my first trip to Antarctica was in 2001 when I was fortunate to be invited to
when I was fortunate to be invited to
when I was fortunate to be invited to participate in an expedition to the
participate in an expedition to the
participate in an expedition to the McMurdo Dry Valleys at 6,500 square
McMurdo Dry Valleys at 6,500 square
McMurdo Dry Valleys at 6,500 square kilometres the McMurdo Dry Valleys is
kilometres the McMurdo Dry Valleys is
kilometres the McMurdo Dry Valleys is the largest ice-free permanently
the largest ice-free permanently
the largest ice-free permanently ice-free area on the continent now for
ice-free area on the continent now for
ice-free area on the continent now for me as a microbial ecologist this was a
me as a microbial ecologist this was a
me as a microbial ecologist this was a really exciting opportunity because for
really exciting opportunity because for
really exciting opportunity because for the last 30 odd years I’ve been studying
the last 30 odd years I’ve been studying
the last 30 odd years I’ve been studying probably the most extreme environments
probably the most extreme environments
probably the most extreme environments on the planet and the microbial
on the planet and the microbial
on the planet and the microbial communities that inhabit them whether it
communities that inhabit them whether it
communities that inhabit them whether it be the deep sea hydrothermal vents the
be the deep sea hydrothermal vents the
be the deep sea hydrothermal vents the hot springs around the world tops of
hot springs around the world tops of
hot springs around the world tops of active volcanoes or acid mine drainage
active volcanoes or acid mine drainage
active volcanoes or acid mine drainage sites and the reason I’m doing this is
sites and the reason I’m doing this is
sites and the reason I’m doing this is because I believe that by understanding
because I believe that by understanding
because I believe that by understanding how bacteria can operate under extreme
how bacteria can operate under extreme
how bacteria can operate under extreme environments we’re better able to
environments we’re better able to
environments we’re better able to understand how they operate in more
understand how they operate in more
understand how they operate in more complex ones and you’ll see in a moment
complex ones and you’ll see in a moment
complex ones and you’ll see in a moment why I believe that bacteria are probably
why I believe that bacteria are probably
why I believe that bacteria are probably the most amazing organisms on the planet
the most amazing organisms on the planet
the most amazing organisms on the planet now my mom who’s 90 years old asked me
now my mom who’s 90 years old asked me
now my mom who’s 90 years old asked me every time that I go seer why of all the
every time that I go seer why of all the
every time that I go seer why of all the beautiful organisms on the planet I
beautiful organisms on the planet I
beautiful organisms on the planet I chose to work on something you can’t see
chose to work on something you can’t see
chose to work on something you can’t see it’s something that most people really
it’s something that most people really
it’s something that most people really don’t care about well I’m gonna give you
don’t care about well I’m gonna give you
don’t care about well I’m gonna give you some reasons why I think these are such
some reasons why I think these are such
some reasons why I think these are such great are organisms first off they’ve
great are organisms first off they’ve
great are organisms first off they’ve been around for 4 billion years and have
been around for 4 billion years and have
been around for 4 billion years and have survived multiple extinction events and
survived multiple extinction events and
survived multiple extinction events and multiple climate change events they’re
multiple climate change events they’re
multiple climate change events they’re the most diverse organisms on the planet
the most diverse organisms on the planet
the most diverse organisms on the planet in fact we have only been able to
in fact we have only been able to
in fact we have only been able to culture about less than 1% of them they
culture about less than 1% of them they
culture about less than 1% of them they occupy just about every niche on the
occupy just about every niche on the
occupy just about every niche on the planet whether it be man-made or in the
planet whether it be man-made or in the
planet whether it be man-made or in the environment and at the same time they
environment and at the same time they
environment and at the same time they have this capability of evolving
have this capability of evolving
have this capability of evolving extremely quickly they evolve by
extremely quickly they evolve by
extremely quickly they evolve by generation times the record being around
generation times the record being around
generation times the record being around about 10 minutes devolve escape ability
about 10 minutes devolve escape ability
about 10 minutes devolve escape ability they have the ability to acquire
they have the ability to acquire
they have the ability to acquire our DNA from the neighboring cell from
our DNA from the neighboring cell from
our DNA from the neighboring cell from the environment or even from a viral
the environment or even from a viral
the environment or even from a viral infection giving them an increased and
infection giving them an increased and
infection giving them an increased and immediate capability to adapt to an ever
immediate capability to adapt to an ever
immediate capability to adapt to an ever creasing and changing environment around
creasing and changing environment around
creasing and changing environment around them they also in my opinion of the
them they also in my opinion of the
them they also in my opinion of the master biosensors on the planet the
master biosensors on the planet the
master biosensors on the planet the cells are covered with receptors each
cells are covered with receptors each
cells are covered with receptors each able to sense various molecules in the
able to sense various molecules in the
able to sense various molecules in the environment so sensitive that a single
environment so sensitive that a single
environment so sensitive that a single molecule can elicit a change of a
molecule can elicit a change of a
molecule can elicit a change of a response
response
response now that response if we were able to
now that response if we were able to
now that response if we were able to decipher and decode that response
decipher and decode that response
decipher and decode that response imagine the power we would have to
imagine the power we would have to
imagine the power we would have to understand how the environment is
understand how the environment is
understand how the environment is operating I believe that if we could do
operating I believe that if we could do
operating I believe that if we could do that these would become the most
that these would become the most
that these would become the most essential sense sentinels of
essential sense sentinels of
essential sense sentinels of environmental change now when I came to
environmental change now when I came to
environmental change now when I came to the Dry Valleys in 2001 most of there
the Dry Valleys in 2001 most of there
the Dry Valleys in 2001 most of there was 30 years of really productive
was 30 years of really productive
was 30 years of really productive microbiological research have been
microbiological research have been
microbiological research have been conducted out there but most of that
conducted out there but most of that
conducted out there but most of that work had been conducted using
work had been conducted using
work had been conducted using cultivation approaches we only really
cultivation approaches we only really
cultivation approaches we only really knew what we could grow and I was
knew what we could grow and I was
knew what we could grow and I was bringing something kind of new to the
bringing something kind of new to the
bringing something kind of new to the table thirty years ago there was a major
table thirty years ago there was a major
table thirty years ago there was a major revolution in technology taking place
revolution in technology taking place
revolution in technology taking place around the world technology very
around the world technology very
around the world technology very powerful technology was being developed
powerful technology was being developed
powerful technology was being developed to enable us to unlock that cook the
to enable us to unlock that cook the
to enable us to unlock that cook the messages hidden in the DNA code now
messages hidden in the DNA code now
messages hidden in the DNA code now whilst most of this technology was being
whilst most of this technology was being
whilst most of this technology was being directed towards human and human related
directed towards human and human related
directed towards human and human related diseases microbial ecologists were
diseases microbial ecologists were
diseases microbial ecologists were looking at the power of these tools that
looking at the power of these tools that
looking at the power of these tools that we might be able to apply to be able to
we might be able to apply to be able to
we might be able to apply to be able to understand bacteria in the environment
understand bacteria in the environment
understand bacteria in the environment so when they started to apply these
so when they started to apply these
so when they started to apply these tools and this is about 25 years ago
tools and this is about 25 years ago
tools and this is about 25 years ago what became very apparent was that the
what became very apparent was that the
what became very apparent was that the diversity of bacteria that we thought
diversity of bacteria that we thought
diversity of bacteria that we thought was out there based on these cultivation
was out there based on these cultivation
was out there based on these cultivation approaches had very much underestimated
approaches had very much underestimated
approaches had very much underestimated the diversity so these tools are so
the diversity so these tools are so
the diversity so these tools are so powerful that they’re now enabling
powerful that they’re now enabling
powerful that they’re now enabling microbiologists to better to answer
microbiologists to better to answer
microbiologists to better to answer these two questions is how do bacteria
these two questions is how do bacteria
these two questions is how do bacteria interact with each other and how do they
interact with each other and how do they
interact with each other and how do they interact with the environment around
interact with the environment around
interact with the environment around them
them
them four billion years of evolution gives
four billion years of evolution gives
four billion years of evolution gives you a huge amount of clout in terms of
you a huge amount of clout in terms of
you a huge amount of clout in terms of environmental interaction if we could
environmental interaction if we could
environmental interaction if we could get into this and be able to decipher
get into this and be able to decipher
get into this and be able to decipher how these organisms are relating to
how these organisms are relating to
how these organisms are relating to their environment we would be able to
their environment we would be able to
their environment we would be able to build a capability to be able to sense
build a capability to be able to sense
build a capability to be able to sense the environment today and hopefully be
the environment today and hopefully be
the environment today and hopefully be able to predict where the environment is
able to predict where the environment is
able to predict where the environment is going to be going in the future but to
going to be going in the future but to
going to be going in the future but to do this we need a functional ecosystem
do this we need a functional ecosystem
do this we need a functional ecosystem you can’t pull the ecosystem out of the
you can’t pull the ecosystem out of the
you can’t pull the ecosystem out of the environment and stick it into the
environment and stick it into the
environment and stick it into the laboratory it’s way too complicated and
laboratory it’s way too complicated and
laboratory it’s way too complicated and you’ll change it so microbial ecologists
you’ll change it so microbial ecologists
you’ll change it so microbial ecologists of course wanted the first thing they
of course wanted the first thing they
of course wanted the first thing they wanted to do was to move in to complex
wanted to do was to move in to complex
wanted to do was to move in to complex systems
systems
systems well these systems are just way too
well these systems are just way too
well these systems are just way too complicated the animals and plant
complicated the animals and plant
complicated the animals and plant diversity the bacterial diversity viral
diversity the bacterial diversity viral
diversity the bacterial diversity viral and fungal diversity all piled on top of
and fungal diversity all piled on top of
and fungal diversity all piled on top of the chemical and physical environment
the chemical and physical environment
the chemical and physical environment it’s just way too too complicated it’s
it’s just way too too complicated it’s
it’s just way too too complicated it’s kind of the proverbial forest for the
kind of the proverbial forest for the
kind of the proverbial forest for the trees
trees
trees what we are in search of was something
what we are in search of was something
what we are in search of was something way simpler a place where the complexity
way simpler a place where the complexity
way simpler a place where the complexity of the organisms of the higher-level
of the organisms of the higher-level
of the organisms of the higher-level organisms was removed and the
organisms was removed and the
organisms was removed and the microbiology would be able to stand up
microbiology would be able to stand up
microbiology would be able to stand up and next to the physical and chemical
and next to the physical and chemical
and next to the physical and chemical environment so this brought us to the
environment so this brought us to the
environment so this brought us to the Dry Valleys now as I mentioned there had
Dry Valleys now as I mentioned there had
Dry Valleys now as I mentioned there had been 30 years of research that had been
been 30 years of research that had been
been 30 years of research that had been conducted out there and that work had
conducted out there and that work had
conducted out there and that work had left us with three beliefs the first was
left us with three beliefs the first was
left us with three beliefs the first was that the system had low biodiversity
that the system had low biodiversity
that the system had low biodiversity again this is using cultivation
again this is using cultivation
again this is using cultivation approaches the diversity was low because
approaches the diversity was low because
approaches the diversity was low because the system is extreme this is very
the system is extreme this is very
the system is extreme this is very typical of extreme environments the
typical of extreme environments the
typical of extreme environments the selective pressures are so extreme that
selective pressures are so extreme that
selective pressures are so extreme that they are the only organisms that can
they are the only organisms that can
they are the only organisms that can survive or those that are highly adapted
survive or those that are highly adapted
survive or those that are highly adapted to live there the second was that
to live there the second was that
to live there the second was that everything was everywhere
everything was everywhere
everything was everywhere no matter where you went in the dry
no matter where you went in the dry
no matter where you went in the dry valley system you basically grow the
valley system you basically grow the
valley system you basically grow the same thing and thirdly is that because
same thing and thirdly is that because
same thing and thirdly is that because of the temperature in the in the in
of the temperature in the in the in
of the temperature in the in the in Antarctica and in the Dry Valleys the
Antarctica and in the Dry Valleys the
Antarctica and in the Dry Valleys the low temperature and the low availability
low temperature and the low availability
low temperature and the low availability of liquid water which is essential for
of liquid water which is essential for
of liquid water which is essential for life these organisms operated very
life these organisms operated very
life these organisms operated very slowly
slowly
slowly so I had mentioned before about a ten
so I had mentioned before about a ten
so I had mentioned before about a ten minute turnaround time on a generation
minute turnaround time on a generation
minute turnaround time on a generation for the fastest these guys if they were
for the fastest these guys if they were
for the fastest these guys if they were lucky we’re getting two or three during
lucky we’re getting two or three during
lucky we’re getting two or three during any given three-month season during the
any given three-month season during the
any given three-month season during the summer time when conditions might be
summer time when conditions might be
summer time when conditions might be appropriate so I went into the valley
appropriate so I went into the valley
appropriate so I went into the valley and a tent not dissimilar to this I went
and a tent not dissimilar to this I went
and a tent not dissimilar to this I went in with a generator and a bunch of
in with a generator and a bunch of
in with a generator and a bunch of equipment sat on my knees and my
equipment sat on my knees and my
equipment sat on my knees and my objective was to was back in 2001 was to
objective was to was back in 2001 was to
objective was to was back in 2001 was to look at the overarching higher-level
look at the overarching higher-level
look at the overarching higher-level complexity of the system I went in
complexity of the system I went in
complexity of the system I went in looking for 12 of the 17 higher level
looking for 12 of the 17 higher level
looking for 12 of the 17 higher level groups of bacteria at the time there
groups of bacteria at the time there
groups of bacteria at the time there were 17 there’s around about 60 right
were 17 there’s around about 60 right
were 17 there’s around about 60 right now and I went in with the hope that I
now and I went in with the hope that I
now and I went in with the hope that I might find one that hadn’t been grown
might find one that hadn’t been grown
might find one that hadn’t been grown before I went in grabbed some soil this
before I went in grabbed some soil this
before I went in grabbed some soil this is in the upper right valley
is in the upper right valley
is in the upper right valley I grabbed some soil digested the DNA
I grabbed some soil digested the DNA
I grabbed some soil digested the DNA shot it into the machine did the
shot it into the machine did the
shot it into the machine did the analysis and all twelve lit up i
analysis and all twelve lit up i
analysis and all twelve lit up i contaminated everything obviously so I
contaminated everything obviously so I
contaminated everything obviously so I went back which is very typical of me
went back which is very typical of me
went back which is very typical of me and I went back and I did it again in 12
and I went back and I did it again in 12
and I went back and I did it again in 12 hit and then it we did it again in 12 3
hit and then it we did it again in 12 3
hit and then it we did it again in 12 3 other locations all 12 lit up so became
other locations all 12 lit up so became
other locations all 12 lit up so became apparent to me that actually like other
apparent to me that actually like other
apparent to me that actually like other places on the planet
places on the planet
places on the planet we had totally underestimated the
we had totally underestimated the
we had totally underestimated the diversity of bacteria in this system so
diversity of bacteria in this system so
diversity of bacteria in this system so immediately the questions that came up
immediately the questions that came up
immediately the questions that came up an extreme system should be have low
an extreme system should be have low
an extreme system should be have low diversity and we don’t have that so why
diversity and we don’t have that so why
diversity and we don’t have that so why is it so diverse and what is maintaining
is it so diverse and what is maintaining
is it so diverse and what is maintaining that diversity so over the next four or
that diversity so over the next four or
that diversity so over the next four or five years a program called the New
five years a program called the New
five years a program called the New Zealand terrestrial Antarctic bio
Zealand terrestrial Antarctic bio
Zealand terrestrial Antarctic bio complexity survey began to look at and
complexity survey began to look at and
complexity survey began to look at and undertake a landscape scale analysis it
undertake a landscape scale analysis it
undertake a landscape scale analysis it was the most comprehensive landscape
was the most comprehensive landscape
was the most comprehensive landscape scale piece of work ever conducted on
scale piece of work ever conducted on
scale piece of work ever conducted on the continent the sole purpose of this
the continent the sole purpose of this
the continent the sole purpose of this was to understand the distribution of
was to understand the distribution of
was to understand the distribution of the biota including the microbiology and
the biota including the microbiology and
the biota including the microbiology and specifically to test each one of these
specifically to test each one of these
specifically to test each one of these beliefs so the first one belief number
beliefs so the first one belief number
beliefs so the first one belief number one was this low diversity so in 2001 I
one was this low diversity so in 2001 I
one was this low diversity so in 2001 I began to see that but when we did a
began to see that but when we did a
began to see that but when we did a landscape scale study this entirely
landscape scale study this entirely
landscape scale study this entirely proved out to be true
so we have high diversity throughout the
so we have high diversity throughout the dry valley system the second one is
dry valley system the second one is
dry valley system the second one is everything is everywhere so on a
everything is everywhere so on a
everything is everywhere so on a landscape scale study we could run these
landscape scale study we could run these
landscape scale study we could run these comparisons and what we found was
comparisons and what we found was
comparisons and what we found was actually each valley has its own unique
actually each valley has its own unique
actually each valley has its own unique diversity which was totally unexpected
diversity which was totally unexpected
diversity which was totally unexpected and when we began to look at the system
and when we began to look at the system
and when we began to look at the system it appeared as though each of the
it appeared as though each of the
it appeared as though each of the valleys has their own unique chemistry
valleys has their own unique chemistry
valleys has their own unique chemistry and it’s the chemistry that’s driving
and it’s the chemistry that’s driving
and it’s the chemistry that’s driving the microbiology but that chemistry is a
the microbiology but that chemistry is a
the microbiology but that chemistry is a leftover a fingerprint of the glacial
leftover a fingerprint of the glacial
leftover a fingerprint of the glacial history of each one of these valleys as
history of each one of these valleys as
history of each one of these valleys as we went on and we started to look at the
we went on and we started to look at the
we went on and we started to look at the distribution in there we also found that
distribution in there we also found that
distribution in there we also found that there was a patchiness to this
there was a patchiness to this
there was a patchiness to this distribution and that patchiness is
distribution and that patchiness is
distribution and that patchiness is driven by local microclimate so and
driven by local microclimate so and
driven by local microclimate so and everything is everywhere actually each
everything is everywhere actually each
everything is everywhere actually each valley is unique belief number three is
valley is unique belief number three is
valley is unique belief number three is about low activity so the system for all
about low activity so the system for all
about low activity so the system for all intents and purposes these organisms
intents and purposes these organisms
intents and purposes these organisms should be operating really slowly what
should be operating really slowly what
should be operating really slowly what we did is performed I think a unique is
we did is performed I think a unique is
we did is performed I think a unique is probably the first time that anybody has
probably the first time that anybody has
probably the first time that anybody has ever done this experiment where we moved
ever done this experiment where we moved
ever done this experiment where we moved a mummified seal that had been in a
a mummified seal that had been in a
a mummified seal that had been in a location for 450 years and we moved it
location for 450 years and we moved it
location for 450 years and we moved it from that location to a pristine
from that location to a pristine
from that location to a pristine location and we monitored the microbial
location and we monitored the microbial
location and we monitored the microbial communities underneath that seal for
communities underneath that seal for
communities underneath that seal for five years and what we found was that
five years and what we found was that
five years and what we found was that actually the microbial community
actually the microbial community
actually the microbial community completely switched in just two years we
completely switched in just two years we
completely switched in just two years we would hope that we might be able to see
would hope that we might be able to see
would hope that we might be able to see some subtle change in five and we saw a
some subtle change in five and we saw a
some subtle change in five and we saw a complete switch in to now not only did
complete switch in to now not only did
complete switch in to now not only did we see a complete switch but we also saw
we see a complete switch but we also saw
we see a complete switch but we also saw a loss in biodiversity the single
a loss in biodiversity the single
a loss in biodiversity the single parameter that governed this change with
parameter that governed this change with
parameter that governed this change with the availability of liquid water it
the availability of liquid water it
the availability of liquid water it marginally went up but significantly and
marginally went up but significantly and
marginally went up but significantly and drove the entire switch in this
drove the entire switch in this
drove the entire switch in this community now why is that important well
community now why is that important well
community now why is that important well it’s important because the projections
it’s important because the projections
it’s important because the projections for the Dry Valleys over the next
for the Dry Valleys over the next
for the Dry Valleys over the next hundred years are too warm if they warm
hundred years are too warm if they warm
hundred years are too warm if they warm is going to be more glacial meltwater
is going to be more glacial meltwater
is going to be more glacial meltwater more glacial meltwater means
more glacial meltwater means
more glacial meltwater means wider spread wetting of the system
wider spread wetting of the system
wider spread wetting of the system weiter spirit wedding of the system will
weiter spirit wedding of the system will
weiter spirit wedding of the system will mean that these that there’s a potential
mean that these that there’s a potential
mean that these that there’s a potential to lose some of the unique biodiversity
to lose some of the unique biodiversity
to lose some of the unique biodiversity we have in the system due to these
we have in the system due to these
we have in the system due to these wedding events so where are we at today
wedding events so where are we at today
wedding events so where are we at today right now we’ve got this amazing system
right now we’ve got this amazing system
right now we’ve got this amazing system is incredibly well characterized
is incredibly well characterized
is incredibly well characterized it’s a microbiological system being
it’s a microbiological system being
it’s a microbiological system being driven solely by the the abiotic or
driven solely by the the abiotic or
driven solely by the the abiotic or nonliving components the physical and
nonliving components the physical and
nonliving components the physical and the chemistry of the system is what’s
the chemistry of the system is what’s
the chemistry of the system is what’s driving this now the hope is in the
driving this now the hope is in the
driving this now the hope is in the future that the what we’re understanding
future that the what we’re understanding
future that the what we’re understanding in an unlocking an understanding of the
in an unlocking an understanding of the
in an unlocking an understanding of the message that these organisms are
message that these organisms are
message that these organisms are relating to their environment that we
relating to their environment that we
relating to their environment that we will be able to develop a better roadmap
will be able to develop a better roadmap
will be able to develop a better roadmap with which to then move into more
with which to then move into more
with which to then move into more complex systems but does it really
complex systems but does it really
complex systems but does it really matter
matter
matter do bacteria really matter I mean you
do bacteria really matter I mean you
do bacteria really matter I mean you can’t see them they don’t appear to be
can’t see them they don’t appear to be
can’t see them they don’t appear to be doing anything well I think they really
doing anything well I think they really
doing anything well I think they really do matter
do matter
do matter bacteria underpin our at the basis of
bacteria underpin our at the basis of
bacteria underpin our at the basis of every ecosystem on the planet they are
every ecosystem on the planet they are
every ecosystem on the planet they are the fundamental keystone organisms that
the fundamental keystone organisms that
the fundamental keystone organisms that maintain the driving force that brings
maintain the driving force that brings
maintain the driving force that brings organic matter back into nutrients and
organic matter back into nutrients and
organic matter back into nutrients and those nutrients are then fed back into
those nutrients are then fed back into
those nutrients are then fed back into the system without them even a healthy
the system without them even a healthy
the system without them even a healthy ecosystem if we pull them out or change
ecosystem if we pull them out or change
ecosystem if we pull them out or change them in some way the failure of the
them in some way the failure of the
them in some way the failure of the ecosystem is almost certain so to me
ecosystem is almost certain so to me
ecosystem is almost certain so to me these guys are keystone now I’m some of
these guys are keystone now I’m some of
these guys are keystone now I’m some of my key
my key
my key ecological colleagues my ecology
ecological colleagues my ecology
ecological colleagues my ecology colleagues would probably disagree with
colleagues would probably disagree with
colleagues would probably disagree with that word but I believe that these are
that word but I believe that these are
that word but I believe that these are the fundamental foundations of most
the fundamental foundations of most
the fundamental foundations of most ecosystems on top of that they’re also
ecosystems on top of that they’re also
ecosystems on top of that they’re also our bio mediators these are the guys
our bio mediators these are the guys
our bio mediators these are the guys that come to our aid when we screw up
that come to our aid when we screw up
that come to our aid when we screw up many of you will remember the Deepwater
many of you will remember the Deepwater
many of you will remember the Deepwater Horizon disaster in 2010 when 4.5
Horizon disaster in 2010 when 4.5
Horizon disaster in 2010 when 4.5 million barrels of crude oil was dumped
million barrels of crude oil was dumped
million barrels of crude oil was dumped into the Gulf of Mexico what you
into the Gulf of Mexico what you
into the Gulf of Mexico what you probably don’t know is that we didn’t
probably don’t know is that we didn’t
probably don’t know is that we didn’t clean that up we made kind of an effort
clean that up we made kind of an effort
clean that up we made kind of an effort but actually this mess was cleaned up by
but actually this mess was cleaned up by
but actually this mess was cleaned up by a small group of unknown organisms at
a small group of unknown organisms at
a small group of unknown organisms at the time they came to our aid and
the time they came to our aid and
the time they came to our aid and bloomed in that situation and took care
bloomed in that situation and took care
bloomed in that situation and took care of the
of the
of the problem now the deep water disaster and
problem now the deep water disaster and
problem now the deep water disaster and itself it was it occurred in a specific
itself it was it occurred in a specific
itself it was it occurred in a specific time in a specific place now we have a
time in a specific place now we have a
time in a specific place now we have a much more an important pending problem
much more an important pending problem
much more an important pending problem in the climate crisis many of you will
in the climate crisis many of you will
in the climate crisis many of you will feel almost helpless or even wondering
feel almost helpless or even wondering
feel almost helpless or even wondering whether your independent actions that
whether your independent actions that
whether your independent actions that you take place every day are having any
you take place every day are having any
you take place every day are having any impact on the climate change and maybe
impact on the climate change and maybe
impact on the climate change and maybe they’re not however I believe after 30
they’re not however I believe after 30
they’re not however I believe after 30 years of work working on the smallest of
years of work working on the smallest of
years of work working on the smallest of organisms on the planet where I’ve seen
organisms on the planet where I’ve seen
organisms on the planet where I’ve seen them systematically come together and
them systematically come together and
them systematically come together and work together to sustainably and scale
work together to sustainably and scale
work together to sustainably and scale ibly alter the environment around them
ibly alter the environment around them
ibly alter the environment around them in 1959 twelve very brave countries got
in 1959 twelve very brave countries got
in 1959 twelve very brave countries got together and decided to protect the
together and decided to protect the
together and decided to protect the fifth largest continent on the planet
fifth largest continent on the planet
fifth largest continent on the planet Antarctica now they were doing this
Antarctica now they were doing this
Antarctica now they were doing this because of the most certain degree of
because of the most certain degree of
because of the most certain degree of exploitation that might take place in
exploitation that might take place in
exploitation that might take place in the future these were in all big
the future these were in all big
the future these were in all big countries they included Belgium Chile
countries they included Belgium Chile
countries they included Belgium Chile Argentina in Norway and of course New
Argentina in Norway and of course New
Argentina in Norway and of course New Zealand but what made them powerful was
Zealand but what made them powerful was
Zealand but what made them powerful was their collective effort to focus and the
their collective effort to focus and the
their collective effort to focus and the passion of protecting a continent from
passion of protecting a continent from
passion of protecting a continent from almost certain exploitation I believe
almost certain exploitation I believe
almost certain exploitation I believe that if we come together as a global
that if we come together as a global
that if we come together as a global community if we can have that same
community if we can have that same
community if we can have that same passion in that same focus we can turn
passion in that same focus we can turn
passion in that same focus we can turn around this climate issue thank you
”
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