehistory
in the same way that Latin over time and
in the same way that Latin over time and like all languages changes and becomes
like all languages changes and becomes
like all languages changes and becomes Italian and French and Spanish and the
Italian and French and Spanish and the
Italian and French and Spanish and the other Romance languages scholars have
other Romance languages scholars have
other Romance languages scholars have been able to show that all the languages
been able to show that all the languages
been able to show that all the languages between the Western deserts of China and
between the Western deserts of China and
between the Western deserts of China and Iceland go back to a mother tongue we
Iceland go back to a mother tongue we
Iceland go back to a mother tongue we called this language proto-indo-european
called this language proto-indo-european
called this language proto-indo-european and the speakers of this language the
and the speakers of this language the
and the speakers of this language the indo-european well not quite sure who
indo-european well not quite sure who
indo-european well not quite sure who they were as relates to the
they were as relates to the
they were as relates to the archaeological record but through the
archaeological record but through the
archaeological record but through the linguistic evidence we get a glimpse of
linguistic evidence we get a glimpse of
linguistic evidence we get a glimpse of a culture both strange and familiar when
a culture both strange and familiar when
a culture both strange and familiar when we have word that’s show up in different
we have word that’s show up in different
we have word that’s show up in different languages that it’s sound alike share
languages that it’s sound alike share
languages that it’s sound alike share the same general meaning we can make a
the same general meaning we can make a
the same general meaning we can make a supposition that they go back to an
supposition that they go back to an
supposition that they go back to an original root and with enough evidence
original root and with enough evidence
original root and with enough evidence we can piece together what that might
we can piece together what that might
we can piece together what that might have sounded like here’s an example the
have sounded like here’s an example the
have sounded like here’s an example the ATIS word water shows up in hittite
ATIS word water shows up in hittite
ATIS word water shows up in hittite which is a language that was spoken in
which is a language that was spoken in
which is a language that was spoken in what is now Turkey between 1800 1200 BC
what is now Turkey between 1800 1200 BC
what is now Turkey between 1800 1200 BC their word is WOD are very similar the
their word is WOD are very similar the
their word is WOD are very similar the Russian word for water is water and
Russian word for water is water and
Russian word for water is water and vodka just means little water so we can
vodka just means little water so we can
vodka just means little water so we can make a supposition that the original
make a supposition that the original
make a supposition that the original word must have sounded something like la
word must have sounded something like la
word must have sounded something like la da and
the linguistic and cultural evidence we
the linguistic and cultural evidence we know that they had the horse very
know that they had the horse very
know that they had the horse very important in their culture and which
important in their culture and which
important in their culture and which helped to spread it across vast
helped to spread it across vast
helped to spread it across vast distances they had the plow they had the
distances they had the plow they had the
distances they had the plow they had the wheel they had the axle they had
wheel they had the axle they had
wheel they had the axle they had chariots they had the yoke and the loot
chariots they had the yoke and the loot
chariots they had the yoke and the loot for that word shares its etymology with
for that word shares its etymology with
for that word shares its etymology with the word we think of this very ancient
the word we think of this very ancient
the word we think of this very ancient that like yoga and also words that are
that like yoga and also words that are
that like yoga and also words that are very modern like Jack is in the
very modern like Jack is in the
very modern like Jack is in the headphone jack that we just 7 or jacking
headphone jack that we just 7 or jacking
headphone jack that we just 7 or jacking into the internet we know that there
into the internet we know that there
into the internet we know that there chief God probably did battle with the
chief God probably did battle with the
chief God probably did battle with the sea monster as Zeus battles typhoon and
sea monster as Zeus battles typhoon and
sea monster as Zeus battles typhoon and Indra battled fira and the indian
Indra battled fira and the indian
Indra battled fira and the indian mythology in hitch height
mythology in hitch height
mythology in hitch height the here otaku’s battles in Ludhiana
the here otaku’s battles in Ludhiana
the here otaku’s battles in Ludhiana similarly we know that they probably had
similarly we know that they probably had
similarly we know that they probably had a river god called something like don or
a river god called something like don or
a river god called something like don or da new we have the rivers that don in
da new we have the rivers that don in
da new we have the rivers that don in the airport the mr. Donavan it might be
the airport the mr. Donavan it might be
the airport the mr. Donavan it might be don mark as well and we know that their
don mark as well and we know that their
don mark as well and we know that their thunder god who is called perón in
thunder god who is called perón in
thunder god who is called perón in Russian and of kunas in Lithuanian and
Russian and of kunas in Lithuanian and
Russian and of kunas in Lithuanian and Kunis is called met with you with the
Kunis is called met with you with the
Kunis is called met with you with the italic word Quercus Latin for oak tree
italic word Quercus Latin for oak tree
italic word Quercus Latin for oak tree in the Roman historians tell us that we
in the Roman historians tell us that we
in the Roman historians tell us that we drew it with worship at the oak and
drew it with worship at the oak and
drew it with worship at the oak and Quercus is the word which in English
Quercus is the word which in English
Quercus is the word which in English shows up in Cork as cork comes from the
shows up in Cork as cork comes from the
shows up in Cork as cork comes from the particular bark of an oak tree and
particular bark of an oak tree and
particular bark of an oak tree and speaking of corks we know they enjoyed a
speaking of corks we know they enjoyed a
speaking of corks we know they enjoyed a party the word need shows up across all
party the word need shows up across all
party the word need shows up across all the indo-european languages its module
the indo-european languages its module
the indo-european languages its module in Sanskrit it’s Madras means drunk and
in Sanskrit it’s Madras means drunk and
in Sanskrit it’s Madras means drunk and garlic Meadows and old Church Slavonic
garlic Meadows and old Church Slavonic
garlic Meadows and old Church Slavonic we have in Russian you don’t
we have in Russian you don’t
we have in Russian you don’t but there by his name for fear of
but there by his name for fear of
but there by his name for fear of attracting his attention he described
attracting his attention he described
attracting his attention he described instead as yet that the honey either and
instead as yet that the honey either and
instead as yet that the honey either and you know they read you know that they
you know they read you know that they
you know they read you know that they had why when I was in Greek you know and
had why when I was in Greek you know and
had why when I was in Greek you know and then and an alien languages blind
then and an alien languages blind
then and an alien languages blind obviously in English it was so good we
obviously in English it was so good we
obviously in English it was so good we had to share it with our neighbors to
had to share it with our neighbors to
had to share it with our neighbors to the south as the eye and its lodging and
the south as the eye and its lodging and
the south as the eye and its lodging and demotic Egyptian we also know that the
demotic Egyptian we also know that the
demotic Egyptian we also know that the English words night and naked go back to
English words night and naked go back to
English words night and naked go back to the same route so what this means is
the same route so what this means is
the same route so what this means is they probably weren’t wearing any
they probably weren’t wearing any
they probably weren’t wearing any pajamas so there’s this ritual which is
pajamas so there’s this ritual which is
pajamas so there’s this ritual which is described in the Rig Veda which is about
described in the Rig Veda which is about
described in the Rig Veda which is about 5,000 years old written in Sanskrit as
5,000 years old written in Sanskrit as
5,000 years old written in Sanskrit as both have become to what the original
both have become to what the original
both have become to what the original indo-european speakers wouldn’t be
indo-european speakers wouldn’t be
indo-european speakers wouldn’t be talking about this ritual called the
talking about this ritual called the
talking about this ritual called the ashvamedha and there that need word
ashvamedha and there that need word
ashvamedha and there that need word again describes a priestess having
again describes a priestess having
again describes a priestess having ritualized sex with a horse which has
ritualized sex with a horse which has
ritualized sex with a horse which has been slaughtered and fed to the
been slaughtered and fed to the
been slaughtered and fed to the assembled masses never let me go there
assembled masses never let me go there
assembled masses never let me go there yes and we can compare this directly
yes and we can compare this directly
yes and we can compare this directly with the ancient Irish kingship rituals
with the ancient Irish kingship rituals
with the ancient Irish kingship rituals where the newly installed King has sex
where the newly installed King has sex
where the newly installed King has sex with a horse which has been slaughtered
with a horse which has been slaughtered
with a horse which has been slaughtered who fed up the assembled masses and the
who fed up the assembled masses and the
who fed up the assembled masses and the kings of Norway did the same thing even
kings of Norway did the same thing even
kings of Norway did the same thing even after a crystallization in horse meat is
after a crystallization in horse meat is
after a crystallization in horse meat is taboo before the cross albeit England
taboo before the cross albeit England
taboo before the cross albeit England European language cultures otherwise and
European language cultures otherwise and
European language cultures otherwise and there were a restless bunch and
there were a restless bunch and
there were a restless bunch and different groups would over time split
different groups would over time split
different groups would over time split off as the language itself sat in
off as the language itself sat in
off as the language itself sat in development their little branch would go
development their little branch would go
development their little branch would go up and develop we came to the first
up and develop we came to the first
up and develop we came to the first branch to leave were the Anatolian is
branch to leave were the Anatolian is
branch to leave were the Anatolian is chiefly represented by the Hittite
chiefly represented by the Hittite
chiefly represented by the Hittite language
other groups included weeks in the doric
other groups included weeks in the doric so we’ll talk about them later there was
so we’ll talk about them later there was
so we’ll talk about them later there was a major group that went off to the east
a major group that went off to the east
a major group that went off to the east need there called the indo-aryan branch
need there called the indo-aryan branch
need there called the indo-aryan branch and they further split into the
and they further split into the
and they further split into the languages would become parsing in
languages would become parsing in
languages would become parsing in modern-day Iran and the Sanskrit
modern-day Iran and the Sanskrit
modern-day Iran and the Sanskrit languages and we can trace the actual
languages and we can trace the actual
languages and we can trace the actual movement of the indo-europeans across
movement of the indo-europeans across
movement of the indo-europeans across the ages River Valley by the place name
the ages River Valley by the place name
the ages River Valley by the place name everybody’s familiar with the Punjab
everybody’s familiar with the Punjab
everybody’s familiar with the Punjab region that’s literally at a melodically
region that’s literally at a melodically
region that’s literally at a melodically the five waters pancha hub okay and that
the five waters pancha hub okay and that
the five waters pancha hub okay and that that Concha is cognate with Greek Penton
that Concha is cognate with Greek Penton
that Concha is cognate with Greek Penton and Latin Queen quick goes back an
and Latin Queen quick goes back an
and Latin Queen quick goes back an indo-european something like that hem
indo-european something like that hem
indo-european something like that hem quick punch is the drink with five
quick punch is the drink with five
quick punch is the drink with five ingredients right and this might have
ingredients right and this might have
ingredients right and this might have been the original high five
we’re not quite sure if things up
we’re not quite sure if things up another point we’re not sure what
another point we’re not sure what
another point we’re not sure what prompted their dispersal that what
prompted their dispersal that what
prompted their dispersal that what prompted their movement it could just as
prompted their movement it could just as
prompted their movement it could just as easily have been about a need for more
easily have been about a need for more
easily have been about a need for more arable soil as it could have been about
arable soil as it could have been about
arable soil as it could have been about warfare and conquest and capture that
warfare and conquest and capture that
warfare and conquest and capture that chariot that I have mentioned earlier
chariot that I have mentioned earlier
chariot that I have mentioned earlier was an effective tool for hauling heavy
was an effective tool for hauling heavy
was an effective tool for hauling heavy objects and it was a great war machine
objects and it was a great war machine
objects and it was a great war machine as well they had the recurve bow which
as well they had the recurve bow which
as well they had the recurve bow which is a great weapon for hunting and
is a great weapon for hunting and
is a great weapon for hunting and gracious a weapon in war the Hittites
gracious a weapon in war the Hittites
gracious a weapon in war the Hittites were in fact the chief enemies of the
were in fact the chief enemies of the
were in fact the chief enemies of the Egyptians at the time of Ramses the
Egyptians at the time of Ramses the
Egyptians at the time of Ramses the second is according to its record or
second is according to its record or
second is according to its record or pretty appears some warriors other
pretty appears some warriors other
pretty appears some warriors other groups split off over time we have the
groups split off over time we have the
groups split off over time we have the healthy right palate plans we have the
healthy right palate plans we have the
healthy right palate plans we have the Armenians the bleep food Oryx the
Armenians the bleep food Oryx the
Armenians the bleep food Oryx the Germanic tribes fairly late split off
Germanic tribes fairly late split off
Germanic tribes fairly late split off went to the west they further split into
went to the west they further split into
went to the west they further split into the eastern northern and western
the eastern northern and western
the eastern northern and western branches and English is a little twig on
branches and English is a little twig on
branches and English is a little twig on the western branch
the western branch
the western branch the Germanic languages but I want to
the Germanic languages but I want to
the Germanic languages but I want to attract I want to turn our attention to
attract I want to turn our attention to
attract I want to turn our attention to a group that spoke a language called
a group that spoke a language called
a group that spoke a language called soap Aryan that went really far easy I
soap Aryan that went really far easy I
soap Aryan that went really far easy I think they’re pretty interesting as
think they’re pretty interesting as
think they’re pretty interesting as recently as the 1980s the shifting
recently as the 1980s the shifting
recently as the 1980s the shifting desert sands in the Western Desert of
desert sands in the Western Desert of
desert sands in the Western Desert of China the Taklamakan desert revealed
China the Taklamakan desert revealed
China the Taklamakan desert revealed some ancient burials and these mummies
some ancient burials and these mummies
some ancient burials and these mummies come to life preserved in the arid
come to life preserved in the arid
come to life preserved in the arid desert environment and they’re unusually
desert environment and they’re unusually
desert environment and they’re unusually tall and they have red and blonde hair
tall and they have red and blonde hair
tall and they have red and blonde hair and they have long faces long noses and
and they have long faces long noses and
and they have long faces long noses and they are obviously looking Caucasian an
they are obviously looking Caucasian an
they are obviously looking Caucasian an examination of their grave Goods
examination of their grave Goods
examination of their grave Goods revealed even more interesting stories
revealed even more interesting stories
revealed even more interesting stories one is buried with the world’s oldest
one is buried with the world’s oldest
one is buried with the world’s oldest piece of cheese or a daily culture at
piece of cheese or a daily culture at
piece of cheese or a daily culture at 3,400 years old that she didn’t really
3,400 years old that she didn’t really
3,400 years old that she didn’t really look all that appetizing several more
look all that appetizing several more
look all that appetizing several more were buried with bags of marijuana as a
were buried with bags of marijuana as a
were buried with bags of marijuana as a person will supply for the afterlife
so are indo-european cousins who were
so are indo-european cousins who were trading the clothing that they were
trading the clothing that they were
trading the clothing that they were wearing was made of a wool that was
wearing was made of a wool that was
wearing was made of a wool that was moving in a diagonal twill pattern that
moving in a diagonal twill pattern that
moving in a diagonal twill pattern that we see nowhere else except in ancient
we see nowhere else except in ancient
we see nowhere else except in ancient Celtic textiles this this is a target
Celtic textiles this this is a target
Celtic textiles this this is a target that that mummies of the Chinese desert
that that mummies of the Chinese desert
that that mummies of the Chinese desert were where they discover the graveyard
were where they discover the graveyard
were where they discover the graveyard in the middle of the desert where these
in the middle of the desert where these
in the middle of the desert where these people who are buried in this looks for
people who are buried in this looks for
people who are buried in this looks for all the world like a little Medina in
all the world like a little Medina in
all the world like a little Medina in the middle of the desert the head of
the middle of the desert the head of
the middle of the desert the head of each grave or each grave is covered by
each grave or each grave is covered by
each grave or each grave is covered by an overturned wooden boat
an overturned wooden boat
an overturned wooden boat and we can compare there we go paddle at
and we can compare there we go paddle at
and we can compare there we go paddle at the top of it and we can compare this
the top of it and we can compare this
the top of it and we can compare this directly with the Viking practice of
directly with the Viking practice of
directly with the Viking practice of using their longships as the roof of
using their longships as the roof of
using their longships as the roof of their temporary shelters when they first
their temporary shelters when they first
their temporary shelters when they first arrived in Iceland and then in Greenland
arrived in Iceland and then in Greenland
arrived in Iceland and then in Greenland and about a thousand years ago at
and about a thousand years ago at
and about a thousand years ago at Lancome Meadows in the northern tip of
Lancome Meadows in the northern tip of
Lancome Meadows in the northern tip of the allure and here in North America so
the allure and here in North America so
the allure and here in North America so what drives all this expansion what
what drives all this expansion what
what drives all this expansion what drives this Newton I think that there’s
drives this Newton I think that there’s
drives this Newton I think that there’s a little clue in the indo-european
a little clue in the indo-european
a little clue in the indo-european language itself and there’s a route that
language itself and there’s a route that
language itself and there’s a route that I want to in English it shows up as both
I want to in English it shows up as both
I want to in English it shows up as both the words new and now we have it in
the words new and now we have it in
the words new and now we have it in Hittite language I’m referring to a lot
Hittite language I’m referring to a lot
Hittite language I’m referring to a lot today which is written on cuneiform
today which is written on cuneiform
today which is written on cuneiform tablets baked in clay there’s no
tablets baked in clay there’s no
tablets baked in clay there’s no punctuation but you find the beginning
punctuation but you find the beginning
punctuation but you find the beginning of each sentence with a little symbol
of each sentence with a little symbol
of each sentence with a little symbol for the word the middle which largest
for the word the middle which largest
for the word the middle which largest sentence we have tinea in Greek what’s
sentence we have tinea in Greek what’s
sentence we have tinea in Greek what’s going on with you and Latin we’ve moved
going on with you and Latin we’ve moved
going on with you and Latin we’ve moved how are ya what’s up I want to draw a
how are ya what’s up I want to draw a
how are ya what’s up I want to draw a line between this little particle and
line between this little particle and
line between this little particle and the expansion that we are our part of I
the expansion that we are our part of I
the expansion that we are our part of I want to say that the indo-europeans
want to say that the indo-europeans
want to say that the indo-europeans placed not only expected each moment to
placed not only expected each moment to
placed not only expected each moment to be new and different than that was
be new and different than that was
be new and different than that was preceded and that was after a taste a
preceded and that was after a taste a
preceded and that was after a taste a value on it
value on it
value on it and that this value inevitably led to
and that this value inevitably led to
and that this value inevitably led to the need to change our environment to
the need to change our environment to
the need to change our environment to change the scenery to learn new things
change the scenery to learn new things
change the scenery to learn new things to go further that is maybe different
to go further that is maybe different
to go further that is maybe different it’s what causes us to go down to the
it’s what causes us to go down to the
it’s what causes us to go down to the sea and ships which will reach for the
sea and ships which will reach for the
sea and ships which will reach for the stars and I want to draw a line and say
stars and I want to draw a line and say
stars and I want to draw a line and say that describe convinces itself even here
that describe convinces itself even here
that describe convinces itself even here and now as we sit and learn new things
and now as we sit and learn new things
and now as we sit and learn new things about ourselves
about ourselves
about ourselves that we a that we are in our place in it
that we a that we are in our place in it
that we a that we are in our place in it and by doing so we better ourselves
[Music]
[Music] [Applause]
”
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