I’m going to talk to you about DNA the bar code that makes you who you are the
bar code that makes you who you are the
bar code that makes you who you are the thing that makes everybody completely
thing that makes everybody completely
thing that makes everybody completely different from everybody else when I was
different from everybody else when I was
different from everybody else when I was doing biology a level in the 70s we were
doing biology a level in the 70s we were
doing biology a level in the 70s we were told that one day we might be able to
told that one day we might be able to
told that one day we might be able to read DNA and one day it might be able to
read DNA and one day it might be able to
read DNA and one day it might be able to help us identify people from each other
help us identify people from each other
help us identify people from each other well we can do that now your DNA is a
well we can do that now your DNA is a
well we can do that now your DNA is a little bit like a ladder a ladder with
little bit like a ladder a ladder with
little bit like a ladder a ladder with 33 million rungs and if you were every
33 million rungs and if you were every
33 million rungs and if you were every single one of those runs into a bag and
single one of those runs into a bag and
single one of those runs into a bag and jumbled them up take them out one at a
jumbled them up take them out one at a
jumbled them up take them out one at a time and put them on your ladder either
time and put them on your ladder either
time and put them on your ladder either way round and then do it again that’s
way round and then do it again that’s
way round and then do it again that’s the amount of different ways that each
the amount of different ways that each
the amount of different ways that each person is built up so the odds of two
person is built up so the odds of two
person is built up so the odds of two people having the same DNA or
people having the same DNA or
people having the same DNA or infinitesimal except for identical twins
infinitesimal except for identical twins
infinitesimal except for identical twins now in the 80s it was the first time
now in the 80s it was the first time
now in the 80s it was the first time that DNA identification was used in a
that DNA identification was used in a
that DNA identification was used in a legal case a boy from Ghana had come and
legal case a boy from Ghana had come and
legal case a boy from Ghana had come and emigrated with his mother and his
emigrated with his mother and his
emigrated with his mother and his siblings to the UK and he went home for
siblings to the UK and he went home for
siblings to the UK and he went home for a visit when he came back again the
a visit when he came back again the
a visit when he came back again the authorities thought that there was
authorities thought that there was
authorities thought that there was something wrong with his passport and he
something wrong with his passport and he
something wrong with his passport and he wasn’t the same person that went out
wasn’t the same person that went out
wasn’t the same person that went out there and they tried to say that he was
there and they tried to say that he was
there and they tried to say that he was trying to come in under a false passport
trying to come in under a false passport
trying to come in under a false passport and that he wasn’t the son of the mother
and that he wasn’t the son of the mother
and that he wasn’t the son of the mother who said he was well a woman from an
who said he was well a woman from an
who said he was well a woman from an immigration charity called Sheena York
immigration charity called Sheena York
immigration charity called Sheena York said actually I think there’s a
said actually I think there’s a
said actually I think there’s a professor I’ve heard of that might be
professor I’ve heard of that might be
professor I’ve heard of that might be able to do something about this and he
able to do something about this and he
able to do something about this and he said no no we haven’t really got that
said no no we haven’t really got that
said no no we haven’t really got that far with DNA yet but he worked on it and
far with DNA yet but he worked on it and
far with DNA yet but he worked on it and he looked at it and he looked at the DNA
he looked at it and he looked at the DNA
he looked at it and he looked at the DNA of the mother and he looked at the DNA
of the mother and he looked at the DNA
of the mother and he looked at the DNA of the siblings and he matched the two
of the siblings and he matched the two
of the siblings and he matched the two mixes up and said yes there’s no doubt
mixes up and said yes there’s no doubt
mixes up and said yes there’s no doubt at all this child belongs to this mother
at all this child belongs to this mother
at all this child belongs to this mother so therefore it was proved that he
so therefore it was proved that he
so therefore it was proved that he should be in this country and he was
should be in this country and he was
should be in this country and he was allowed to stay other cases for example
allowed to stay other cases for example
allowed to stay other cases for example Richard the third when he was found in a
Richard the third when he was found in a
Richard the third when he was found in a car park in Leicester which at the
car park in Leicester which at the
car park in Leicester which at the moment is slightly more famous for
moment is slightly more famous for
moment is slightly more famous for something else they would they were
something else they would they were
something else they would they were pretty sure that the sky
pretty sure that the sky
pretty sure that the sky it was old and they were pretty sure it
it was old and they were pretty sure it
it was old and they were pretty sure it was the same formation as perhaps
was the same formation as perhaps
was the same formation as perhaps Richard the third but by checking out
Richard the third but by checking out
Richard the third but by checking out his siblings and looking at people that
his siblings and looking at people that
his siblings and looking at people that were related to rich of the third they
were related to rich of the third they
were related to rich of the third they said yep we definitely have found the
said yep we definitely have found the
said yep we definitely have found the skeleton of a king in a car park and
skeleton of a king in a car park and
skeleton of a king in a car park and he’s been reinterred in Leicester
he’s been reinterred in Leicester
he’s been reinterred in Leicester Cathedral it’s also been used more
Cathedral it’s also been used more
Cathedral it’s also been used more recently in a cold case where a rape and
recently in a cold case where a rape and
recently in a cold case where a rape and murder in 1985 I think hadn’t been sold
murder in 1985 I think hadn’t been sold
murder in 1985 I think hadn’t been sold and only recently the daughter of the
and only recently the daughter of the
and only recently the daughter of the killer who kept quiet all those years
killer who kept quiet all those years
killer who kept quiet all those years was taken into custody for something
was taken into custody for something
was taken into custody for something else gave a DNA sample the sample was
else gave a DNA sample the sample was
else gave a DNA sample the sample was checked on the database and it matched
checked on the database and it matched
checked on the database and it matched this guy who they then arrested and
this guy who they then arrested and
this guy who they then arrested and locked up for the murder that he
locked up for the murder that he
locked up for the murder that he committed all those years ago and of
committed all those years ago and of
committed all those years ago and of pick and we know that it solves cases
pick and we know that it solves cases
pick and we know that it solves cases but how much DNA do we need what do we
but how much DNA do we need what do we
but how much DNA do we need what do we know about the amount of DNA that’s
know about the amount of DNA that’s
know about the amount of DNA that’s needed well actually it’s not very much
needed well actually it’s not very much
needed well actually it’s not very much one DNA strand which gives you a full
one DNA strand which gives you a full
one DNA strand which gives you a full sample to identify you is one nanometer
sample to identify you is one nanometer
sample to identify you is one nanometer big and to let you know how big a
big and to let you know how big a
big and to let you know how big a nanometer is there are 60,000 nanometers
nanometer is there are 60,000 nanometers
nanometer is there are 60,000 nanometers for the width of a human hair so the
for the width of a human hair so the
for the width of a human hair so the amount of DNA that is needed to identify
amount of DNA that is needed to identify
amount of DNA that is needed to identify you he’s pretty small so if i was
you he’s pretty small so if i was
you he’s pretty small so if i was thinking of committing a crime and I
thinking of committing a crime and I
thinking of committing a crime and I didn’t want to pass my DNA on and get my
didn’t want to pass my DNA on and get my
didn’t want to pass my DNA on and get my DNA on say a gun or a knife or something
DNA on say a gun or a knife or something
DNA on say a gun or a knife or something then the sensible thing to do would be
then the sensible thing to do would be
then the sensible thing to do would be to put a pair of gloves on so that if I
to put a pair of gloves on so that if I
to put a pair of gloves on so that if I picked up this weapon for example it
picked up this weapon for example it
picked up this weapon for example it wouldn’t have my DNA on it now if you
wouldn’t have my DNA on it now if you
wouldn’t have my DNA on it now if you could pass me that bottle of water
could pass me that bottle of water
could pass me that bottle of water please Ingrid if you just pass that
please Ingrid if you just pass that
please Ingrid if you just pass that bottle of water forward
bottle of water forward
bottle of water forward which Ingrid kindly brought me earlier
now my DNA’s not on this rock bottle of
now my DNA’s not on this rock bottle of water because I’ve got gloves on /
water because I’ve got gloves on /
water because I’ve got gloves on / Ingrid’s DNA’s on it and Ingrid’s DNA is
Ingrid’s DNA’s on it and Ingrid’s DNA is
Ingrid’s DNA’s on it and Ingrid’s DNA is now my gloves and Ingrid’s DNA is now on
now my gloves and Ingrid’s DNA is now on
now my gloves and Ingrid’s DNA is now on this candlestick and that’s how easy it
this candlestick and that’s how easy it
this candlestick and that’s how easy it is to pass d annoyed DNA on in a
is to pass d annoyed DNA on in a
is to pass d annoyed DNA on in a secondary fashion so if that I’ve been
secondary fashion so if that I’ve been
secondary fashion so if that I’ve been used to kill somebody my DNA isn’t on it
used to kill somebody my DNA isn’t on it
used to kill somebody my DNA isn’t on it but few people here who touched that
but few people here who touched that
but few people here who touched that bottle of water which I haven’t touched
bottle of water which I haven’t touched
bottle of water which I haven’t touched with my hands the DNA has been passed
with my hands the DNA has been passed
with my hands the DNA has been passed over onto a weapon and also if you went
over onto a weapon and also if you went
over onto a weapon and also if you went shopping you went picked up something
shopping you went picked up something
shopping you went picked up something like bottle of shampoo or something and
like bottle of shampoo or something and
like bottle of shampoo or something and thought now that’s not the one for me
thought now that’s not the one for me
thought now that’s not the one for me and put it back down again and then
and put it back down again and then
and put it back down again and then somebody else pick that bottle of
somebody else pick that bottle of
somebody else pick that bottle of shampoo up took it home touch something
shampoo up took it home touch something
shampoo up took it home touch something in their house their your DNA is then
in their house their your DNA is then
in their house their your DNA is then moved somewhere completely different to
moved somewhere completely different to
moved somewhere completely different to somewhere you’ve never been and to
somewhere you’ve never been and to
somewhere you’ve never been and to illustrate that I’ll tell you a story a
illustrate that I’ll tell you a story a
illustrate that I’ll tell you a story a guy called Wesley decided he wanted to
guy called Wesley decided he wanted to
guy called Wesley decided he wanted to buy a car he’d seen a car in the local
buy a car he’d seen a car in the local
buy a car he’d seen a car in the local area that was for sale a couple of lads
area that was for sale a couple of lads
area that was for sale a couple of lads that he knew was selling this Volvo so
that he knew was selling this Volvo so
that he knew was selling this Volvo so he said can I give it a test drive and
he said can I give it a test drive and
he said can I give it a test drive and they said yep so insured himself on it
they said yep so insured himself on it
they said yep so insured himself on it for the day I wanted to give it a good
for the day I wanted to give it a good
for the day I wanted to give it a good run round so obviously as he’s sitting
run round so obviously as he’s sitting
run round so obviously as he’s sitting in this car he’s driving it about had it
in this car he’s driving it about had it
in this car he’s driving it about had it for a few hours he didn’t actually
for a few hours he didn’t actually
for a few hours he didn’t actually decide you wanted it so he took it back
decide you wanted it so he took it back
decide you wanted it so he took it back back to these brothers two or three days
back to these brothers two or three days
back to these brothers two or three days later this car was used in a drive-by
later this car was used in a drive-by
later this car was used in a drive-by shooting and a 20 something year old
shooting and a 20 something year old
shooting and a 20 something year old father was shot as he was riding his
father was shot as he was riding his
father was shot as he was riding his bicycle and he died
to again later on has the police are
to again later on has the police are investigating they found the car had
investigating they found the car had
investigating they found the car had been burnt out and there was one link
been burnt out and there was one link
been burnt out and there was one link back to Wesley and that was that he
back to Wesley and that was that he
back to Wesley and that was that he ensured himself on that car not only
ensured himself on that car not only
ensured himself on that car not only that there was phone call on his phone
that there was phone call on his phone
that there was phone call on his phone that took him back to the brothers that
that took him back to the brothers that
that took him back to the brothers that were selling the car and when they
were selling the car and when they
were selling the car and when they investigated in the house and found a
investigated in the house and found a
investigated in the house and found a couple of balaclavas and a pair of
couple of balaclavas and a pair of
couple of balaclavas and a pair of gloves where’s these DNA was on the
gloves where’s these DNA was on the
gloves where’s these DNA was on the gloves where they hadn’t been in worn
gloves where they hadn’t been in worn
gloves where they hadn’t been in worn those gloves whereas they hadn’t been in
those gloves whereas they hadn’t been in
those gloves whereas they hadn’t been in the car when the shooting occurred but
the car when the shooting occurred but
the car when the shooting occurred but the guys who were wearing those gloves
the guys who were wearing those gloves
the guys who were wearing those gloves had held on to the steering wheel and
had held on to the steering wheel and
had held on to the steering wheel and the gear stick so Wesley’s DNA had
the gear stick so Wesley’s DNA had
the gear stick so Wesley’s DNA had transferred them to those gloves and to
transferred them to those gloves and to
transferred them to those gloves and to cut a long story short although he had a
cut a long story short although he had a
cut a long story short although he had a watertight alibi which of course the
watertight alibi which of course the
watertight alibi which of course the police weren’t going to believe because
police weren’t going to believe because
police weren’t going to believe because his DNA was on the gloves and he did
his DNA was on the gloves and he did
his DNA was on the gloves and he did know these brothers DNA was he’s now
know these brothers DNA was he’s now
know these brothers DNA was he’s now doing 27 years for murder so it’s a
doing 27 years for murder so it’s a
doing 27 years for murder so it’s a cautionary tale and to be fair that sort
cautionary tale and to be fair that sort
cautionary tale and to be fair that sort of thing doesn’t happen that often but
of thing doesn’t happen that often but
of thing doesn’t happen that often but the point is that if we are going to be
the point is that if we are going to be
the point is that if we are going to be using one nanometer of DNA to identify
using one nanometer of DNA to identify
using one nanometer of DNA to identify somebody when it can be moved into
somebody when it can be moved into
somebody when it can be moved into somewhere else as easily as that
somewhere else as easily as that
somewhere else as easily as that everywhere you go DNA is passed
everywhere you go DNA is passed
everywhere you go DNA is passed everything you touch your passing a DNA
everything you touch your passing a DNA
everything you touch your passing a DNA on if you pick up one of those Bibles in
on if you pick up one of those Bibles in
on if you pick up one of those Bibles in the pews in front of you you’re getting
the pews in front of you you’re getting
the pews in front of you you’re getting somebody else’s DNA on your hands which
somebody else’s DNA on your hands which
somebody else’s DNA on your hands which you could take home if someone drives
you could take home if someone drives
you could take home if someone drives your car and then you drive it and go
your car and then you drive it and go
your car and then you drive it and go somewhere else in the country a friend
somewhere else in the country a friend
somewhere else in the country a friend of ours off and burrows our car so her
of ours off and burrows our car so her
of ours off and burrows our car so her DNA could be in our cottage in Cornwall
DNA could be in our cottage in Cornwall
DNA could be in our cottage in Cornwall because she’s past had a DNA it’s just a
because she’s past had a DNA it’s just a
because she’s past had a DNA it’s just a case of maybe we should be looking at
case of maybe we should be looking at
case of maybe we should be looking at larger DNA samples when we’re looking
larger DNA samples when we’re looking
larger DNA samples when we’re looking for who they belonged to and where they
for who they belonged to and where they
for who they belonged to and where they were at the time that it was passed on
were at the time that it was passed on
were at the time that it was passed on to something thank
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